Should female sex workers be offered HPV vaccination?

References

• FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10;356(19):1915–27. PubMed PMID: 17494925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX, Naud P, Salmerón J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN, Apter DL, Kitchener HC, Castellsague X, et al. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Jun;369(9580):2161–70. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1414. PubMed PMID: 17602732. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60946-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener H, Castellsague X, Teixeira JC, Skinner SR, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet. 2009;374(9686):301–14. PubMed PMID: 19586656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apter D, Wheeler CM, Paavonen J, Castellsagué X, Garland SM, Skinner SR, Naud P, Salmerón J, Chow SN, Kitchener HC, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 (HPV-16/18) AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer in young women: final event-driven analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015 Apr;22(4):361–73. Epub 2015 Feb 4. PubMed PMID: 25651922; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4375348. doi:10.1128/CVI.00591-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, Bouchard C, Mao C, Mehlsen J, Moreira ED Jr, Ngan Y, Petersen LK, Lazcano-Ponce E, et al. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb;372(8):711–23. PubMed PMID: 25693011. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1405044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh WK, Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, de Andrade RP, Ault KA, Bartholomew D, Cestero RM, Fedrizzi EN, Hirschberg AL, et al. Final efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety analyses of a nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in women aged 16-26 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2017 Nov 11;390(10108):2143–59. Epub 2017 Sep 5. PubMed PMID: 28886907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31821-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorsters A, Cornelissen T, Leuridan E, Bogers J, Vanden Broeck D, Benoy I, Goossens H, Hens N, Van Damme P. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus and abnormal pap smears in female sex workers compared to the general population in Antwerp, Belgium. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jun 7;16:477. PubMed PMID: 27266509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4897854. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3099-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra E, Kroone N, Freriks E, van Dam CL, Alberts CJ, Hogewoning AA, Bruisten S, van Dijk A, Kroone MM, Waterboer T, et al. Vaginal and anal human papillomavirus infection and seropositivity among female sex workers in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: prevalence, concordance and risk factors. J Infect. 2018 Apr;76(4):393–405. Epub 2017 Dec 28. PubMed. PMID: 29289562. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Nov;29(11):725–35. PubMed PMID: 12438912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, O‘Reilly S, Kiviat NB, Holmes KK, Koutsky LA. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 22;354(25):2645–54. PubMed PMID: 16790697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce Campbell CM, Lin HY, Fulp W, Papenfuss MR, Salmerón JJ, Quiterio MM, Lazcano-Ponce E, Villa LL, Giuliano AR. Consistent condom use reduces the genital human papillomavirus burden among high-risk men: the HPV infection in men study. J Infect Dis. 2013 Aug 1;208(3):373–84. Epub 2013 May 3. PubMed PMID: 23644283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3699010. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam JU, Rebolj M, Dugué PA, Bonde J, von Euler-Chelpin M, Lynge E Condom use in prevention of Human Papillomavirus infections and cervical neoplasia: systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Med Screen. 2014 Mar;21(1):38–50. Epub 2014 Jan 31. Review. PubMed PMID: 24488594. doi:10.1177/0969141314522454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dulm E, Marra E, Kroone MM, van Dijk AE, Hogewoning AA, Schim van der Loeff MF. Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Amsterdam between 2011 and 2016: does risk vary by work location? BMC Public Health, In Press.
   Google Scholar
• Okafor UO, Crutzen R, Aduak Y, Adebajo S, Van Den Borne HW Behavioural interventions promoting condom use among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2017 Sep;16(3):257–68. Review. PubMed PMID: 28978291. doi:10.2989/16085906.2017.1358753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soohoo M, Blas M, Byraiah G, Carcamo C, Brown B. Cervical HPV infection in female sex workers: a global perspective. Open AIDS J. 2013 Dec 30;7:58–66. eCollection 2013. PubMed PMID: 24511334; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3915319. doi:10.2174/1874613601307010058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mak R, Van Renterghem L, Cuvelier C. Cervical smears and human papillomavirus typing in sex workers. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Apr;80(2):118–20. PubMed PMID: 15054172; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1744807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shikova E, Todorova I, Ganchev G, Kouseva-Dragneva V, Kalascheva-Zaimova P Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Bulgaria. Int J STD AIDS. 2011 May;22(5):278–80. PubMed PMID: 21571976. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng RR, Li HM, Chang H, Li JH, Wang AL, Chen XS Prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Asia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Sex Health. 2012 May;9(2):113–19. Review. PubMed PMID: 22498154. doi:10.1071/SH11066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung KM, Yeoh GP, Cheung HN, Fong FY, Chan KW Prevalence of abnormal Papanicolaou smears in female sex workers in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2013 Jun;19(3):203–06. Epub 2013 May 6. PubMed PMID: 23650200. doi:10.12809/hkmj133917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher KE, LaMontagne DS, Watson-Jones D. Status of HPV vaccine introduction and barriers to country uptake. Vaccine. 2018 Aug 6;36(32 Pt A):4761–67. Epub 2018 Mar 23. PubMed PMID: 29580641. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellsague X, Munoz N, Pitisuttithum P, Ferris D, Monsonego J, Ault K, Luna J, Myers E, Mallary S, Bautista OM, et al. End-of-study safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in adult women 24–45 years of age. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(1):28–37. PubMed PMID: 21629249. Pubmed Central.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmerón J, Del Rosario-Raymundo MR, Verheijen RH, Quek SC, Da Silva DP, et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 4-year interim follow-up of the phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled VIVIANE study. Lancet. 2014 Dec;384(9961):2213–27. Epub 2014 Sep 1. PubMed PMID: 25189358. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60920-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler CM, Skinner SR, Del Rosario-Raymundo MR, Garland SM, Chatterjee A, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmerón J, McNeil S, Stapleton JT, Bouchard C, et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 7-year follow-up of the phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled VIVIANE study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1154–68. PubMed PMID: 27373900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joura EA, Garland SM, Paavonen J, Ferris DG, Perez G, Ault KA, Huh WK, Sings HL, James MK, Haupt RM, FUTURE I and II Study Group. Effect of the human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in a subgroup of women with cervical and vulvar disease: retrospective pooled analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2012 Mar;344:e1401. PubMed PMID: 22454089; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3314184. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang WD, Choi HS, Kim SM Is vaccination with quadrivalent HPV vaccine after loop electrosurgical excision procedure effective in preventing recurrence in patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2-3)? Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Aug;130(2):264–68. Epub 2013 Apr 26. PubMed PMID: 23623831. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.04.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghelardi A, Parazzini F, Martella F, Pieralli A, Bay P, Tonetti A, Svelato A, Bertacca G, Lombardi S, Joura EA SPERANZA project: HPV vaccination after treatment for CIN2. Gynecol Oncol. 2018 Nov;151(2):229–34. Epub 2018 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 30197061. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.08.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P, Tresukosol D, Monsonego J, Ault K, Clavel C, Luna J, Myers E, Hood S, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24-45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1949–57. Epub 2009 Jun 1. PubMed PMID: 19493565. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60691-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbyn M, Xu L, Simoens C, Martin‐Hirsch PPL. Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(5). Art. No.: CD009069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009069.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szarewski A, Poppe WA, Skinner SR, Wheeler CM, Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, Chow SN, Apter D, Kitchener H, et al. Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women aged 15-25 years with and without serological evidence of previous exposure to HPV-16/18. Int J Cancer. 2012 Jul;131(1):106–16. Epub 2011 Oct 23. PubMed PMID: 21858807. doi:10.1002/ijc.26362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller JT, Davies P. Delivering on the promise: HPV vaccines and cervical cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Apr;2(4):343–47. Review. PubMed PMID: 15031733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranston RD, Cespedes MS, Paczuski P, Yang M, Coombs RW, Dragavon J, Saah A, Godfrey C, Webster-Cyriaque JY, Chiao EY, et al. High baseline anal human papillomavirus and abnormal anal cytology in a phase 3 trial of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals older than 26 years: ACTG 5298. Sex Transm Dis. 2018 Apr;45(4):266–71. PubMed PMID: 29528986; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5868482. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, Bastow B, Webster-Cyriaque J, Feng Q, Dragavon J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults aged 27 years or older: AIDS clinical trials group protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 15;67(9):1339–46. PubMed PMID: 29659751; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6186857. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, Stier EA, Goldstone SE, Berry JM, Jay N, Aboulafia D, Cohn DL, Einstein MH, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15;202(8):1246–53. PubMed PMID: 20812850; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3118428. doi:10.1086/656320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijstek MW, Scherpenisse M, Groot N, Tacke C, Schepp RM, Buisman AM, Berbers GA, van der Klis FR, Wulffraat NM Immunogenicity and safety of the bivalent HPV vaccine in female patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a prospective controlled observational cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Aug;73(8):1500–07. Epub 2013 May 30. PubMed PMID: 23723319. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojic EM, Kang M, Cespedes MS, Umbleja T, Godfrey C, Allen RT, Firnhaber C, Grinsztejn B, Palefsky JM, Webster-Cyriaque JY, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 1;59(1):127–35. Epub 2014 Apr 9. PubMed PMID: 24723284; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4305143. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller JT. The potential benefits of HPV vaccination in previously infected women. EBioMedicine. 2016 Aug;10:5–6 . Epub 2016 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 27515688; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5006803. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter JJ, Koutsky LA, Wipf GC, Christensen ND, Lee SK, Kuypers J, Kiviat N, Galloway DA. The natural history of human papillomavirus type 16 capsid antibodies among a cohort of university women. J Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;174(5):927–36. PubMed PMID: 8896492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstein ZR, Carter JJ, Garg R, Winer RL, Feng Q, Galloway DA, Koutsky LA. Serum antibody response following genital {alpha}9 human papillomavirus infection in young men. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul 15;204(2):209–16. PubMed PMID: 21673030; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3114468. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravitt PE The known unknowns of HPV natural history. J Clin Invest. 2011 Dec;121(12):4593–99. Epub 2011 Dec 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 22133884; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3225991. doi:10.1172/JCI57149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shew ML, Ermel AC, Tong Y, Tu W, Qadadri B, Brown DR Episodic detection of human papillomavirus within a longitudinal cohort of young women. J Med Virol. 2015 Dec;87(12):2122–29. Epub 2015 Jun 25. PubMed PMID: 26112742. doi:10.1002/jmv.24284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twisk DE, van der Sande MAB, van Eeden A, Heideman DAM, van der Klis FRM, de Vries HJC, Schim van der Loeff MF. Detection of incident anal high-risk human papillomavirus DNA in men who have sex with men: incidence or reactivation? J Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 24;218(7):1018–26. PubMed PMID: 29771378. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickler HD, Burk RD, Fazzari M, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Massad LS, Hall C, Bacon M, Levine AM, Watts DH, et al. Natural history and possible reactivation of human papillomavirus in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 20;97(8):577–86. PubMed PMID: 15840880.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang C, Wright TC, Denny L, Kuhn L. Rapid rise in detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection soon after incident HIV infection among South African women. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:479–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak RG, Gravitt PE, Morrison CS, Gange SJ, Kwok C, Oliver AE, Howard R, Van der Pol B, Salata RA, Padian NS, et al. Increases in human papillomavirus detection during early HIV infection among women in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1182–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg MJ, Leyden WA, Lam JO, Gregorich SE, Huchko MJ, Kulasingam S, Kuppermann M, Smith-McCune KK, Sawaya GF Effectiveness of catch-up human papillomavirus vaccination on incident cervical neoplasia in a US health-care setting: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Oct;2(10):707–14. Epub 2018 Aug 8. PubMed PMID: 30236379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6152835. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30220-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vesco KK, Whitlock EP, Eder M, Lin J, Burda BU, Senger CA, Holmes RS, Fu R, Zuber S. Screening for cervical cancer: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 May. PMID: 22132428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66099/PubMed
   Google Scholar