Publication Cover
Advances in Eating Disorders
Theory, Research and Practice
Volume 3, 2015 - Issue 2
3,448
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Body image in adult women: moving beyond the younger yearsFootnote

, , &
Pages 144-164 | Received 05 Jun 2014, Accepted 25 Jan 2015, Published online: 23 Feb 2015

References

  • Akkaya, N., Akkaya, S., Atalay, N. S., Balci, C. S., & Sahin, F. (2012). Relationship between the body image and level of pain, functional status, severity of depression, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clinical Rheumatology, 31(6), 983–988. doi: 10.1007/s10067-012-1965-9
  • Algars, M., Santtila, P., Varjonen, M., Witting, K., Johansson, A., Jern, P., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2009). The adult body: How age, gender, and body mass index are related to body image. Journal of Aging Health, 21(8), 1112–1132. doi: 10.1177/0898264309348023
  • Allaz, A. F., Bernstein, M., Rouget, P., Archinard, M., & Morabia, A. (1998). Body weight preoccupation in middle-age and ageing women: A general population survey. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23(3), 287–294. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199804)23:3<287::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-F
  • Aloia, J. F., McGowan, D. M., Vaswani, A. N., Ross, P., & Cohn, H. (1991). Relationship of menopause to skeletal and muscle mass. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53(6), 1378–1383.
  • Bal, M. D., Yilmaz, S. D., & Beji, N. K. (2013). Sexual health in patients with gynecological cancer: A qualitative study. Sexuality and Disability, 31(1), 83–92. doi: 10.1007/s11195-012-9263-7
  • Barker, E. T., & Galambos, N. L. (2007). Body dissatisfaction, living away from parents, and poor social adjustment predict binge eating symptoms in young women making the transition to university. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(7), 904–911. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9134-6
  • Barrett, A. E., & Robbins, C. (2008). The multiple sources of women's aging anxiety and their relationship with psychological distress. Journal of Aging Health, 20(1), 32–65. doi: 10.1177/0898264307309932
  • Beall, J. (2014). The bodies of mothers. Retrieved from http://www.abeautifulbodyproject.com/the_bodies_of_mothers#.U2fnm2RdX_Z
  • Bearman, S. K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 35(2), 217–229. doi: 10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9
  • Becker, C. B., Diedrichs, P. C., Jankowski, G., & Werchan, C. (2013). I'm not just fat, I'm old: Has the study of body image overlooked ‘old talk’. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-1
  • Bedford, J. L., & Johnson, C. S. (2006). Societal influences on body image dissatisfaction in younger and older women. Journal of Women & Aging, 18(1), 41–55. doi: 10.1300/J074v18n01_04
  • Bessenoff, G. R., & Del Priore, R. E. (2007). Women, weight, and age: Social comparison to magazine images across the lifespan. Sex Roles, 56(3–4), 215–222. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9164-2
  • Bouchez, C. (2013, September 28). Get your body back after pregnancy. WebMD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/get-your-body-back-after-pregnancy
  • Bucchianeri, M. M., Arikian, A. J., Hannan, P. J., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Body Image, 10(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.001
  • Busch, H., Barth-Olofsson, A. S., Rosenhagen, S., & Collins, A. (2003). Menopausal transition and psychological development. Menopause, 10, 179–187. doi: 10.1097/00042192-200310020-00011
  • Carlson, K. J., Miller, B. A., & Fowler, F. J. (1994). The Maine women's health study: I. Outcomes of hysterectomy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 83(4), 556–565. doi: 10.1097/00006250-199404000-00012
  • Cattarin, J. A., Thompson, K., Thomas, C., & Williams, R. (2000). Body image, mood, and televised images of attractiveness: The role of social comparison. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 220–239. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2000.19.2.220
  • Clark, A., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Milgrom, J. (2009a). The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 27–35. doi: 10.1177/1359105308097940
  • Clark, A., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Milgrom, J. (2009b). My baby body: A qualitative insight into women's body-related experiences and mood during pregnancy and the postpartum. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27(4), 330–345. doi: 10.1080/02646830903190904
  • Clark, M. M., Croghan, I. T., Reading, S., Schroeder, D. R., Stoner, S. M., Patten, C. A., & Vickers, K. S. (2005). The relationship of body image dissatisfaction to cigarette smoking in college students. Body Image, 2(3), 263–270. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.05.002
  • Collins, K. K., Liu, Y., Schootman, M., Aft, R., Yan, Y., Dean, G., … Jeffe, D. B. (2011). Effects of breast cancer surgery and surgical side effects on body image over time. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 126(1), 167–176. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-1077-7
  • Cornwell, C. J., & Schmitt, M. H. (1990). Perceived health status, self-esteem and body image in women with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 99–107. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770130206
  • Coy, W. (2011, September 15). 10 steps to getting your pre-baby body back. Retrieved from http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/841153/10-steps-to-getting-your-pre-baby-body-back
  • Crow, S., Eisenberg, M. E., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2008). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Relationship to weight status, weight control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(1), 82–87. doi: 10.1002/eat.20466
  • Daily Mail. (2008, July 21). Helen Mirren the bikini queen reigns supreme at 63. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1035510/Helen-Mirren-bikini-queen-reigns-supreme-63.html
  • Daily News. (2014, May 1). Hollywood moms before & after birth. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/hollywood-moms-baby-gallery-1.29461
  • Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). Relationships between men's and women's body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles, 52(7–8), 463–475. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-3712-z
  • Deeks, A. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Menopausal stage and age and perceptions of body image. Psychology & Health, 16(3), 367–379. doi: 10.1080/08870440108405513
  • DePinho, R. A. (2000). The age of cancer. Nature, 408, 248–254. doi: 10.1038/35041694
  • Dillaway, H. E. (2005). (Un)changing menopausal bodies: How women think and act in the face of a reproductive transition and gendered beauty ideals. Sex Roles, 53(1–2), 1–17. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-4269-6
  • Dittmar, H., & Howard, S. (2004). Thin-ideal internalization and social comparison tendency as moderators of media models’ impact on women's body-focused anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), 768–791. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.6.768.54799
  • Downs, D. S., DiNallo, J. M., & Kirner, T. L. (2008). Determinants of pregnancy and postpartum depression: Prospective influences of depressive symptoms, body image satisfaction, and exercise behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(1), 54–63. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9044-9
  • Duboys, E. B. (n.d.). Get your pre-baby body back with a mommy makeover. Retrieved from https://associatedplasticsurgeons.com/blog/get-pre-baby-body-back-mommy-makeover/
  • Dugdale, D. C. (2012, November 5). Aging changes in hair and nails. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004005.htm
  • Dworkin, S. L., & Wachs, F. L. (2004). ‘Getting your body back’: Postindustrial fit motherhood in Shape fit pregnancy magazine. Gender & Society, 18(5), 610–624. doi: 10.1177/0891243204266817
  • Evans, W. J., & Lexell, J. (1995). Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Science & Medical Sciences, 50A, 11–16.
  • Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Fillingim, R. B. (2000). Sex, gender, and pain: Women and men really are different. Current Review of Pain, 4(1), 24–30. doi: 10.1007/s11916-000-0006-6
  • Fingeret, M. C. (2010). Body image and disfigurement. In J. Duffy & A. Valentine (Eds.), MD Anderson manual of psychosocial oncology (pp. 271–288). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill.
  • Fingeret, M. C., Irene, T., & Epner, D. E. (2014). Managing body image difficulties of adult cancer patients: Lessons from available research. Cancer, 120(5), 633–641. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28469
  • Fingeret, M. C., Nipomnick, S., Guindani, M., Baumann, D., Hanasono, M., & Crosby, M. (2014). Body image screening for cancer patients undergoing reconstructive surgery. Psycho-Oncology, 23(8), 898–905. doi: 10.1002/pon.3491
  • Fobair, P., Stewart, S. L., Chang, S., D'Onofrio, C., Banks, P. J., & Bloom, J. R. (2006). Body image and sexual problems in young women with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 15(7), 579–594. doi: 10.1002/pon.991
  • Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L., Jobe, R. L., White, K. B., Revak, J., Zivcic-Becirevic, I., & Pokrajac-Bulian, A. (2005). Body dissatisfaction in college women and their mothers: Cohort effects, developmental effects, and the influences of body size, sexism, and the thin body ideal. Sex Roles, 53(3–4), 281–298. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-5686-2
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Gadalla, T. M. (2008). Eating disorders and associated psychiatric comorbidity in elderly Canadian women. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 11(5–6), 357–362. doi: 10.1007/s00737-008-0031-8
  • Gagne, D. A., Von Holle, A., Brownley, K. A., Runfola, C. D., Hofmeier, S., Branch, K. E., & Bulik, C. M. (2012). Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: Results of the gender and body image (GABI) study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(7), 832–844. doi: 10.1002/eat.22030
  • Genazzani, A. R., & Gambacciani, M. (2006). Effect of climacteric transition and hormone replacement therapy on body weight and body fat distribution. Gynecological Endocrinology, 22(3), 145–150. doi: 10.1080/09513590600629092
  • Gosselink, C. A., Cox, D. L., McClure, S. J., & DeJong, M. L. (2008). Ravishing or ravaged: Women's relationships with women in the context of aging and Western beauty culture. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 307–327. doi: 10.2190/AG.66.4.c
  • Greene, M. H., Clark, J. W., & Blayney, D. W. (1984). The epidemiology of ovarian cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 11(3), 209–226.
  • Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles, 52(1–2), 51–62. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8
  • Gupta, M. A. (1995). Concerns about aging and a drive for thinness: A factor in the biopsychosocial model of eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18(4), 351–357. doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199512)18:4<351::AID-EAT2260180408>3.0.CO;2-L
  • Gupta, M. A., & Schork, N. J. (1993). Aging-related concerns and body image: Possible future implications for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14(4), 481–486. doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199312)14:4<481::AID-EAT2260140411>3.0.CO;2-G
  • Haines, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2006). Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: A consideration of shared risk factors. Health Education Research, 21(6), 770–782. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl094
  • Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2003). A qualitative investigation of women's and men's body image concerns and their attitudes towards aging. Sex Roles, 49(11–12), 675–684. doi: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000003137.71080.97
  • Helms, R. L., O'Hea, E. L., & Corso, M. (2008). Body image issues in women with breast cancer. Psychology, Heath & Medicine, 13(3), 313–325. doi: 10.1080/13548500701405509
  • Hrabosky, J. I., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Body image and eating disordered behavior in a community sample of Black and Hispanic women. Eating Behaviors, 8(1), 106–114. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.005
  • Hurd, L. C. (2000). Older women's body image and embodied experience: An exploration. Journal of Women & Aging, 12(3–4), 77–97. doi: 10.1300/J074v12n03_06
  • Jackson, K. L., Janssen, I., Appelhans, B. M., Kazlauskaite, R., Karavolos, K., Dugan, S. A., … Kravitz, H. M. (2014). Body image satisfaction and depression in midlife women: The study of women's health across the Nation (SWAN). Archives of Women's Mental Health, 17(3), 177–187. doi: 10.1007/s00737-014-0416-9
  • Jacobi, C., & Fittig, E. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. In S. Agras (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of eating disorders (pp. 123–136). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Janke, A. E., & Kozak, A. T. (2012). ‘The more pain I have, the more I want to eat’: Obesity in the context of chronic pain. Obesity, 20(10), 2027–2034. doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.39
  • Janz, N. K., Mujahid, M. S., Lantz, P. M., Fangerlin, A., Salem, B., Morrow, M., … Katz, S. J. (2005). Population-based study of the relationships of treatment and sociodemographics on quality of life for early state breast cancer. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1467–1479. doi: 10.1007/s11136-005-0288-6
  • Johannes, C. B., Le, T. K., Zhou, X., Johnston, J. A., & Dworkin, R. H. (2010). The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: Results of an internet-based study. The Journal of Pain, 11(11), 1230–1239. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.002
  • Johnson, C. P., Gallagher-Lepak, S., Zhu, Y., Porth, C., Kelber, S., Roza, A. M., & Adams, M. B. (1993). Factors influencing weight gain after renal transplantation. Transplantation, 56(4), 822–826. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199310000-00008
  • Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 119–125. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119
  • Jolly, M., Pickard, A. S., Mikolaitis, R. A., Cornejo, J., Sequeira, W., Cash, T. F., & Block, J. A. (2012). Body image in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19(2), 157–164. doi: 10.1007/s12529-011-9154-9
  • Keel, P. K., Gravener, J. A., Joiner, T. E., & Haedt, A. A. (2010). Twenty-year follow-up of bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders not otherwise specified. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 492–497. doi: 10.1002/eat.20743
  • Khaw, K. T. (1992). Epidemiology of the menopause. British Medicine Bulletin, 48(2), 249–261.
  • King, T. K., Matacin, M., White, K. S., & Marcus, B. H. (2005). A prospective examination of body image and smoking cessation in women. Body Image, 2(1), 19–28. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.01.003
  • Koch, P. B., Mansfield, P. K., Thurau, D., & Carey, M. (2005). ‘Feeling frumpy’: The relationship between body image and sexual response changes in midlife women. The Journal of Sex Research, 42(3), 215–223. doi: 10.1080/00224490509552276
  • Kozar, J. M., & Damhorst, M. L. (2009). Comparison of the ideal and real body as women age: Relationships to age identity, body satisfaction and importance, and attention to models in advertising. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 27, 197–210. doi: 10.1177/0887302X08326351
  • Lemieux, J., Maunsell, E., & Provencher, L. (2008). Chemotherapy-induced alopecia and effect on quality of life among women with breast cancer: A literature review. Pscyho-Oncology, 17(4), 317–328. doi: 10.1002/pon.1245
  • Lewis, D. C., Medvedev, K., & Seponski, D. M. (2011). Awakening to the desires of older women: Deconstructing ageism within fashion magazines. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(2), 101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.016
  • Lewis, D. M., & Cachelin, F. M. (2001). Body image, body dissatisfaction, and eating attitudes in mid-life and elderly women. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 9, 29–39. doi: 10.1080/106402601300187713
  • Ley, C. J., Lees, B., & Stevenson, J. C. (1992). Sex-and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(5), 950–954.
  • Liechty, T., Freeman, P. A., & Zabriskie, R. B. (2006). Body image and beliefs about appearance: Constraints on the leisure of college-age and middle-age women. Leisure Sciences, 28(4), 311–330. doi: 10.1080/01490400600745845
  • Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C. M., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., & Smith, S. R. (2008). Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 949–958. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.25
  • Mangweth-Matzek, B., Hoek, H. W., Rupp, C. I., Kemmler, G., Pope, H. G., & Kinzl, J. (2013). The menopausal transition-A possible window of vulnerability for eating pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(6), 609–616. doi: 10.1002/eat.22157
  • Mangweth-Matzek, B., Hoek, H. W., Rupp, C. I., Lackner-Seifert, K., Frey, N., Whitworth, A. B., … Kinzl, J. (2014). Prevalence of eating disorders in middle-aged women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(3), 320–324. doi: 10.1002/eat.22232
  • Mangweth-Matzek, B., Rupp, C. I., Hausmann, A., Assmayr, K., Mariacher, E., Kemmler, G., … Biebl, W. (2006). Never too old for eating disorders or body dissatisfaction: A community study of elderly women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(7), 583–586. doi: 10.1002/eat.20327
  • Marcus, M. D., Bromberger, J. T., Wei, H., Brown, C., & Kravitz, H. M. (2007). Prevalence and selected correlates of eating disorder symptoms among a multiethnic community sample of midlife women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(3), 269–277. doi: 10.1007/BF02879909
  • Martz, D. M., Petroff, A. B., Curtin, L., & Bazzini, D. G. (2009). Gender differences in fat talk among American adults: Results from the psychology of size survey. Sex Roles, 61, 34–41. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9587-7
  • Matz, P. E., Foster, G. D., Faith, M. S., & Wadden, T. A. (2002). Correlates of body image dissatisfaction among overweight women seeking weight loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 1040–1044. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.1040
  • McKinley, N. M., & Lyon, L. A. (2008). Menopausal attitudes, objectified body consciousness, aging anxiety, and body esteem: European American women's body experience in midlife. Body Image, 5(4), 375–380. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.07.001
  • McLaren, L., & Kuh, D. (2004). Body dissatisfaction in midlife women. Journal of Women & Aging, 16(1–2), 35–54. doi: 10.1300/J074v16n01_04
  • McLaren, L., Hardy, R., & Kuh, D. (2003). Women's body satisfaction at midlife and lifetime body size: A prospective study. Health Psychology, 22(4), 370–377. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.22.4.370
  • McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., & Weritheim, E. H. (2010). Factors associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in women in midlife. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 527–536. doi: 10.1002/eat.20737
  • McPherson, K., Steel, C. M., & Dixon, J. M. (2000). ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer-epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. British Medical Journal, 321(7261), 624–628. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7261.624
  • Mehta, U. J., Siega-Riz, A. M., & Herring, A. H. (2011). Effect of body image on pregnancy weight gain. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(3), 324–332. doi: 10.1007/s10995-010-0578-7
  • Meyers, A. W., Klesges, R. C., Winders, S. E., Ward, K. D., Peterson, B. A., & Eck, L. H. (1997). Are weight concerns predictive of smoking cessation? A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 448–452. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.65.3.448
  • Midlarsky, E., & Nitzburg, G. (2008). Eating disorders in middle-aged women. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 393–408. doi: 10.3200/GENP.135.4.393-408
  • Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2010). Women's perceptions and use of ‘anti-aging’ products. Sex Roles, 63(1–2), 126–137. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9791-5
  • Munce, S. E. P., & Stewart, D. E. (2007). Gender differences in depression and chronic pain conditions in a national epidemiologic survey. Psychosomatics, 48(5), 394–399. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.48.5.394
  • Nademin, M. E., Napolitano, M. A., Xanthopoulos, M. S., Fava, J. L., Richarson, E., & Marcus, B. (2010). Smoking cessation in college-aged women: A qualitative analysis of factors important to this population. Addition Research & Theory, 18(6), 649–666. doi: 10.3109/16066351003660601
  • Nano, M. T., Grantly, G., Kollias, J., Bochner, M. A., Malycha, P., & Winefield, H. R. (2005). Psychological impact and cosmetic outcome of surgical breast cancer strategies. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 75(11), 940–947. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03517.x
  • National Sleep Foundation. (2013). Depression and sleep. Retrieved from http://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/depression-and-sleep
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Paxton, S. J., Hannan, P. J., Haines, J., & Story, M. (2006). Does body satisfaction matter? Five-year longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and health behaviors in adolescent females and males. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(2), 244–251. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.001
  • Nichter, M., & Vuckovic, N. (1994). Fat talk: Body image among adolescent girls. In N. Sualt (Ed.), Many mirrors: Body image and social relation (pp. 109–131). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Novy, D. M., Nelson, D. V., Averill, P. M., & Berry, L. A. (1996). Gender differences in the expression of depressive symptoms among chronic pain patients. Clinical Journal of Pain, 12(1), 23–29. doi: 10.1097/00002508-199603000-00005
  • Panay, N., Hamoda, H., Arya, R., & Savvas, M. (2013). The 2013 British menopause society & women's health concern recommendations on hormone replacement therapy. Post Reproductive Health, 19(2), 59–68.
  • Paxton, S. J. (2002). Research review of body image programs: an overview of body image dissatisfaction prevention interventions. Prepared for the Victorian Government Department of Human Services, Melbourne, VIC.
  • Peat, C. M., Peyerl, N. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: A review. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 343–358. doi: 10.3200/GENP.135.4.343-358
  • Perkins, K. A., Marcus, M. D., Levine, M. D., D'Amico, D., Miller, A., Broge, M., … Shiffman, S. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce weight concerns improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 604–613. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.604
  • Phillips, B. A., Collop, N. A., Drake, C., Consens, F., Vgontzas, A. N., & Weaver, T. E. (2008). Sleep disorders and medical conditions in women. Journal of Women's Health, 17(7), 1191–1199. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0561
  • Poehlman, E. T., & Tchernof, A. (1998). Traversing the menopause: Changes in energy expenditure and body composition. Coronary Artery Disease, 9(12), 799–804. doi: 10.1097/00019501-199809120-00004
  • Pruis, T. A., & Janowsky, J. S. (2010). Assessment of body image in younger and older women. Journal of General Psychology, 137(3), 225–238. doi: 10.1080/00221309.2010.484446
  • Rallis, S., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2007). Predictors of body image during the first year postpartum: A prospective study. Women & Health, 45(1), 87–104. doi: 10.1300/J013v45n01_06
  • Rawana, J. S. (2013). The relative importance of body change strategies, weight perception, perceived social support, and self-esteem on adolescent depressive symptoms: Longitudinal findings from a national sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(1), 49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.04.012
  • Rowland, J. H., Desmond, K. A., Meyerowitz, B. E., Belin, T. R., Wyatt, G. E., & Ganz, P. A. (2000). Role of breast reconstructive surgery in physical and emotional outcomes among breast cancer survivors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(17), 1422–1429. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.17.1422
  • Rubinstein, H. R., & Foster, J. L. (2013). ‘I don't know whether it is to do with age or to do with hormones and whether it is do with a stage in your life’: Making sense of menopause and the body. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 292–307. doi: 10.1177/1359105312454040
  • Runfola, C. D., Von Holle, A., Trace, S. E., Brownley, K. A., Hofmeier, S. M., Gagne, D. A., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). Body dissatisfaction in women across the lifespan: Results of the UNC-SELF and gender and body image (GABI) studies. European Eating Disorder Review, 21(1), 52–59. doi: 10.1002/erv.2201
  • Saucier, M. G. (2004). Midlife and beyond: Issues for aging women. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(4), 420–425. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00329.x
  • Scholtz, S., Hill, S. H., & Lacey, H. (2010). Eating disorders in older women: Does late onset anorexia nervosa exist? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(5), 393–397.
  • Segar, M., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Nolen-Hoeksma, S. (2006). Go figure? Body-shape motives are associated with decreased physical activity participation among midlife women. Sex Roles, 54(3–4), 175–187. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9336-5
  • Sharpe, H., Naumann, U., Treasure, J., & Schmidt, U. (2013). Is fat talking a causal risk factor for body dissatisfaction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(7), 643–652. doi: 10.1002/eat.22151
  • Sheehan, T. J., DuBrava, S., DeChello, L. M., & Fang, Z. (2003). Rates of weight change for black and white Americans over a twenty year period. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolism Disorders, 27(4), 498–504. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802263
  • Sherman, S. (2005). Defining the menopausal transition. The American Journal of Medicine, 118(12), 3–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.002
  • Situm, M., Bulijan, M., Cayka, V., Bulat, V., Krolo, I., & Lugovic Mihic, L. (2010). Skin changes in the elderly people – how strong is the influence of the UV radiation on skin aging? Collegium Antroplogicum, 34(2), 9–13.
  • Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women: Body image, aging anxiety, and the media. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 65–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01542.x
  • Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Predictors of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in middle-aged women. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 515–524. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.002
  • Smirnova, M. H. (2012). A will to youth: The women's anti-aging elixir. Social Science & Medicine, 75(7), 1236–1243. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.061
  • Soares, C. N. (2005). Insomnia in women: An overlooked epidemic? Archives of Women's Mental Health, 8, 205–213. doi: 10.1007/s00737-005-0100-1
  • Stice, E., Hayward, C., Cameron, R. P., Killen, J. D., & Taylor, C. B. (2000). Body-image and eating disturbances predict onset of depression among female adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 438–444. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.438
  • Stice, E., Maxfield, J., & Wells, T. (2003). Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of ‘fat talk’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(1), 108–117. doi: 10.1002/eat.10171
  • Stice, E., Nemeroff, C., & Shaw, H. E. (1996). Test of the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa: Evidence for dietary restraint and affect regulation mechanisms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15(3), 340–363. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1996.15.3.340
  • Sundelin, T., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Van Someren, E. J., Olsson, A., & Axelsson, J. (2013). Cues of fatigue: Effects of sleep deprivation on facial appearance. Sleep, 36(9), 1355–1360.
  • Svendsen, O. L., Hassager, C., & Christiansen, C. (1995). Age- and menopause-associated variations in body composition and fat distribution in healthy women as measure by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Metabolism, 44(3), 369–373. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90168-X
  • Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004). Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Medicine, 1(3), 210–217. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062
  • Tchkonia, T., Morbeck, D. E., Von Zglinicki, T., Van Deursen, J., Lustgarten, J., Scrable, H., & Kirkland, J. L. (2010). Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. Aging Cell, 9(5), 667–684. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00608.x
  • Thorpe, S. J., Ahmed, B., & Steer, K. (2004). Reasons for undergoing cosmetic surgery: A retrospective study. Sexualities, Evolution & Gender, 6(2–3), 75–96. doi: 10.1080/14616660412331303857
  • Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change. Body Image, 1(1), 29–41. doi: 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00002-0
  • Tiggemann, M., & Lynch, J. E. (2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Developmental Psychology, 37(2), 243–253. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.243
  • Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 23–44. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991
  • Utian, W. H. (2004). Menopause-related definitions. International Congress Series, 1266, 133–138. doi: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.102
  • Vamos, M., White, G.L., & Caughey, D.E. (1990). Body image in rheumatoid arthritis: The relevance of hand appearance to desire for surgery. British Journal of Psychology, 63, 267–277. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1990.tb01619.x
  • Vance, V., Mourtzakis, M., McCarger, L., & Hanning, R. (2011). Weight gain in breast cancer survivors: Prevalence, pattern and health consequences. Obesity Review, 12(4), 282–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00805.x
  • Vanina, Y., Podolskaya, A., Sedky, K., Shahab, H., Siddiqui, A., Munshi, F., & Lippman, S. (2002). Body weight changes associated with psychopharmacology. Psychiatric Services, 53(7), 842–847. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.7.842
  • Webster, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). The relationship between women's body satisfaction and self-image across the life span: The role of cognitive control. Journal Genetic Psychology, 164(2), 241–252. doi: 10.1080/00221320309597980
  • White, C. A. (2000). Body image dimensions and cancer: A heuristic cognitive behavioural model. Psycho-Oncology, 9(3), 183–192. doi: 10.1002/1099-1611(200005/06)9:3<183::AID-PON446>3.0.CO;2-L
  • White, M. A., McKee, S. A., & O'malley, S. S. (2007). Smoke and mirrors: Magnified beliefs that cigarette smoking suppresses weight. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2200–2210. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.02.011
  • Yancik, R. (1993). Ovarian cancer: Age contrasts in incidence, histology, disease stage at diagnosis, and mortality. Cancer, 71(S2), 517–523. doi: 10.1002/cncr.2820710205

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.