3,104
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Immunotherapeutics – Product Review

Update about Oralair® as a treatment for grass pollen allergic rhinitis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2066424 | Received 24 Sep 2020, Accepted 12 Apr 2022, Published online: 15 Jun 2022

References

  • Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, Kennedy-Martin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121:43–10. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2018.03.028.
  • Ozdoganoglu T, Songu M. The burden of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2012;6:11–23. doi:10.1177/1753465811431975.
  • Passali D, Cingi C, Staffa P, Passali F, Muluk NB, Bellussi ML. The international study of the allergic rhinitis survey: outcomes from 4 geographical regions. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018;8:e7. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e7.
  • Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E, Orlandi RR, Akdis CA, Alt JA, Azar A, Baroody FM, Bachert C, Canonica GW, et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8:108–352. doi:10.1002/alr.22073.
  • Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, Williams H; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006;368:733–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0.
  • Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, Agarwal A, Bachert C, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Brignardello-Petersen R, Canonica GW, Casale T, Chavannes NH, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:950–58. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.050.
  • Pawankar R, Mori S, Ozu C, Kimura S. Overview on the pathomechanisms of allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011;1:157–67. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.3.157.
  • Calderon MA, Cox L, Casale TB, Moingeon P, Demoly P. Multiple-Allergen and single-allergen immunotherapy strategies in polysensitized patients: looking at the published evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:929–34. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.019.
  • Ciprandi G, Incorvaia C, Frati F; Italian Study Group on P. Management of polysensitized patient: from molecular diagnostics to biomolecular immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11:973–76. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2015.1062365.
  • D’-Amato G, Cecchi L, Bonini S, Nunes C, Annesi-Maesano I, Behrendt H, Liccardi G, Popov T, van Cauwenberge P. Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62:976–90. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x.
  • Pfaar O, Karatzas K, Bastl K, Berger U, Buters J, Darsow U, Demoly P, Durham SR, Galán C, Gehrig R, et al. Pollen season is reflected on symptom load for grass and birch pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in different geographic areas-An EAACI Task Force Report. Allergy. 2020;75:1099–106. doi:10.1111/all.14111.
  • Worm M, Lee HH, Kostev K. Prevalence and treatment profile of patients with grass pollen and house dust mite allergy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11:653–61. doi:10.1111/ddg.12089.
  • Arbes SJ Jr., Gergen PJ, Elliott L, Zeldin DC. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the US population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:377–83. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.017.
  • Sedaghat AR, Phipatanakul W, Cunningham MJ. Characterization of aeroallergen sensitivities in children with allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2014;5:143–45. doi:10.2500/ar.2014.5.0102.
  • Kailaivasan TH, Timbrell VL, Solley G, Smith WB, McLean-Tooke A, van Nunen S, Smith P, Upham JW, Langguth D, Davies JM. Biogeographical variation in specific IgE recognition of temperate and subtropical grass pollen allergens in allergic rhinitis patients. Clin Transl Immunology. 2020;9:e01103. doi:10.1002/cti2.1103.
  • Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, Bernstein J, Craig T, Finegold I, Huang F, Larenas-Linnemann D, Meltzer E, Steven G, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119:489–511, e41. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.012.
  • May JR, Dolen WK. Management of allergic rhinitis: a review for the community pharmacist. Clin Ther. 2017;39:2410–19. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.10.006.
  • Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, Singal AG, Stein JD, Marks RM, Ayanian JZ, Nallamothu BK. Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. Bmj. 2017;357:j1415. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415.
  • Pfaar O, Angier E, Muraro A, Halken S, Roberts G. Algorithms in allergen immunotherapy in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2020;75:2411–14. doi:10.1111/all.14270.
  • Pfaar O, Lou H, Zhang Y, Klimek L, Zhang L. Recent developments and highlights in allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. 2018;73:2274–89. doi:10.1111/all.13652.
  • Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA, Ansotegui IJ, Durham SR, Gerth van Wijk R, Halken S, Larenas-Linnemann D, Pawankar R, Pitsios C, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2018;73:765–98. doi:10.1111/all.13317.
  • Muraro A, Roberts G, Halken S, Agache I, Angier E, Fernandez-Rivas M, Gerth van Wijk R, Jutel M, Lau S, Pajno G, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: executive statement. Allergy. 2018;73:739–43. doi:10.1111/all.13420.
  • Calderon MA, Waserman S, Bernstein DI, Demoly P, Douglass J, Gagnon R, Katelaris CH, Kim H, Nelson HS, Okamoto Y, et al. Clinical practice of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: an expert panel report. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:2920–36. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.071.
  • Mahler V, Esch RE, Kleine-Tebbe J, Lavery WJ, Plunkett G, Vieths S, Bernstein DI. Understanding differences in allergen immunotherapy products and practices in North America and Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143:813–28. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.024.
  • Incorvaia C, Al-Ahmad M, Ansotegui I, Arasi S, Bachert C, Bos C, et al. Personalized Medicine for allergy treatment: allergen immunotherapy still a unique and unmatched model. Allergy. 2021;76:1041–52. doi:10.1111/all.14575.
  • Klimek L, Jutel M, Akdis C, Bousquet J, Akdis M, Bachert C, Agache I, Ansotegui I, Bedbrook A, Bosnic-Anticevich S, et al. Handling of allergen immunotherapy in the COVID-19 pandemic: an ARIA-EAACI statement. Allergy. 2020;75:1546–54. doi:10.1111/all.14336.
  • Didier A, Bons B. Safety and tolerability of 5-grass pollen tablet sublingual immunotherapy: pooled analysis and clinical review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:777–88. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1017468.
  • Didier A, Malling HJ, Worm M, Horak F, Jäger S, Montagut A, André C, de Beaumont O, Melac M. Optimal dose, efficacy, and safety of once-daily sublingual immunotherapy with a 5-grass pollen tablet for seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:1338–45. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.046.
  • Moingeon P, Hrabina M, Bergmann KC, Jaeger S, Frati F, Bordas V, Peltre G. Specific immunotherapy for common grass pollen allergies: pertinence of a five grass pollen vaccine. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;146:338–42. doi:10.1159/000121468.
  • Archila LD, DeLong JH, Wambre E, James EA, Robinson DM, Kwok WW. Grass-Specific CD4(+) T-cells exhibit varying degrees of cross-reactivity, implications for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44:986–98. doi:10.1111/cea.12324.
  • Chabre H, Gouyon B, Huet A, Baron-Bodo V, Nony E, Hrabina M, Fenaille F, Lautrette A, Bonvalet M, Maillère B, et al. Molecular variability of group 1 and 5 grass pollen allergens between Pooideae species: implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:505–19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03380.x.
  • Batard T, Sanjuan A, Denis L, Nguyen H, Montagut A, Sastre J, Rak S, Cuiné JF. Two grass pollen tablets commercially available for allergy immunotherapy display different IgE epitope repertoires. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019;9:13. doi:10.1186/s13601-019-0253-z.
  • Demoly P, Passalacqua G, Calderon MA, Yalaoui T. Choosing the optimal dose in sublingual immunotherapy: Rationale for the 300 index of reactivity dose. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;5:44. doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0088-1.
  • Frati F, Scurati S, Puccinelli P, Justicia JL, Adamec T, Sieber HJ, Ras L, David M, Marcucci F, Incorvaia C. Development of an allergen extract for sublingual immunotherapy–evaluation of Staloral. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009;9:1207–15. doi:10.1517/14712590903146869.
  • Passalacqua G, Sastre J, Pfaar O, Wahn U, Demoly P. Comparison of allergenic extracts from different origins: the value of the FDA’s bioequivalent allergy unit (BAU). Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12:733–39. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1187561.
  • Larenas Linnemann DE, Singh J, Rosario N, Esch R, Matta JJ, Maspero J, Michels A, Mösges R. Similar biological activity in skin prick test for Oralair((R)) (8200 BAU) and Grazax((R)) (6200 BAU) reinforces effective SLIT dosing level. Allergy. 2016;71:1782–86. doi:10.1111/all.12998.
  • Canonica GW, Devillier P, Casale T, Demoly P, Bos C, Karagiannis E, Passalacqua G, Wahn U, Mascarell L. Clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy tablets for allergic rhinitis is unlikely to be derived from in vitro allergen-release data. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15:921–98. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1649597.
  • Allam JP, Würtzen PA, Reinartz M, Winter J, Vrtala S, Chen KW, Valenta R, Wenghoefer M, Appel T, Gros E, et al. Phl p 5 resorption in human oral mucosa leads to dose-dependent and time-dependent allergen binding by oral mucosal Langerhans cells, attenuates their maturation, and enhances their migratory and TGF-beta1 and IL-10-producing properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:638–45.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.039.
  • Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy and immune tolerance to allergens. World Allergy Organ J. 2015;8:17. doi:10.1186/s40413-015-0063-2.
  • Moingeon P, Mascarell L. Induction of tolerance via the sublingual route: mechanisms and applications. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:623474. doi:10.1155/2012/623474.
  • Moingeon P. Update on immune mechanisms associated with sublingual immunotherapy: practical implications for the clinician. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013;1:228–41. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.03.013.
  • Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy: multiple suppressor factors at work in immune tolerance to allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:621–31. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1088.
  • Horak F, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, Lemell P, Devillier P, Montagut A, Mélac M, Galvain S, Jean-Alphonse S, Van Overtvelt L, et al. Early onset of action of a 5-grass-pollen 300-IR sublingual immunotherapy tablet evaluated in an allergen challenge chamber. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:471–77. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.006.
  • Wahn U, Tabar A, Kuna P, Halken S, Montagut A, de Beaumont O, Le Gall M, Study Group SLIT. Efficacy and safety of 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in pediatric allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:160–66. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.009.
  • Cox LS, Casale TB, Nayak AS, Bernstein DI, Creticos PS, Ambroisine L, Melac M, Zeldin RK. Clinical efficacy of 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet in a US study: the importance of allergen-specific serum IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:1327–34. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.032.
  • Didier A, Worm M, Horak F, Sussman G, de Beaumont O, Le Gall M, Melac M, Malling HJ. Sustained 3-year efficacy of pre- and coseasonal 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with grass pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:559–66. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.022.
  • Didier A, Malling HJ, Worm M, Horak F, Sussman G, Melac M, Soulié S, Zeldin RK. Post-Treatment efficacy of discontinuous treatment with 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet in adults with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43:568–77. doi:10.1111/cea.12100.
  • Didier A, Malling HJ, Worm M, Horak F, Sussman GL. Prolonged efficacy of the 300IR 5-grass pollen tablet up to 2 years after treatment cessation, as measured by a recommended daily combined score. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;5:12. doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0057-8.
  • Pfaar O, Richter HG, Klimek L, Sieber J, Hadler M, Karagiannis E. Sublingual immunotherapy with a five-grass pollen tablet in adult patients with allergic rhinitis: an open, prospective, noninterventional, multicenter study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:584291. doi:10.1155/2015/584291.
  • Eberle P, Brueck H, Gall R, Hadler M, Sieber J, Karagiannis E. An observational, real-life safety study of a 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet in children and adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014;25:760–66. doi:10.1111/pai.12298.
  • Gerstlauer M, Szepfalusi Z, Golden D, Geng B, de Blic J. Real-Life safety of 5-grass pollen tablet in 5-to-9-year-old children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;123:70–80. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.011.
  • Blin P, Demoly P, Drouet M, Falissard B, Lignot-Maleyran S, Maizi H, Lorrain S, Lassalle R, Droz-Perroteau C, Moore N, et al. An observational cohort study of the use of five-grass-pollen extract sublingual immunotherapy during the 2015 pollen season in France. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14:38. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0262-9.
  • Shah-Hosseini K, Mioc K, Hadler M, Karagiannis E, Mosges R. Optimum treatment strategies for polyallergic patients - analysis of a large observational trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31:2249–59. doi:10.1185/03007995.2015.1094653.
  • Shah-Hosseini K, Krudewig EM, Hadler M, Karagiannis E, Mosges R. Management of Grass Pollen Allergy with 5-Grass Pollen Tablet: Results of a 2-Year Real-Life Study. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1382–97. doi:10.1007/s12325-017-0535-6.
  • Antolin-Amerigo D, Tabar IA, Del Mar Fernández-Nieto M, Callejo-Melgosa AM, Muñoz-Bellido FJ, Martínez-Alonso JC, Méndez-Alcalde JD, Reche M, Rodríguez-Trabado A, Rosado-Ingelmo A, et al. Satisfaction and quality of life of allergic patients following sublingual five-grass pollen tablet immunotherapy in Spain. Drugs Context. 2017;6:212309. doi:10.7573/dic.212309.
  • Schafer U, Kienle-Gogolok A, Hadler M, Karagiannis E, Schnitzer S. Treatment satisfaction during sublingual immunotherapy with a five-grass pollen tablet for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a prospective, non-interventional study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2017;4:109–17. doi:10.1007/s40801-017-0109-6.
  • Ras L, de Groot H, Stengs CH, van Weissenbruch R. Persistence of treatment with 5-grass pollen tablets in patients with allergic rhinitis: a real-life study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;116:52–8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2015.10.018.
  • Pastorello EA, Losappio L, Milani S, Manzotti G, Fanelli V, Pravettoni V, Agostinis F, D’-Arcais AF, Dell’-Albani I, Puccinelli P, et al. 5-Grass pollen tablets achieve disease control in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis unresponsive to drugs: a real-life study. J Asthma Allergy. 2013;6:127–33. doi:10.2147/JAA.S53801.
  • Klein TM, Hadler M, Augustin M, Blome C. Patient needs and benefits of sublingual immunotherapy for grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis: an observational study. Immunotherapy. 2021;13:1193–204. doi:10.2217/imt-2021-0161.
  • Devillier P, Molimard M, Ansolabehere X, Bardoulat I, Coulombel N, Maurel F, Le Jeunne P, Demoly P. Immunotherapy with grass pollen tablets reduces medication dispensing for allergic rhinitis and asthma: a retrospective database study in France. Allergy. 2019;74:1317–26. doi:10.1111/all.13705.
  • Zielen S, Devillier P, Heinrich J, Richter H, Wahn U. Sublingual immunotherapy provides long-term relief in allergic rhinitis and reduces the risk of asthma: a retrospective, real-world database analysis. Allergy. 2018;73:165–77. doi:10.1111/all.13213.
  • Didier A, Wahn U, Horak F, Cox LS. Five-Grass-Pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablet for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: 5 years of experience. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014;10:1309–24. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2014.957677.
  • Casale TB, Cox LS, Wahn U, Golden DBK, Bons B, Didier A. Safety review of 5-grass pollen tablet from pooled data of clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:1717–27.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.04.020.
  • Larsen TH, Poulsen LK, Melac M, Combebias A, Andre C, Malling HJ. Safety and tolerability of grass pollen tablets in sublingual immunotherapy–a phase-1 study. Allergy. 2006;61:1173–76. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01203.x.
  • Stallergenes. Safety and efficacy in phase III study on 300 IR SLIT to patients suffering from grass pollen rhinoconjunctivitis [VO60.08]. [accessed 2022 Mar 4]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00803244
  • Malling HJ, Montagut A, Melac M, Patriarca G, Panzner P, Seberova E, Didier A. Efficacy and safety of 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with different clinical profiles of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:387–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03152.x.
  • Wahn UMH, Cox LS, Soulié S, Zeldin R. Efficacy of 300IR 5-grass pollen extract sublingual tablet assessed by daily combined score: results of three double-blind placebo controlled natural field studies in children/adolescents and adults. Allergy. 2013;68:550–51.
  • Larenas-Linnemann D. How does the efficacy and safety of Oralair compare to other products on the market? Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:831–50. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S70363.
  • Devillier P, Demoly P, Molimard M. Allergen immunotherapy: what is the added value of real-world evidence from retrospective claims database studies? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020;14:445–52. doi:10.1080/17476348.2020.1733417.
  • Van Nunen SA, Burk MB, Burton PK, Ford G, Harvey RJ, Lozynsky A, Pickford E, Rimmer JS, Smart J, Sutherland MF, et al. 5-Grass-Pollen SLIT effectiveness in seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of sensitization to subtropical Grass Pollen. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15:100632. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100632.
  • Thien F, Beggs PJ, Csutoros D, Darvall J, Hew M, Davies JM, Bardin PG, Bannister T, Barnes S, Bellomo R, et al. The Melbourne epidemic thunderstorm asthma event 2016: an investigation of environmental triggers, effect on health services, and patient risk factors. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2:e255–e63. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30120-7.
  • O’-Hehir RE, Varese NP, Deckert K, Zubrinich CM, van Zelm MC, Rolland JM, Hew M. Epidemic thunderstorm asthma protection with five-grass pollen tablet sublingual immunotherapy: a clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:126–28. doi:10.1164/rccm.201711-2337LE.
  • Heeringa JJ, McKenzie CI, Varese N, Hew M, Atcm B, Aui PM, Rolland JM, O’-Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. Induction of IgG2 and IgG4 B-cell memory following sublingual immunotherapy for ryegrass pollen allergy. Allergy. 2020;75:1121–32. doi:10.1111/all.14073.
  • Hew M, Lee J, Varese N, Aui PM, McKenzie CI, Wines BD, Aumann H, Rolland JM, Mark Hogarth P, van Zelm MC, et al. Epidemic thunderstorm asthma susceptibility from sensitization to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen and major allergen Lol p 5. Allergy. 2020;75:2369–72. doi:10.1111/all.14319.
  • Buters J, Prank M, Sofiev M, Pusch G, Albertini R, Annesi-Maesano I, Antunes C, Behrendt H, Berger U, Brandao R, et al. Variation of the group 5 grass pollen allergen content of airborne pollen in relation to geographic location and time in season. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.049.
  • Erbas B, Jazayeri M, Lambert KA, Katelaris CH, Prendergast LA, Tham R, Parrodi MJ, Davies J, Newbigin E, Abramson MJ, et al. Outdoor pollen is a trigger of child and adolescent asthma emergency department presentations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2018;73:1632–41. doi:10.1111/all.13407.
  • Silver JD, Sutherland MF, Johnston FH, Lampugnani ER, McCarthy MA, Jacobs SJ, Pezza AB, Newbigin EJ. Seasonal asthma in Melbourne, Australia, and some observations on the occurrence of thunderstorm asthma and its predictability. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0194929. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194929.
  • Hayden TJ, Muscatello DJ. Increased presentations to emergency departments for asthma associated with rye grass pollen season in inland NSW. N S W Public Health Bull. 2011;22:154–58. doi:10.1071/NB10035.
  • Bousquet J, Pfaar O, Agache I, Bedbrook A, Akdis CA, Canonica GW, Chivato T, Al-Ahmad M, Abdul Latiff AH, Ansotegui IJ, et al. ARIA Care pathways for allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. 2019;74:2087–102. doi:10.1111/all.13805.
  • Verheggen BG, Westerhout KY, Schreder CH, Augustin M. Health economic comparison of SLIT allergen and SCIT allergoid immunotherapy in patients with seasonal grass-allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Germany. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;5:1. doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0045-z.
  • Bruggenjurgen B, Reinhold T. Cost-Effectiveness of grass pollen subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) compared to sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) and symptomatic treatment in Austria, Spain, and Switzerland. J Med Econ. 2018;21:374–81. doi:10.1080/13696998.2017.1419959.
  • Olsson P, Skröder C, Ahlbeck L, Hjalte F, Welin KO, Westin U, Andersson M, Ahlström-Emanuelsson C, Cardell LO. HealthSWEDE: costs with sublingual immunotherapy-a Swedish questionnaire study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17:55. doi:10.1186/s13223-021-00560-3.
  • Cox LS, Murphey A, Hankin C. The cost-effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy compared with pharmacotherapy for treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2020;40:69–85. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2019.09.003.
  • Cox L. Pharmacoeconomics of allergy immunotherapy versus pharmacotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2021;17:255–68. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2021.1886079.
  • Dranitsaris G, Ellis AK. Sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: an indirect analysis of efficacy, safety and cost. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014;20:225–38. doi:10.1111/jep.12112.
  • Westerhout KY, Verheggen BG, Schreder CH, Augustin M. Cost effectiveness analysis of immunotherapy in patients with grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Germany. J Med Econ. 2012;15:906–17. doi:10.3111/13696998.2012.688904.
  • Summary of product characteristics: Oralair® 100 IR & 300 IR sublingual tablets. Health Products Regulatory Authority; 2020, https://www.hpra.ie/img/uploaded/swedocuments/Licence_PA2113-001-001_05032020110248.pdf
  • US PrescribingInformation: Oralair® (Sweet Vernal, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Timothy, andKentucky Blue Grass Mixed Pollens Allergen Extract) Tablet for Sublingual Use. Stallergenes S.A; 2014. https://oralair.com/docs/ORALAIR%20Prescribing%20Information-Med%20Guide.pdf
  • Demoly P, Passalacqua G, Pfaar O, Sastre J, Wahn U. Management of the polyallergic patient with allergy immunotherapy: a practice-based approach. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2016;12:2. doi:10.1186/s13223-015-0109-6.