Residual stress provides significant strengthening and ductility in gradient structured materials

References

• Withers PJ. Bhadeshia HKDH. Residual stress. Part 2–nature and origins. Mater Sci Tech. 2001;17:366–375. doi: 10.1179/026708301101510087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J. editor. Handbook of measurement of residual stresses. New York: Fairmont Press; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Webster GA. Role of residual stress in engineering applications. Mater Sci Forum. 2000;347–349:1–11. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.347-349.1
   Google Scholar
• Fung YC. What are the residual stresses doing in our blood vessels? Ann Biomed Eng. 1991;19:237–249. doi: 10.1007/BF02584301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naaman AE. Prestressed concrete analysis and design: fundamentals (3rd ed.). Sarasota: Techno Press 3000; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ya M, Xing Y, Dai F, et al. Study of residual stress in surface nanostructured AISI 316L stainless steel using two mechanical methods. Surf Coat Tech. 2003;168:148–155. doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00254-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland T, Retraint D, Lu K, et al. Fatigue life improvement through surface nanostructuring of stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment. Scr Mater. 2006;54:1949–1954. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.01.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz AL, Tian JW, Villegas JC, et al. Interrogation of the microstructure and residual stress of a nickel-base alloy subjected to surface severe plastic deformation. Acta Mater. 2008;56:413–426. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang WH, Greer AL. Making metallic glasses plastic by control of residual stress. Nat Mater. 2006;5:857. doi: 10.1038/nmat1758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green DJ, Tandon RMSV, Sglavo VM. Crack arrest and multiple cracking in glass through the use of designed residual stress profiles. Science. 1999;283:1295–1297. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5406.1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers PJ. Residual stress and its role in failure. Rep Prog Phys. 2007;70:2211–2264. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/70/12/R04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James MN. Residual stress influences on structural reliability. Eng Fail Anal. 2011;18:1909–1920. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AY, Li DF, Zhang JB, et al. Make nanostructured metal exceptionally tough by introducing non-localized fracture behaviors. Scr Mater. 2008;59:579–582. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.04.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang TH, Li WL, Tao NR, et al. Revealing extraordinary intrinsic tensile plasticity in gradient nano-grained copper. Science. 2011;331:1587. doi: 10.1126/science.1200177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Jiang P, Chen L, et al. Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:7197–7201. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1324069111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kou H, Lu J, Li Y. High-strength and high-ductility nanostructured and amorphous metallic materials. Adv Mater. 2014;26:5518–5524. doi: 10.1002/adma.201401595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon JH, Baek SM, Lee SG, et al. Effects of residual stress on the mechanical properties of copper processed using ultrasonic-nanocrystalline surface modification. Mater Res Lett. 2019;7:97–102. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2018.1560370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan FP, Yan DS, Sun JD, et al. Ductility by shear band delocalization in the nano-layer of gradient structure. Mater Res Lett. 2019;7:12–17. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2018.1546238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long J, Pan Q, Tao N, et al. Residual stress induced tension-compression asymmetry of gradient nanograined copper. Mater Res Lett. 2018;6:456–461. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2018.1478898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YD, Peng RL, Almer J, et al. Grain-to-grain stress interactions in an electrodeposited iron coating. Adv Mater. 2005;17:1221–1226. doi: 10.1002/adma.200401420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia N, Cong ZH, Sun X, et al. An in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of micromechanical behavior of multiple phases in advanced high-strength steels. Acta Mater. 2009;57:3965–3977. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu YT, Wu XL. Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress. Mater Res Lett. 2019;7:393–398. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2019.1616331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Jiang P, Chen L, et al. Synergetic strengthening by gradient structure. Mater Res Lett. 2014;2:185–191. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2014.935821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Soh AK. Modeling of the plastic deformation of nanostructured materials with grain size gradient. Int J Plast. 2012;39:88–102. doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Z, Li XY, Xu DS, et al. Gradient plasticity in gradient nano-grained metals. Extr Mech Lett. 2016;8:213–219. doi: 10.1016/j.eml.2015.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang MX, Pan Y, Yuan FP, et al. Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure. Mater Res Lett. 2016;4:145–151. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2016.1153004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Zhu YT. Heterogeneous materials: a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. Mater Res Lett. 2017;5:527–532. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2017.1343208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma E, Zhu T. Towards strength–ductility synergy through the design of heterogeneous nanostructures in metals. Mater Today. 2017;20:323–331. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CX, Wang YF, Ma XL, et al. Interface affected zone for optimal strength and ductility in heterogeneous laminate. Mater Today. 2018;21:713–719. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby MF. The deformation of plastically non-homogeneous materials. Phil Mag. 1970;21:399–424. doi: 10.1080/14786437008238426
   Google Scholar
• Liu XL, Yuan FP, Zhu YT, et al. Extraordinary Bauschinger effect in gradient structured copper. Scr Mater. 2018;150:57–60. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Yang MX, Yuan FP, et al. Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:14501–14505. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517193112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar