965
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Election Journalism: Investigating Media Bias on Telegram during the 2017 Presidential Election in Iran

&

References

  • Alexa 2017. “Top Sites by Country”. Accessed 2 June 2017. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/telegram.org.
  • Abdolahinejad, Alireza, Javad Sadeqghi, and Ghasemi Nejhad, Abuzar. 2016. “Social Media and Political Participation in Elections: The Relation between Using Facebook, Telegram and Instagram and Political Participation of Students in Iran’s Parliamentary Elections in 2016. English Translation of [Resāne-hay Ejtemāei va moshārekate siasi dar entekhābāt: rabeteh estefādeh az Facebook, Telegram va Instragram va moshārekate siasi dāneshjooyān dar entekhābāte haftom Esfand 1394].” Journal of New Media Studies [Faslnāmeh resāneh-hay novin] 2 (5): 33–73. Accessed 25 August 2019. http://nms.atu.ac.ir/article_7004.html.
  • Baum, Matthew A., and Tim Groeling. 2008. “New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse.” Political Communication 25 (4): 345–365.
  • Brandenburg, Heinz. 2005. “Political Bias in the Irish Media: A Quantitative Study of Campaign Coverage During the 2002 General Election.” Irish Political Studies 20 (3): 297–322.
  • Brandenburg, Heinz. 2006. “Party Strategy and Media Bias: A Quantitative Analysis of the 2005 UK Election Campaign.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 16 (2): 157–178. ‏
  • Burns, A., and B. Eltham. 2009. “Twitter Free Iran: An Evaluation of Twitter’s Role in Public Diplomacy and Information Operations in Iran’s 2009 Election Crisis.”. In Record of the Communications Policy & Research Forum 2009, edited by Franco Papandrea and Mark Armstrong, 298–310. Sydney: Network Insight Institute.
  • Cho, Young Ik. 2008. “Intercoder Reliability.” In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods (2 Volume Set), edited by Paul J. Lavrakas, 344–345. Los Angles, CA: Sage.
  • D'Alessio, Dave, and Mike Allen. 2000. “Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Communication 50 (4): 133–156.
  • Dalton, Russell J., Paul A. Beck, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election.” American Political Science Review 92 (1): 111–126.
  • DellaVigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan. 2007. “The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (3): 1187–1234.
  • Druckman, James N., and Michael Parkin. 2005. “The Impact of Media Bias: How Editorial Slant Affects Voters.” The Journal of Politics 67 (4): 1030–1049. 1030-1049:
  • Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, and Markus Wagner. 2017. “One Bias Fits All? Three Types of Media Bias and Their Effects on Party Preferences.” Communication Research 44 (8): 1125–1148.
  • Entekhab 2016. “World’s Largest Telegram Channels.” Accessed 2 June 2017. http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/
  • Entman, Robert M. 2010. “Media Framing Biases and Political Power: Explaining Slant in News of Campaign.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 11 (4): 389–408. 2008.”
  • Faris, Robert, Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election (August 2017). Berkman Klein Center Research Publication 2017-6. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3019414
  • Giannakoulopoulos, Andreas, Iraklis Varlamis, and Stelios Kouloglou. 2012. “Technology and Journalism: Conflict and Convergence at the Production Level.” In The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis. 290–308. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gisev, B., Natasa Bell, J. Simon, and Timothy F. Chen. 2013. “Interrater Agreement and Interrater Reliability: Key Concepts, Approaches, and Applications.” Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy : RSAP 9 (3): 330–338. ‏
  • Hermida, Alfered. 2012. “Social Journalism: Exploring How Social Media is Shaping Journalism.” In The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis. 309–328. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
  • International Telecommunication Union. (ITU) 2020b. “Mobile-cellular Subscription”. Accessed 7 April 2020. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
  • International Telecommunication Union. (ITU). 2020a. “Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet.” Accessed 7 April 2020. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
  • Kalsnes, Bente, and Anders Olof Larsson. 2018. “Understanding News Sharing across Social Media: Detailing Distribution on Facebook and Twitter.” Journalism Studies 19 (11): 1669–1688. ‏
  • Knight, Megan. 2012. “Journalism as Usual: The Use of Social Media as a Newsgathering Tool in the Coverage of the Iranian Elections in 2009.” Journal of Media Practice 13 (1): 61–74.
  • Levendusky, Matthew S. 2013. “Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (3): 611–623. ‏
  • Manganello, Jennifer, and Nancy Blake. 2010. “A Study of Quantitative Content Analysis of Health Messages in U.S. Media from 1985 to 2005.” Health Communication 25 (5): 387–396.
  • McHugh, Mary L. 2012. “Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic.” Biochemia Medica 22 (3): 276–282. ‏
  • Mahdizadeh Taleshi, Seyed Mohamad, Eghbal Khaledian, and  Mehrav Ferdosi. 2017. “The Role of “Telegram” as a Social Network in Advertising about the 12th Presidential Election Iran. Enslish Translation of [Naqshe Narm Afzāre Ejtemāei Telegram Dar Davāzhahomin Doreh Entekhābāte Riyasat Jomhoori az Manzare Ray Dahandegan.” Journal of New Media Studies 3: 1–39. ]. [Faslnāmeh resāneh-hay novin](10), Accessed online 25 August 2019 from http://nms.atu.ac.ir/article_7694.html.
  • Mehr News Agency. 2015. “Internet Penetration Rate Reaches 82%/Mobile Internet is at the Top of the Connections.” Accessed 1 August 2017. http://www.mehrnews.com/news/2960373
  • Morozov, Evgeny. 2009. “Iran: Downside to the ‘Twitter Revolution.” Dissent 56 (4): 10–14.
  • Morris, Jonathan S. 2007. “Slanted Objectivity? Perceived Media Bias, Cable News Exposure, and Political Attitudes.” Social Science Quarterly 88 (3): 707–728.
  • Park, Souneil, Seugwoo Kang, Sangyoung Chung, and Junehwa Song. 2009. “NewsCube.” Delivering Multiple Aspects of News to Mitigate Media Bias”, presented in Proceedings of The SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, April, 443–452. ACM..
  • Robinson, John P. 1972. “Perceived Media Bias and the 1968 Vote: Can the Media Affect Behavior after All?” Journalism Quarterly 49 (2): 239–246.
  • Saez-Trumper, Diego, Carlos Castillo, and Mounia Lalmas. 2013. “Social Media News Communities. Gatekeeping, Coverage, and Statement Bias.” In Proceedings of The 22nd ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, October 1679–1684.
  • Siapera, Eugenia, Veglis. Andreas 2012. “Introduction: The Evolution of Online Journalism.” In The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis, 1–18. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Tasnim News Agency. 2016. August 11. AkhbareFori becomes the world’s largest Telegram channel. Accessed 2 June 2017. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1395/05/21/1154954/.
  • Wicks, Robert H., Jan L. Wicks, and Shauna A. Morimoto. 2014. “Partisan Media Selective Exposure during the 2012 Presidential Election.” American Behavioral Scientist 58 (9): 1131–1143. ‏

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.