References
- Belongia EA, Naleway AL. Smallpox vaccine: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clin Med Res. 2003;1(2):1–10. doi:10.3121/cmr.1.2.87.
- Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Weissman D. Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology. Curr Opin Immunol. 2020;65:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.008.
- Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, Chong W, Acsadi G, Jani A, Felgner PL. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science. 1990;247(4949):1465–1468. doi:10.1126/science.1690918.
- Lamb YN. Bnt162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: first approval. Drugs. 2021;81(4):495–501. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01480-7.
- Abramson A, Kirtane AR, Shi Y, Zhong G, Collins JE, Tamang S, Ishida K, Hayward A, Wainer J, Rajesh NU, et al. Oral mRNA delivery using capsule-mediated gastrointestinal tissue injections. Matter. 2022;5(3):975–987. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2021.12.022.
- Abbasi J. First mRNA HIV vaccine clinical trial launches. JAMA. 2022;327:909.
- Martin C, Lowery D. mRNA vaccines: intellectual property landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(9):578–579. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00119-8.
- Gaviria M, Kilic B. A network analysis of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine patents. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39(5):546–548. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-00912-9.
- Shores D. mRNA patent and competitive landscape: 2021 year in review and 2022 outlook. 2022 Jan 3. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/mrna-patent-and-competitive-landscape-8092666/
- Smith JA. Improving transparency and reproducibility of patent landscapes: the Reporting Items for Patent Landscapes (RIPL) statement and other considerations. World Patent Inf. 2020;62:101985. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2020.101985.
- Smith JA, Arshad Z, Trippe A, Collins GS, Brindley DA, Carr AJ. The reporting items for patent landscapes statement. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(11):1043–1047. doi:10.1038/nbt.4291.
- Scherngell T, Rohde C, Neuländtner M, Lozano S. The dynamics of global R&D collaboration networks in ICT: Does China catch up with the US? Plos One. 2020;15(9):e0237864. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237864.
- Chen Z, Guan J. The core‐peripheral structure of international knowledge flows: Evidence from patent citation data. R&D Manage. 2016;46(1):62–79. doi:10.1111/radm.12119.
- Brenner S, Jacob F, Meselson M. An unstable intermediate carrying information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Nature. 1961;190(4776):576–581. doi:10.1038/190576a0.
- Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L. mRNA vaccine era—mechanisms, drug platform and clinical prospection. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6582. doi:10.3390/ijms21186582.
- Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H. Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development. Nano Today. 2019;28:100766. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100766.
- May M. After COVID-19 successes, researchers push to develop mRNA vaccines for other diseases. Nat Med. 2021;27(6):930–932. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01393-8.
- Zhang Y-Z, Holmes E. Novel 2019 coronavirus genome. 2020. https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319
- Krishtel P, Malpani R. Suspend intellectual property rights for covid-19 vaccines. BMJ. 2021;373: n1344. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1344.
- Wang Z, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Muecksch F, Barnes CO, Finkin S, Schaefer-Babajew D, Cipolla M, Gaebler C, Lieberman JA, et al. mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants. Nature. 2021;592(7855):616–622. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03324-6.
- Flemming A. mRNA vaccine shows promise in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(2):72. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00504-3.
- Weiss R, Scheiblhofer S, Roesler E, Weinberger E, Thalhamer J. mRNA vaccination as a safe approach for specific protection from type I allergy. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(1):55–67. doi:10.1586/erv.11.168.
- Miao L, Zhang Y, Huang L. mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):1–23. doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5.
- Weng Y, Li C, Yang T, Hu B, Zhang M, Guo S, Xiao H, Liang X-J, Huang Y. The challenge and prospect of mRNA therapeutics landscape. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;40:107534. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107534.
- Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(11):817–838. doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5.
- Thi TTH, Suys EJA, Lee JS, Nguyen DH, Park KD, Truong NP. Lipid-Based nanoparticles in the clinic and clinical trials: from cancer nanomedicine to COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccines. 2021;9(4):359. doi:10.3390/vaccines9040359.
- Granados-Riveron JT, Aquino-Jarquin G. Engineering of the current nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;142:111953. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111953.
- Malone RW, Felgner PL, Verma IM. Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 1989;86(16):6077–6081. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.16.6077.
- Vitiello A, Ferrara F. Commentary of the mRNA vaccines COVID-19. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2021;16(5):531. doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2021.05.004.
- Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–2615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577.
- Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403–416. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2035389.
- Li R, Liu H, Fairley CK, Ong JJ, Guo Y, Zou Z, et al. mRNA-Based COVID-19 booster vaccination is highly effective and cost-effective in Australia. medRxiv 2022:2022.05.08.22274797.
- China’s biggest Covid failure is not deploying an mRNA vaccine. 2022 Apr 26. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-26/china-covid-situation-worsened-by-lack-of-local-mrna-vaccine
- Cheng SMS, Mok CKP, Leung YWY, Ng SS, Chan KCK, Ko FW, Chen C, Yiu K, Lam BHS, Lau EHY, et al. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):486–489. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01704-7.
- Novak D. China’s hope for homegrown mRNA vaccine holds back nation. 2022 May 26. https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/china-s-hope-for-homegrown-mrna-vaccine-holds-back-nation/6589400.html
- Lalani HS, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. US taxpayers heavily funded the discovery of COVID‐19 caccines. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;111(3):542–544. doi:10.1002/cpt.2344.
- Andreoni A. COVID-19 pandemic’s innovation lessons for the climate crisis. 2022 May 30
- Ga L. Foundational mRNA patents are subject to the Bayh-Dole Act provisions. 2020 Nov 30. https://www.keionline.org/34733.
- Neumann PJ, Cohen JT, Kim DD, Ollendorf DA. Consideration of value-based pricing for treatments and vaccines is important, even in the COVID-19 pandemic: study reviews alternative pricing strategies (cost-recovery models, monetary prizes, advanced market commitments) for COVID-19 drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics. Health Aff. 2021;40(1):53–61. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01548.
- Shen AK, Hughes Iv R, DeWald E, Rosenbaum S, Pisani A, Orenstein W. Ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines in the US: current system challenges and opportunities: analysis examines ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. Health Aff. 2021;40(1):62–69. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01554.
- Lamb YN. Remdesivir: first approval. Drugs. 2020;80(13):1355–1363. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01378-w.
- Eccleston-Turner M. The economic theory of patent protection and pandemic influenza vaccines: do patents really incentivize innovation in the field? Am J Law Med. 2016;42(2–3):572–597. doi:10.1177/0098858816658280.
- Uhthoff GV, Uhthoff SC. Patent protection of mRNA vaccines and regulatory authorization. 2021 July 5. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=96be730d-80e6-461c-9a40-cd678a5c1496
- WHO. COVID-19 vaccines WHO EUL issued. 2022. https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/vaccines/vaccinescovid-19-vaccine-eul-issued
- Fortunato P. Fighting Covid-19 requires fewer patents and more state. 2021 July 20. https://socialeurope.eu/fighting-covid-19-requires-fewer-patents-and-more-state
- Ardizzone K. Moderna claims compulsory license from U.S. government to use third party patents in its Covid-19 vaccine. 2022 May 10. https://www.keionline.org/37751
- Tayag Y. The stalemate over patents is fueling vaccine inequity—and the pandemic. 2021 Oct 15. https://fortune.com/2021/10/14/covid-vaccine-global-distribution-inequity/
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (unamended). 1994 Apr 15. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm
- Jerving S. Moderna’s patents stand in way of mRNA vaccine hub’s grand vision. 2022 Apr 21. https://www.devex.com/news/moderna-s-patents-stand-in-way-of-mrna-vaccine-hub-s-grand-vision-103055
- Kremer M. Patent buyouts: a mechanism for encouraging innovation. Q J Econ. 1998;113(4):1137–1167. doi:10.1162/003355398555865.
- WHO. No one is safe, until everyone is safe. 2022. https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax
- Towse A, Chalkidou K, Firth I, Kettler H, Silverman R. How should the world pay for a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine? Value in Health. 2021;24(5):625–631. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2020.12.008.
- Arinas I. How vague can your patent be? Vagueness strategies in US patents. Vagueness Strategies in US Patents (July 26, 2012) HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business 2012:55–74.