Cements with a low clinker content: versatile use of raw materials

References

• Palomo A, Fernández-Jiménez A, Kovalchuk G, Ordoñez LM, Naranjo MC. Opc-fly ash cementitious systems: study of gel binders produced during alkaline hydration. J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:2958–2966.10.1007/s10853-006-0585-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A. Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of flyash–Portland cement blends. Cem. Concr. Res. 2013;52:112–122.10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A. Hydration kinetics in hybrid binders: early reaction stages. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2013;39:82–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Shi C, Wang Z. Activation of blended cements containing fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 2001;31:1121–1127.10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00526-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal SA, Rodríguez ED Mejía de Gutiérrez R, Gordillo M, Provis JL. Mechanical and thermal characterisation of geopolymers based on silicate-activated metakaolin/slag blends. J. Mater. Sci. 2011;46:5477–5486.10.1007/s10853-011-5490-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail I, Bernal SA, Provis JL, Hamdan S, Van Deventer JSJ. Microstructural changes in alkali activated fly ash/slag geopolymers with sulfate exposure. Mater. Struct./Mater. Constr. 2013;46:361–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Z, Tran TT, Skibsted J. Aluminum incorporation in the C-S-H phase of white Portland cement-metakaolin blends studied by 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2014;97:2662–2671.10.1111/jace.2014.97.issue-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jimenez A, Palomo A, Macphee DE. Effect on fresh C-S-H gels of the simultaneous addition of alkali and aluminium. Cem. Concr. Res. 2010;40:27–32.10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jiménez A, Macphee DE, Palomo A. Effects of calcium addition on N-A-S-H cementitious gels. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2010;93:1934–1940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lodeiro I, Palomo A, Fernández-Jiménez A, Macphee DE. Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Cem. Concr. Res. 2011;41:923–931.10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip CK, Lukey GC, van Deventer JSJ. The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005;35:1688–1697.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Santaquiteria C, Fernández-Jiménez A, Skibsted J, Palomo A. Clay reactivity: production of alkali activated cements. Appl. Clay Sci. 2013;73:11–16.10.1016/j.clay.2012.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A. Crucial insights on the mix design of alkali-activated cement-based binders. In: Pacheco-Torgal F, Labrincha JA, Leonelli C, Palomo A, Chindaprasirt P, editors. Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing; 2015. Chapter 3, p. 49–75.
   Google Scholar
• Engelhardt G, Michel D. High resolution solid state NMR of silicates and zeolites. New Delhi: Wiley; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• García-Lodeiro I, Cherfa N, Zibouche F, Fernández-Jimenez A, Palomo A. The role of aluminium in alkali-activated bentonites, Mater. Struct. 2015; 48:585–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Jiménez A, Zibouche F, Boudissa N, García-Lodeiro I, Abadlia MT, Palomo A. Metakaolin-slag-clinker blends. The role of Na+ or K+ as alkaline activators of theses ternary blends. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2013;96:1991–1998.10.1111/jace.2013.96.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor HFW. Cement chemistry. 2nd ed. London: Thomas Telford; 1997.10.1680/cc.25929
   Google Scholar
• Shi C, Roy D, Krivenko P. Alkali-activated cements and concretes. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006.10.4324/9780203390672
   Google Scholar
• Palomo A, Grutzeck MW, Blanco MT. Alkali-activated fly ashes. A cement for the future. Cem. Concr. Res. 1999;29:1323–1329.10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardal X, Pochard I, Nonat A. Experimental study of Si–Al substitution in calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) prepared under equilibrium conditions. Cem. Concr. Res. 2009;39:637–643.10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen MD, Jakobsen HJ, Skibsted J. Incorporation of aluminum in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) of hydrated Portland cements: a high-field 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR investigation. Inorg. Chem. 2003;42:2280–2287.10.1021/ic020607b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Jiménez A, Puertas F, Sanz J, Sobrados I. Structure of calcium silicate hydrates formed in alkaline-activated slag: influence of the type of alkaline activator. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2003;86:1389–1394.10.1111/jace.2003.86.issue-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald A, Hilbig H, Kaps C. Alkali-activated metakaolin-slag blends—performance and structure in dependence of their composition. J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:3024–3032.10.1007/s10853-006-0525-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cong X, Kirkpatrick RJ. 29Si MAS NMR study of the structure of calcium silicate hydrate. Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 1996;3:144–156.10.1016/S1065-7355(96)90046-2
   Google Scholar
• Richardson IG, Groves GW. The structure of calcium silicate hydrate phases present in hardened pastes of white Portland cement/blast furnace slag blends. J. Mater. Sci. 1997;32:4793–4802.10.1023/A:1018639232570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun GK, Young JF, Kirkpatrick RJ. The role of Al in C-S-H: NMR, XRD, and compositional results for precipitated samples. Cem. Concr. Res. 2006;36:18–29.10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SD, Scrivner KL. 29Si and 27Al NMR study of alkali-activated slags. Cem. Concr. Res. 2003;33:5611–5611.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A, Sobrados I, Sanz J. The role played by the reactive alumina content in the alkaline activation of fly ashes. Microporous and Mesoporous Mater. 2006;91:111–119.10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puertas F, Palacios M, Manzano H, Dolado JS, Rico A, Rodríguez J. A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2011;31:2043–2056.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers RJ, Bernal SA. Generalized structural description of calcium–sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gels: the cross-linked substituted tobermorite model. Langmuir. 2013;29:5294–5306.10.1021/la4000473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar