19,589
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
research paper

Homebrewed psilocybin: can new routes for pharmaceutical psilocybin production enable recreational use?

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 8863-8871 | Received 07 Aug 2021, Accepted 24 Sep 2021, Published online: 26 Oct 2021

References

  • Gadsby R. Insulin treatment in diabetes. InnovAiT. 2013;6(6):344–348.
  • Manco-Johnson MJ. Advances in the care and treatment of children with hemophilia. Adv Pediatr. 2010;57(1):287–294.
  • Paoletti MG, Pimentel D. Genetic engineering in agriculture and the environment: assessing risks and benefits. Bioscience. 1996;46(9):665–673.
  • O’Sullivan M, Fox PF. Evaluation of microbial chymosin from genetically engineered kluyveromyces lactis. Food Biotechnol. 1991;5(1):19–32.
  • Mittal A, Decker SR. Special issue: application of biotechnology for biofuels: transforming biomass to biofuels. 3 Biotech. 2013;3(5):341–343.
  • Kilbane JJ. Future applications of biotechnology to the energy industry. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:4–7.
  • Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(5):305–306.
  • Kolodinsky J, Lusk JL. Mandatory labels can improve attitudes toward genetically engineered food. Sci Adv. 2018;4(6):eaaq1413.
  • Mendelsohn M, Kough J, Vaituzis Z, et al. Are Bt crops safe? Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21(9):1003–1009.
  • Wang X, Hunter AK, Mozier NM. Host cell proteins in biologics development: identification, quantitation and risk assessment. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009;103(3):446–458.
  • Martin C. The psychology of GMO. Curr Biol. 2013;23:R356–9.
  • Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, et al. Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3113.
  • Fricke J, Blei F, Hoffmeister D. Enzymatic synthesis of psilocybin. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2017;56(40):12352–12355.
  • Schultes RE. American anthropology. 1958.
  • Wasson VP, Wasson RG. Mushrooms Russia and history. 1996.
  • Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, et al. Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen RauschpilzPsilocybe mexicana Heim. Experientia. 1958;14(3):107–109.
  • Yockey A, King K. Use of psilocybin (“mushrooms”) among US adults: 2015–2018. J Psychedelic Stud. 2021;5(1):17–21.
  • Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1181–1197.
  • Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):71.
  • Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin. Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):734–740.
  • Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, et al. Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13187.
  • Bigwood J, Beug MW. Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of psilocybe cubensis (earle) singer. J Ethnopharmacol. 1982;5(3):287–291.
  • Sherwood AM, Meisenheimer P, Tarpley G, et al. An improved, practical, and scalable five-step synthesis of psilocybin. Synth. 2020;52(5):688–694.
  • Kargbo RB, Sherwood A, Walker A, et al. Direct phosphorylation of psilocin enables optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale manufacture of psilocybin. ACS Omega. 2020;5(27):16959–16966.
  • Nichols DE, Frescas S. Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin. ChemInform. 2010;30(33):no–no.
  • Londesbrough D, Brown C, Northen J, et al. Preparation of psilocybin, different polymorphic forms, formulations and their use. 2019;
  • Shirota O, Hakamata W, Goda Y. Concise large-scale synthesis of psilocin and psilocybin, principal hallucinogenic constituents of “Magic Mushroom.”. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):885–887.
  • Hoefgen S, Lin J, Fricke J, et al. Facile assembly and fluorescence-based screening method for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in fungi. Metab Eng. 2018;48:44–51.
  • Adams AM, Kaplan NA, Wei Z, et al. In vivo production of psilocybin in E. coli. Metab Eng. 2019;56:111–119.
  • Milne N, Thomsen P, Mølgaard Knudsen N, et al. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives. Metab Eng. 2020;60:25–36.
  • Spillane JF. Debating the controlled substances act. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76(1):17–29.
  • Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, et al. The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act. Neuropharmacology. 2018;142:143–166.
  • Carvalho Â, Hansen EH, Kayser O, et al. Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids. FEMS Yeast Res. 2017;17:fox037.
  • Galanie S, Thodey K, Trenchard IJ, et al. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science. 2015;349(6252):1095–1100.
  • Endy D, Galanie S, Smolke C. Complete absence of thebaine biosynthesis under home-brew fermentation conditions. bioRxiv. 2015;024299. https://doi.org/10.1101/024299
  • Oss OT, Oeric ON. Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower’s Guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco;1991. Quick American Publishing. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Psilocybin/k47Sm0gca34C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Psilocybin:+magic+Mushroom+Grower%E2%80%99s+guide.+2nd+ed.+San+Francisco%3B1991&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover
  • Mandrake K, Haze V. The psilocybin mushroom bible: the definitive guide to growing and using magic mushrooms. 2016.
  • He W, Fu L, Li G, et al. Production of chondroitin in metabolically engineered E. coli. Metab Eng. 2015;27:92–100.
  • Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata Y, et al. Morphological and chemical analysis of magic mushrooms in Japan. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;138(1–3):85–90.
  • Luo X, Reiter MA, d’Espaux L, et al. Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast. Nature. 2019;567(7746):123–126.
  • Ibarra-Laclette E, Zamudio-Hernández F, Pérez-Torres CA, et al. De novo sequencing and analysis of Lophophora williamsii transcriptome, and searching for putative genes involved in mescaline biosynthesis. BMC Genomics. 2015;16(1):1–14.
  • U.S. EPA. EPCRA fact sheets. 2019;
  • Eyre E. Chief deputy: meth-making tracker system not working. Charlest. Gaz. 2013. https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/legal_affairs/chief-deputy-meth-making-tracker-system-not-working/article_befc022b-3967-5883-8d2b-fb942bad49e7.html
  • Khan S, Ullah MW, Siddique R, et al. Role of recombinant DNA technology to improve life. Int J Genomics. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2405954
  • Cotteret J, Pascale Audousset M. METHOD FOR DYEING KERATINOUS FIBRES USING 4-HYDROXYINDOLE DERIVATIVES AT AICD PH AND COMPOSITIONS USED. 1997;
  • Chang G, Yang L, Yang J, et al. Facile synthesis of heat-resistant and photoluminescent poly(N-aryleneindole ether)s via catalyst-free CN/ CO coupling reaction. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem. 2014;52(3):313–320.
  • Sun WS, Park YS, Yoo J, et al. Rational design of an indolebutanoic acid derivative as a novel aldose reductase inhibitor based on docking and 3D QSAR studies of phenethylamine derivatives. J Med Chem. 2003;46(26):5619–5627.
  • De Luca L, Ferro S, Gitto R, et al. Small molecules targeting the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and LEDGF/p75 cofactor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18(21):7515–7521.
  • Carr G, Chung MKW, Mauk AG, et al. Synthesis of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory analogues of the sponge alkaloid exiguamine A. J Med Chem. 2008;51(9):2634–2637.
  • Kang IJ, Wang LW, Hsu SJ, et al. Design and synthesis of indole, 2,3-dihydro-indole, and 3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-1-carbothioic acid amide derivatives as novel HCV inhibitors. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett. 2009;19(15):4134–4138.