Development of new hepatitis E vaccines

References

• Song YJ, Park WJ, Park BJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee NH, Seo KH, Kang YS, Choi IS. Hepatitis E virus infections in humans and animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2014;3:29−36. doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.29. PMID:24427760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes GR, Yarbough PO, Tam AW, Purdy MA, Huang CC, Kim JS, Bradley DW, Fry KE. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1990;247:1335−9. doi:10.1126/science.2107574. PMID:2107574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Hao X, Liang Z. Hepatitis E virus: Current epidemiology and vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:26032610. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1184806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kmush B, Wierzba T, Krain L, Nelson K, Labrique AB. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in low-and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:15−29. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1338111. PMID:23564386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu ZQ, Zuo JL, Yan Q, Fang QW, Zhang TJ. Epidemiologic and spatio-temporal characteristics of hepatitis E in China, 2004-2014. The Chinese Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;38:1380−5. PMID:29060984.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khuroo MS, Rustgi VK, Dawson GJ, Mushahwar IK, Yattoo GN, Kamili S, Khan BA. Spectrum of hepatitis E virus infection in India. J Med Virol 1994;43:281−6. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890430316. PMID:7931190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Gracia MT, García M, Suay B. Mateos-Lindemann ML Current Knowledge on Hepatitis E. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2015;28: 117−26.
   Google Scholar
• Khuroo MS. Discovery of hepatitis E: the epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane. Virus Res. 2011;161:3−14. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.007. PMID:21320558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Echevarría JM, Fogeda M, Avellón A. Diagnosis of acute hepatitis E by antibody and molecular testing: a study on 277 suspected cases. J Clin Virol. 2011;50:69−71. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.09.016. PMID:21035388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herremans M, Vennema H, Bakker J, van der Veer B, Duizer E, Benne CA, Waar K, Hendrixks B, Schneeberger P, Blaauw G, et al. Swine-like hepatitis E viruses are a cause of unexplained hepatitis in the Netherlands. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:140−6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00786.x. PMID:17244254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha A, Lama TK, Karki S, Sigdel DR, Rai U, Rauniyar SK, Al-Mahtab M, Takahashi K, Arai M, Akbar SM, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Biratnagar, Nepal, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(4):711−3. doi:10.3201/eid2104.141512. PMID:25811975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, Handzel TR, Barry V, Kamili S, Drobeniuc J, Okware S, Downing R, Tappero JW, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:126−9. doi:10.3201/eid1601.090764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin H, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wang B, Liu P. Case-fatality risk of pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis type E: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:2098−106. doi:10.1017/S0950268816000418. PMID:26939626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhry SA, Verma N, Koren G. Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61:607−8. PMID:26175368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, Wittenborn JS, Wiersma ST. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012;55:988−97. doi:10.1002/hep.25505. PMID:22121109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Gracia MT, Mateos Lindemann ML, Caridad Montalvo Villalba M. Hepatitis E: current status. Rev Med Virol. 2013;23:384−98. doi:10.1002/rmv.1759. PMID:24038432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sridhar S, Lau SK, Woo PC. Hepatitis E: A disease of reemerging importance. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114:681−90. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2015.02.003. PMID:25773541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggarwal RGS. The global prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review Geneva, Switz, World Health Organization. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cao YF, Tao H, Hu YM, Shi CB, Wu X, Liang Q, Chi CP, Li L, Liang ZL, Meng JH, et al. A phase 1 randomized open-label clinical study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2017;5:5073−80. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.072.
   Google Scholar
• Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and prevention. World J Hepatol. 2011;27:285−91. doi:10.4254/wjh.v3.i12.285.
   Google Scholar
• Lee GY, Poovorawan K, Intharasongkroh D, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Vongpunsawad S, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y. Hepatitis E virus infection: Epidemiology and treatment implications. World J Virol. 2015;12:343−55. doi:10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.343.
   Google Scholar
• Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16: 5−36. doi:10.1002/rmv.482. PMID:16175650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao Y, Zhu L, Liu D, Guo C, Yuan Y, Shi C, Liu Z, Wang X. A novel subgenotype 3a hepatitis E virus isolated from pigs in China. Virus Genes. 2017;53:483−6. doi:10.1007/s11262-017-1435-1. PMID:28205052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha A, P Gupta B, K Lama T. Current Treatment of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Role of Antivirals. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2017;7:73−7. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1216. PMID:29201777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong DC, Purcell RH, Sreenivasan MA, Prasad SR, Pavri KM. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet 1980;25:876−9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92045-0. PMID:6107544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 1980;68:818−24. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(80)90200-4. PMID:6770682.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakraborty S, Datta M, Pasha ST, Kumar S. Non-A non-B viral hepatitis:a common-source outbreak traced to sewage contamination of drinking water. J Commun Dis 1982;14:41−6. PMID:6815259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velázquez O, Stetler HC, Avila C, Ornelas G, Alvarez C, Hadler SC, Bradley DW, Sepúlveda J. Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1986-1987. JAMA 1990;263:3281−5. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440240071018. PMID:2112204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG, Lehman JR, Webb DM, Tsareva TS, Haynes JS, Thacker BJ, Emerson SU. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:9860−5. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9860. PMID:9275216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwo PY, Schlauder GG, Carpenter HA, Murphy PJ, Rosenblatt JE, Dawson GJ, Mast EE, Krawczynski K, Balan V. Acute hepatitis E by a new isolate acquired in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:1133−6. doi:10.4065/72.12.1133. PMID:9413292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legrand-Abravanel F, Mansuy JM, Dubois M, Kamar N, Peron JM, Rostaing L, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Diversity, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:110−4. doi:10.3201/eid1501.080296. PMID:19116067.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montesano C, Giovanetti M, Ciotti M, Cella E, Lo Presti A, Grifoni A, Zehender G, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. Hepatitis E Virus Circulation in Italy: Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Analysis. HepatMon. 2016;16:e31951. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.31951. PMID:27226798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Sato H, Sato Y, Jirintai S, Okamoto H. Analysis of the full-length genome of a hepatitis E virus isolate obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is classifiable into a novel genotype. J Gen Virol. 2011;92:902−8. doi:10.1099/vir.0.029470-0. PMID:21228128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh SY, Yang PY, Ho YP, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Identification of a novel strain of hepatitis E virus responsible for sporadic acute hepatitis in Taiwan. J Med Virol. 1998;55:300−4. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199808)55:4%3c300::AID-JMV8%3e3.0.CO;2-4. PMID:9661839.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng Y, Zhao C, Fan J, Harrison TJ, Zhang H, Lian H, Geng K, Wang Y. Genotype analysis of hepatitis E virus from sporadic hepatitis E cases in northern China. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;20:413−7. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.003. PMID:24140474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakano T, Takahashi K, Takahashi M, Nishigaki Y, Watanabe N, Ishida S, Fujimoto S, Kato H, Okano H, Takei Y. Investigating the origin and global dispersal history of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 using phylogeographical analysis. LiverInt. 2016;36:31−41. doi.110.1111/liv.12880. PMID:26037061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Begum N, Polipalli SK, Husain SA, Kar P. Molecular analysis of swine hepatitis E virus from north India. Indian J Med Re. 2010;132:504−8. PMID:21149998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente-Casares P, Ramos-Romero C, Ramirez-Gonzalez E, Mas A. Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat. Biomed ResInt. 2016;2016:9838041. doi:10.1155/2016/9838041. PMID:28070522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wedemeyer H, PischkeS, Manns MP. Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis e virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:1388−97. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.014. PMID:22537448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad, I., HollaRP, JameelS. Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res. 2011;161:47−58. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.011. PMID:21345356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panda SK, Thakral D, Rehman S. Hepatitis E virus. Rev Med Virol. 2007;17:151−80. doi:10.1002/rmv.522. PMID:17051624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandra V, Taneja S, Kalia M, Jameel S. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. J Biosci. 2008;33: 451−64. doi:10.1007/s12038-008-0064-1. PMID:19208971.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nan Y, Zhang YJ. Molecular Biology and Infection of Hepatitis E Virus, Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1419. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01419. PMID:27656178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang H, Zhang W, Gu H, Chen W, Zeng M, Ji C, Song R, Zhang G. Identification and characterization of two linear epitope motifs in hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein. PLoS One. 2017;12: e0184947. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184947. PMID:28957334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes GR, Huang CC, Tam AW, Purdy MA. Molecular organization and replication of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Arch Virol Suppl 1993;7:15−25. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_2. PMID:8219799.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li TC, Takeda N, Miyamura T, Matsuura Y, Wang JC, Engvall H, Hammar L, Xing L, Cheng RH. Essential elements of the capsid protein for self-assembly into empty virus-like particles of hepatitis E virus. J Virol. 2005;79:12999−3006. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.20.12999-13006.2005. PMID:16189002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xing L, Li TC, Mayazaki N, Simon MN, Wall JS, Moore M, Wang CY, Takeda N, Wakita T, Miyamura T. Structure of hepatitis E virion-sized particle reveals an RNA-dependent viral assembly pathway. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:33175−83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.106336. PMID:20720013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guu TS, Liu Z, Ye Q, Mata DA, Li K, Yin C, Zhang J, Tao YJ. Structure of the hepatitis E virus-like particle suggests mechanisms for virus assembly and receptor binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:12992−7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904848106. PMID:19622744.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou YH, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. A truncated ORF2 protein contains the most immunogenic site on ORF2: Antibody responses to non-vaccine sequences following challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated macaques with hepatitis E virus. Vaccine. 2005;23:3157−65. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.020. PMID:15837215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emerson SU, Clemente-Casares P, Moiduddin N, Arankalle VA, Torian U, Purcell RH. Putative neutralization epitopes and broad cross-genotype neutralization of Hepatitis E virus confirmed by a quantitative cell-culture assay. J Gen Virol. 2006;87:697−704. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81545-0. PMID:16476993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taherkhani R, Makvandi M, Farshadpour F. Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using 2 truncated ORF2 proteins for detection of IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus. Ann Lab Med. 2014;34:118−26. doi:10.3343/alm.2014.34.2.118. PMID:24624347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Recombinant vaccines for hepatitis E. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7:462−6. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02106-2. PMID:11597521.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamar N, Izopet J, Pavio N, Aggarwal R, Labrique A, Wedemeyer H, Dalton HR. Hepatitis E virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17086. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.86. PMID:29154369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Q, Li S, Yu H, Xia N, Modis Y. Virus-like particle-based human vaccines: quality assessment based on structural and functional properties. Trends Biotechnol. 2013;31(11):654−63. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.002. PMID:24125746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Wei M, Pan H, Lin Z, Wang K, Weng Z, Zhu Y, Xin L, Zhang J, Li S, et al. Robust manufacturing and comprehensive characterization of recombinant hepatitis E virus-like particles in Hecolin®. Vaccine. 2014;32(32):4039−50. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.064. PMID:24892250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purdy MA, McCaustland KA, Krawczynski K, Spelbring J, ReyesGR, Bradley DW. Preliminary evidence that a trpE-HEV fusion protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge withwild-type hepatitis E virus (HEV). J Med Virol. 1993;41:90−4. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890410118. PMID:8228944.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng J, Dai X, Chang JC, Lopareva E, Pillot J, Fields HA, Khudyakov YE. Identification and characterization of the neutralization epitope(s) of the hepatitis E virus. Virol. 2001;288:203−11. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen J, Behloul N, Dai X, Dong C, Liang J, Zhang M, Shi C, Meng J. Immunogenicity difference between two hepatitis E vaccines derived from genotype 1 and 4. Antiviral Res. 2016;128:36−42. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.002. PMID:26850829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong C, Meng JH. Expression, purification and immunogenicity of a novel hepatitis E virus-like particle. Chinese J Cellular Mol Immunol. 2006;22:339−42.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, Li YM, Zheng YJ, Li YP, Luo D, Pan BB, Nong Y, Ge SX. Randomized-controlled phase 2 clinical trial of a bacterially expressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009;27:1869−74. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.061. PMID:19168109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li SW, Zhao Q, Wu T, Chen S, Zhang J, Xia NS. The development of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine HEV 239. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11: 908−14. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1008870. PMID:25714510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu T, Li SW, Zhang J, Ng MH, Xia NS, Zhao Q. Hepatitis E vaccine development: a 14 year odyssey. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8:823−7. doi:10.4161/hv.20042. PMID:22699438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, Zhou C, Wang ZZ, Huang SJ, Wang H, Yang CL, Jiang HM, Cai JP. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376:895−902. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61030-6. PMID:20728932.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, Wu T, Hu YM, Wang ZZ, Wang H, Jiang HM, Wang YJ, Yan Q. Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:914−22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406011. PMID:25738667.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sehgal D, Malik PS, Jameel S. Purification and diagnostic utilityof a recombinant hepatitis E virus capsid protein expressed in insect larvae. Protein Expr Purif. 2003;27:27−34. doi:10.1016/S1046-5928(02)00574-0. PMID:12509981.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson RA, Burgess WH, Emerson SU, Leibowitz RS, Sosnovtseva SA, Tsarev S, Purcell RH. Structural characterization of recombinant hepatitis E virus ORF2 proteins in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 1998;12:75−84. doi:10.1006/prep.1997.0817. PMID:9473460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang M, Emerson SU, Nguyen H, Engle R, Govindarajan S, Blackwelder WC, Gerin J, Purcell RH. Recombinant vaccine against hepatitis E: duration of protective immunity in rhesus macaques. Vaccine. 2002;20:3285−91. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00314-6. PMID:12213398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, Mammen MP Jr, Thapa GB, Thapa N, Myint KS, Fourneau M, Kuschner RA, Shrestha SK. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:895−903. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061847. PMID:17329696.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qi Y, Fan J, Huang W, Zhao C, Wang Y, Kong FT, Kong W, Jiang C. Expression and characterization of hepatitis E virus-like particles and non-virus-like particles from insect cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2016;63:362−70. doi:10.1002/bab.1379. PMID:25824972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu M, Behloul N, Wen J, Zhang J, Meng J. Role of asparagine at position 562 in dimerization and immunogenicity of the hepatitis E virus capsid protein; Infect Genet Evol. 2016;37:99−107. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.006. PMID:26584510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang EC, Chi B R, Li X, Liu Y, Gao P, Jia P, Kan SF, Wen ZM, Wang W, Jin NY. Expression and Characterization of a Recombinant Truncated Capsid Protein of Hepatitis E Virus in Pichia pastoris. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities. 2010;26:235–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su CX, Gu MR, Zhang P, Jin ZJ, Meng FH, Chen EJ, Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang YC. Expression of ORF2 protein of HEV genotype IV in Hansenula polymorpha. Chinese J Biotechnol. 2007;23:73−8; PMID:17366891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong Y, Zhan M, Lu J, Bai Y, Bi S. Immunogenicity of recombinant HEV ORF2 protein expressed in pichia pastoris. Chinese J Exp Clin Virol. 2002;16:23−6; PMID:11986739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trabelsi K, Kamen A, Kallel H. Development of a vectored vaccine against hepatitis E virus. Vaccine. 2014;32:2808−11. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.041. PMID:24583005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiménez de Oya N, Escribano-Romero E, Blázquez AB, Lorenzo M, Martín-Acebes MA, Blasco R, Saiz JC. Characterization of hepatitis E virus recombinant ORF2 proteins expressed by vaccinia viruses. J Virol. 2012;86:7880−6. doi:10.1128/JVI.00610-12. PMID:22593167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farshadpour F, Makvandi M, Taherkhani R. Design, Construction and Cloning of Truncated ORF2 and tPAsp-PADRE-Truncated ORF2 Gene Cassette From Hepatitis E Virus in the pVAX1 Expression Vector. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8: e26035. doi:10.5812/jjm.26035. PMID:26865938.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong C, Dai X, Meng JH. The first experimental study on a candidate combined vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis E. Vaccine. 2007;25:1662−8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.001. PMID:17156900.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiang K, Kusov Y, Ying G, Yan W, Shan Y, Jinyuan W, Na Y, Yan Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. A Recombinant HAV Expressing a Neutralization Epitope of HEV Induces Immune Response against HAV and HEV in Mice. Viruses. 2017;9.pii: E260. doi:10.3390/v9090260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Su Q, Yi Y, Jia Z, Wang H, Lu X, Qiu F, Bi S. Enhanced mucosal immune responses induced by a combined candidate mucosal vaccine based on Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis E virus structural proteins linked to tuftsin. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0123400. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123400. PMID:25875115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li HZ, Gang HY, Sun QM, Liu X, Ma YB, Sun MS, Dai CB. Production in Pichia pastoris and characterization of genetic engineered chimeric HBV/HEV virus-like particles. Chin Med Sci J. 2004;19:78−83. PMID:15250239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Cao D, Wei C, Meng XJ, Jiang X, Tan M. A dual vaccine candidate against norovirus and hepatitis E virus. Vaccine. 2014;32:445−52. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.064. PMID:24291540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makvandi M, Teimoori A, Neisi N, Samarbafzadeh A. Designing, Construction and Expression of a Recombinant Fusion Protein Comprising the Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 and Rotavirus NSP4 in the Baculovirus Expression System. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2016;9:e40303. doi:10.5812/jjm.40303. PMID:28138375.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia M, Wei C, Wang L, Cao D, Meng XJ, Jiang X, Tan M. Development and evaluation of two subunit vaccine candidates containing antigens of hepatitis E virus, rotavirus, and astrovirus. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25735. doi:10.1038/srep25735. PMID:27194006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Takeda N, Miyamura T. Oral administration of hepatitis E virus-like particles induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice. Vaccine. 2001;19:3476−84. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00059-7. PMID:11348714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li TC, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Dhole TN, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Protection of cynomolgus monkeys against HEV infection by oral administration of recombinant hepatitis E virus-like particles. Vaccine. 2004;22:370−7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.004. PMID:14670318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gao S, Li D, Liu Y, Zha E, Zhou T, Yue X. Oral immunization with recombinant hepatitis E virus antigen displayed on the Lactococcus lactis surface enhances ORF2-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;24:140−5. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.032. PMID:25445956.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma Y, Lin SQ, Gao Y, Li M, Luo WX, Zhang J, Xia NS. Expression of ORF2 partial gene of hepatitis E virus in tomatoes and immunoactivity of expression products. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2211−5. doi:10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2211. PMID:14562380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng J, Dubreuil P, Pillot J. A new PCR-based seroneutralization assay in cell culture for diagnosis of hepatitis E. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(6):1373−7. PMID:9163446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Hoshino Y, Tanaka T, Takahashi H, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Production of monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis E virus capsid protein and evaluation of their neutralizing activity in a cell culture system. Arch Virol. 2008;153(4):657−66. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0045-6. PMID:18266052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang F, Tang Z, Wang S, Cai W, Wen G, Ji W, Yu J, Zhang K, Xia N, Zheng Z. The establishment of high-through put neutralization titer evaluation model for hepatitis E virus (HEV). Bing Du Xue Bao. 2015;31(1):1−6. PMID:25997322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Su Y, Hao X, Cao Y, Li L, Zhu F, Liang Z. Dynamics of 8G12 competitive antibody in "prime-boost" vaccination of Hepatitis E vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(6):1−6. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1291105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepatitis E FAQs for Health Professionals. 2017. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hev/hevfaq.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Ogholikhan S, Schwarz KB. Hepatitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2016;4. pii:E6. doi:10.3390/vaccines4010006. PMID:26978406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffar S, Bazerbachi F, Lake JR. Making the case for the development of a vaccination against hepatitis E. Virus Liver Int. 2015;35:311−6. doi:10.1111/liv.12590. PMID:24836400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamar N, Mansuy J.M, Cointault O, Selves J, Abravanel F, Danjoux M, Otal P, Esposito L, Durand D, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus-related cirrhosis in kidney-and kidney-pancreas-transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:1744−8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02286.x. PMID:18557740.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larralde O, Petrik J. Phage-displayed peptides that mimic epitopes of hepatitis E virus capsid. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2017;206:301−9. doi:10.1007/s00430-017-0507-0. PMID:28434129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang H, Ji F, Liang H, Gu H, Ning Z, Liu R, Zhang G. A Proline-Rich Domain in the Genotype 4Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 C-Terminus is Crucial for Downstream V105DLP108 Immunoactivity. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0133282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133282. PMID:26177202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhao C, Qi Y, Geng Y. Hepatitis E Virus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;948:1−16. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_1. PMID:27738976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, Govindarajan S, Shapiro M, Gerin JL. Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1994;91:10198−202. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.21.10198. PMID:7937861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryan JP, Tsarev SA, Iqbal M, Ticehurst J, Emerson S, Ahmed A, Duncan J, Rafiqui AR, Malik IA, Purcell RH, et al. Epidemic hepatitis E in Pakistan: patterns of serologic response and evidence that antibody to hepatitis E virus protects against disease. J Infect Dis 1994;170:517−21. doi:10.1093/infdis/170.3.517. PMID:8077708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao Q, Zhang J, Wu T, Li SW, Ng MH, Xia NS, Shih JW. Antigenic determinants of hepatitis E virus and vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(2):159−68. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0701-1. PMID:23149436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Shukla R, Jameel S, Agrawal S, Puri P, Gupta VK, Patil AP, Naik S. T-cell epitope mapping of ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of human hepatitis E virus. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14(4):283−92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00796.x. PMID:17381721.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behloul N, Wei W, Baha S, Liu Z, Wen J, Meng J. Effects of mRNA secondary structure on the expression of HEV ORF2 proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact. 2017;16:200. doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0812-8. PMID:29137642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behloul N, Wen J, Dai X, Dong C, Meng J. Antigenic composition and immunoreactivity differences between; HEV recombinant capsid proteins generated from different genotypes. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;34:211−20. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.026. PMID:26122075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao M, Li XJ, Tang ZM, Yang F, Wang SL, Cai W, Zhang K, Xia NS, Zheng ZZ. A Comprehensive Study of Neutralizing Antigenic Sites on the Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Capsid by Constructing, Clustering, and Characterizing a Tool Box. J Biol Chem. 2015;290:19910−22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.649764. PMID:26085097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shima R, Li TC, Sendai Y, Kataoka C, Mori Y, Abe T, Takeda N, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y. Production of hepatitis E virus-like particles presenting multiple foreign epitopes by co-infection of recombinant baculoviruses. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21638. doi:10.1038/srep21638. PMID:26905478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beran J, Van Der Meeren O, Leyssen M, D'silva P. Immunity to hepatitis A and B persists for at least 15 years after immunisation of adolescents with a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine. Vaccine. 2016;34(24):2686−91. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.033. PMID:27105563.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labrique AB, Sikder SS, Krain LJ, West KP Jr, Christian P, Rashid M, Nelson KE. Hepatitis E, a vaccine-preventable cause of maternal deaths. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1401−4. doi:10.3201/eid1809.120241. PMID:22931753.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrews J. Military sponsored vaccine trials and la resistance in Nepal. Am J Bioeth. 2005;5: W1−3. doi:10.1080/15265160591002962. PMID:16006352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Shih JW, Wu T, Li SW, Xia NS. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:79−88. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1338116. PMID:23564392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reports on Notifiable Infectious Disease in China. Chinese Centerfor Disease Control and Prevention. Available online at: http://www.chinacdc.cn/tjsj/fdcrbbg/.
   Google Scholar
• Utsumi T, Hayashi Y, Lusida MI, Amin M, Soetjipto, Hendra A, Soetjiningsih, Yano Y, Hotta H. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among swine and humans in two different ethnic communities in Indonesia. Arch Virol. 2011;156:689−93. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0883-x. PMID:21191625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, Kasture Y, Labrique AB, Wierzba TF. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:308. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-308. PMID:24902967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS. Hepatitis E: an emerging global disease from discovery towards control and cure. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23: 68−79. doi:10.1111/jvh.12445. PMID:26344932.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam E, McCarthy A, Brennan M. Vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally displaced populations. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11:2627−36. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1096457. PMID:26406333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar