The amelioration of alcohol-induced liver and intestinal barrier injury by Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gorbach-Goldin (LGG) is dependent on Interleukin 22 (IL-22) expression

References

• Lee BP, Vittinghoff E, Dodge JL, et al. National trends and long-term outcomes of liver transplant for alcohol-associated liver disease in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179:340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:S87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal AK, Bataller R, Ahn J, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:175–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YZ, Lu J, Li YY, et al. microRNA-378b regulates ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis by targeting CaMKK2 to mediate lipid metabolism. Bioengineered. 2021;12:12659–12676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourkoumpetis T, Sood G. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: an update. Clin Liver Dis. 2019;23:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osna NA, Donohue TM Jr., Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and current management. Alcohol Res. 2017;38:147–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn W, Shah VH. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:445–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ki SH, Park O, Zheng M, et al. Interleukin-22 treatment ameliorates alcoholic liver injury in a murine model of chronic-binge ethanol feeding: role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Hepatology. 2010;52:1291–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Guevarra RB, Kim YT, et al. Role of probiotics in human gut microbiome-associated diseases. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;29:1335–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace F, Pace M, Quartarone G. Probiotics in digestive diseases: focus on Lactobacillus GG. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2015;61:273–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus granules dose-dependently balance intestinal microbiome disorders and ameliorate chronic alcohol-induced liver injury. J Med Food. 2020;23:114–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Zhao C, Dong Y, et al. Inhibition of miR122a by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant increases intestinal occludin expression and protects mice from alcoholic liver disease. Toxicol Lett. 2015;234:194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Kirpich I, Liu Y, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment potentiates intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor, promotes intestinal integrity and ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:2866–2875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch-Bertani JP, Uribe-Cruz C, Pasqualotto A, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG through the modulation of gut permeability and inflammasomes in a model of alcoholic liver disease in zebrafish. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020;39:163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu Y, Kirpich I, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces hepatic TNFα production and inflammation in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1609–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertola A, Mathews S, Ki SH, et al. Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model). Nat Protoc. 2013;8:627–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen K, Li F, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents liver fibrosis through inhibiting hepatic bile acid synthesis and enhancing bile acid excretion in mice. Hepatology. 2020;71:2050–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods (San Diego Calif). 2001;25:402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhold AK, Rittner HL. Barrier function in the peripheral and central nervous system-a review. Pflugers Arch. 2017;469:123–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutlu E, Keshavarzian A, Engen P, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33:1836–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan AW, Fouts DE, Brandl J, et al. Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2011;53:96–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth CB, Farhadi A, Jakate SM, et al. Lactobacillus GG treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced intestinal oxidative stress, gut leakiness, and liver injury in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alcohol. 2009;43:163–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marotta F, Barreto R, Wu CC, et al. Experimental acute alcohol pancreatitis-related liver damage and endotoxemia: synbiotics but not metronidazole have a protective effect. Chin J Digestive Dis. 2005;6:193–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong W, McClain CJ, Cave M, et al. The role of zinc deficiency in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010;298:G625–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong W, Zhao Y, McClain CJ, et al. Inactivation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4{alpha} mediates alcohol-induced downregulation of intestinal tight junction proteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010;299:G643–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Li Y, Wan Y, et al. A novel postbiotic from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with a beneficial effect on intestinal barrier function. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritze Y, Bárdos G, Claus A, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. PloS one. 2014;9:e80169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao Y, Drabik KA, Waypa TS, et al. Soluble factors from Lactobacillus GG activate MAPKs and induce cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006;290:C1018–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, Leikhter SN, et al. Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study. Alcohol. 2008;42:675–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isolauri E, Majamaa H, Arvola T, et al. Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1643–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemans CA, Calafiore M, Mertelsmann AM, et al. Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration. Nature. 2015;528:560–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keir M, Yi Y, Lu T, et al. The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease. J Exp Med. 2020;217:e20192195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar