Bearing Witness While Black

References

• Ahmad, Ali Nobil. 2010. “Is Twitter a Useful Tool for Journalists?” Journal of Media Practice 11 (2): 145–155.10.1386/jmpr.11.2.145_1
   Google Scholar
• Akom, Antwi A. 2003. “Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology.” Sociology of Education 76 (4): 305–325.10.2307/1519868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, Elizabeth. 1994. “‘Can You Be BLACK and Look at This?’ Reading the Rodney King Video (S).” Public Culture 7 (1): 77–94.10.1215/08992363-7-1-77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, Stuart, and Chris Peters. 2015. “Visual Truths of Citizen Reportage: Four Research Problematics.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (11): 1348–1361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, Stuart, Prasun Sonwalkar, and Cynthia Carter. 2007. “Bearing Witness: Citizen Journalism and Human Rights Issues.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 5 (3): 373–389.10.1080/14767720701662139
   Google Scholar
• Antony, Mary Grace, and Ryan J. Thomas. 2010. “‘This is Citizen Journalism at Its Finest’: YouTube and the Public Sphere in the Oscar Grant Shooting Incident.” New Media & Society 12 (8): 1280–1296. doi:10.1177/1461444810362492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, Cory L., and Fangfang Gao. 2010. “Now Tweet This: How News Organizations Use Twitter.” Electronic News 4 (4): 218–235.10.1177/1931243110389457
   Google Scholar
• Artwick, Claudette G. 2013. “Reporters on Twitter: Product or Service?” Digital Journalism 1 (2): 212–228.10.1080/21670811.2012.744555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, Houston A. 1994. “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere.” Public Culture 7 (1): 3–33.10.1215/08992363-7-1-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal, Haluk Mert, and Lemi Baruh. 2015. “Citizen Involvement in Emergency Reporting: A Study on Witnessing and Citizen Journalism.” Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture 6 (2): 213–231.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, Thomas W. 1974. “Rhetoric and Autobiography: The Case of Malcolm X.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1): 1–13.10.1080/00335637409383202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black Public Sphere Collective, The. 1995. The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture Book. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blake, Andrew. 2015. “NYPD Went Undercover to Spy on Black Lives Matter Activists, Documents Reveal.” The Washington times, August 19. http://bit.ly/1NZiSoz.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. 2002. “The Linguistics of Color Blind Racism: How to Talk Nasty about Blacks without Sounding ‘Racist’.” Critical Sociology 28 (1-2): 41–64.10.1177/08969205020280010501
   Google Scholar
• Brock, André. 2012. “From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56 (4): 529–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Carrie, Elizabeth Hendrickson, and Jeremy Littau. 2014. “New Opportunities for Diversity: Twitter, Journalists, and Traditionally Underserved Communities.” Journal of Social Media Studies 1 (1): 1–16.10.15340/2147336611760
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Christopher P. 1995. “A Myth of Assimilation: ‘Enlightened’ Racism and the News.” In Race Myth and the News, 85–110. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.10.4135/9781483327211
   Google Scholar
• Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Meredith D. 2014. To Tweet Our Own Cause: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Online Phenomenon Black Twitter. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. “Gender, Black Feminism, and Black Political Economy.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 568 (1): 41–53.10.1177/0002716200568001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven, Julia. 2015. “Surveillance of Black Lives Matter Movement Recalls COINTELPRO.” The Huffington Post, August 19. http://huff.to/1UIuhBg.
   Google Scholar
• Crilly, Rob. 2014. “Dramatic Pictures Emerge of Michael Brown Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri.” The Telegraph, August 16. http://bit.ly/1SdUkij.
   Google Scholar
• D’Emilio, John. 1995. “Homophobia and the Trajectory of Postwar American Radicalism: The Career of Bayard Rustin.” Radical History Review 1995: 81–103.10.1215/01636545-1995-62-81
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Angela Y. 1994. “Afro Images: Politics, Fashion, and Nostalgia.” Critical Inquiry: 37–45.10.1086/448739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, Wayne. 1997. Black Journalists: The NABJ Story. Merrillville, Ind.: August Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dilts, James D. 1968. “The Fire This Time.” The Baltimore Sun, April 14: D3.
   Google Scholar
• Dinnerstein, Leonard. 2008. The Leo Frank Case. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Douglass, Frederick. 1852. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 6th ed. London: G. Kershaw and Son. Accessed November 30, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3st7fj83
   Google Scholar
• Douglass, Frederick, Ida B. Wells, Garland Penn, F. L. Barnett, and Robert Rydell. 1893. The Reason Why the Colored American is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition. Accessed November 30, 2015. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mfd.25023
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M. 1990. “Modern Racism and the Images of Blacks in Local Television News.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7: 332–345.10.1080/15295039009360183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes, Steve. 2000. “‘I Am a Man!’ Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike.” Labor History 41 (2): 153–170.10.1080/00236560050009914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhi, Paul. 2009. “The Twitter Explosion.” American Journalism Review 31: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. 1992. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Folami, Akilah. 2007. “From Habermas to ‘Get Rich or Die Tryin’: Hip Hop, the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and the Black Public Sphere.” Michigan Journal of Race & Law 12: 235–304.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1977. “Panopticism.” In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 195 230. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy. 1990. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text 25 (25/26): 56–80.10.2307/466240
   Google Scholar
• Frosh, Paul, and Amit Pinchevski. 2009. Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230235762
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, Nancy R., and Marilyn B. Meyers. 2012. “Preface: An Invitation.” In The Power of Witnessing: Reflections, Reverberations, and Traces of the Holocaust, edited by Nancy R. Goodman and Marilyn B. Meyers, xi–xxiv. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Laurie B. 2004. “Race, Gender, and Labor in 1960s Memphis: “I Am a Man” and the Meaning of Freedom.” Journal of Urban History 30 (3): 465–489.10.1177/0096144203262791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, Keith, and Ryan J. Thomas. 2015. “Locating the Journalism in Citizen Photojournalism.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 615–633.10.1080/21670811.2015.1034528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, Steven. 1994. “Race, Identity and Political Activism: The Shifting Contours of the African American Public Sphere.” Public Culture 7 (1): 147–164.10.1215/08992363-7-1-147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, Sam. 2015. “Ubiquitous Witnesses: Who Creates the Evidence and the Live(D) Experience of Human Rights Violations?” Information, Communication & Society 18 (11): 1378–1392. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1070891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunaratne, Shelton A. 2006. “Public Sphere and Communicative Rationality: Interrogating Habermas’s Eurocentrism.” Journalism & Communication Monographs 8 (2): 93–156.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jurgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Stuart. 1995. “The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media.” In Gender, Race and Class in Media: A Text-Reader, edited by Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez, 18–22. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Lacewell, Melissa Victoria. 2010. Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton, Shani. 2010. “You Can Tweet like This or You Can Tweet like That or You Can Tweet like Us.” PostBourgie. http://bit.ly/1VHx3Gz
   Google Scholar
• Honey, Michael K. 2011. Going down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign. New York: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, bell. 2015. “The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators.” In Black Looks: Race and Representation, 115–132. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Java, Akshay, Xiaodan Song, Tim Finin, and Belle Tseng. 2007. “Why We Twitter: Understanding Microblogging.” In Proceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 Workshop on Web Mining and Social Network Analysis, 56–65. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.10.1145/1348549
   Google Scholar
• King, Martin Luther, Jr. 2001. “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop.” In A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, edited by Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard. New York: Hachette Book Group. http://bit.ly/23gq89h.
   Google Scholar
• Lasorsa, Dominic L., Seth C. Lewis, and Avery E. Holton. 2012. “Normalizing Twitter: Journalism Practice in an Emerging Communication Space.” Journalism Studies 13 (1): 19–36.10.1080/1461670X.2011.571825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent, Olivier. 2015. “Go behind TIME’s Baltimore Cover with Aspiring Photographer Devin Allen.” TIME Lightbox Photo Blog, April 30. http://ti.me/1Q20PRR.
   Google Scholar
• LeMelle, Tilden J. 2002. “The HBCU: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.” Education 123 (1): 190.
   Google Scholar
• Linke, Uli. 1999. “Formations of White Public Space.” Transforming Anthropology 8 (1–2): 111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, Steve, and Joseph Ferenbok. 2013. “New Media and the Power Politics of Sousveillance in a Surveillance-Dominated World.” Surveillance & Society 11 (1/2): 18–34.
   Google Scholar
• Manjoo, Farhad. 2010. “How Black People Use Twitter.” Slate.Com, August 10. http://slate.me/1dhuK9K.
   Google Scholar
• Mansbach, Daniela. 2015. “Witnessing as Activism: Watching the Other at the Israeli Checkpoints.” Journal of Human Rights 1: 1–17. doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1062720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride, Dwight A. 1999. James Baldwin Now. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Mette. 2011. “When Citizen Photojournalism Sets the News Agenda: Neda Agha Soltan as a Web 2.0 Icon of Post-Election Unrest in Iran.” Global Media and Communication 7 (1): 4–16.10.1177/1742766510397936
   Google Scholar
• Ong, Jonathan Corpus. 2014. “‘ Witnessing ‘ or ‘ Mediating ‘ Distant Suffering? Ethical Questions across Moments of Text, Production, and Reception.” Television & New Media 15 (3): 179–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschalidis, Gregory. 2015. “Mini Cameras and Maxi Minds.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 634–652. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, John Durham. 2009. “Witnessing.” In Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication, edited by Paul Frosh and Amit Pinchevski, 22–41. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pough, Gwendolyn D. 2004. Check It While I Wreck It: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Razsa, Maple John. 2014. “Beyond ‘Riot Porn’: Protest Video and the Production of Unruly Subjects.” Ethnos 79 (4): 496–524.10.1080/00141844.2013.778309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries, Brian. 2014. “This Person Live-Tweeted Michael Brown’s Killing.” Mashable.Com, August 15. http://on.mash.to/1WSF3md.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, Lawrence C. 2001. The Divine Nine: The History of African American Fraternities and Sororities. New York: Kensington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sanburn, Josh. 2015. “The Witness.” TIME.Com. http://time.com/ramsey-orta-eric-garner-video/.
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, Jacqueline. 2015. “#IfTheyGunnedMeDown: The Necessity of “Black Twitter” and Hashtags in the Age of Ferguson.” ProudFlesh: New Afrikan Journal of Culture, Politics and Consciousness: 10. http://bit.ly/2961K4E.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, Michael. 1997. “Toward a Troubleshooting Manual for Journalism History.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (3): 463–476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicha, Choire. 2009. “What Were Black People Talking About on Twitter Last Night?” The Awl.com Nov. 11. http://bit.ly/1sJwIIP.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Aaron. 2015. “A Portrait of Smartphone Ownership.” In Use in 2015, edited by U. S. Smartphone, 13–14. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for Internet, Science & Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Squires, Catherine R. 2002. “Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres.” Communication Theory 12 (4): 446–468.10.1111/comt.2002.12.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, Ida B. 1892. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. The Project Gutenberg E-Book. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14975/14975-h/14975-h.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wells, Ida B. 2013. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins, David K. 1992. “‘the Year of Awakening’: Black Athletes, Racial Unrest and the Civil Rights Movement of 1968.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 9 (2): 188–208.10.1080/09523369208713790
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2010. About to Die: How News Images Move the Public. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar