References
- “About Your Twitter Timeline.” n.d. Twitter Help Center. Accessed March 12, 2021. https://help.twitter.com/en/using-twitter/twitter-timeline
- Aljukhadar, Muhammad, Sylvain Senecal, and Charles-Etienne Daoust. 2012. “Using Recommendation Agents to Cope with Information Overload.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 17 (2): 41–70.
- Animal Defenders International v. the United Kingdom. 2013. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2013:0422JUD004887608. ECtHR.
- Baan, Joris. 2020. “News Recommendation at Scale.” DPG Media (blog). August 5, 2020. https://dpgmedia-engineering.medium.com/news-recommendation-at-scale-2ce03bbc4692.
- Bernstein, Abraham, Claes de Vreese, Natali Helberger, Wolfgang Schulz, Katharina Zweig, Christian Baden, Michael A. Beam, et al. 2020. “Diversity in News Recommendations (under Review).” ArXiv.Org, no. arXiv:2005.09495 [cs.CY] (May). http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.09495
- Bruns, Axel. 2019. Are Filter Bubbles Real? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509536443.
- Cacioppo, John T., and Richard E. Petty. 1982. “The Need for Cognition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (1): 116–131.
- Centro Europa 7 S.R.L. and Di Stefano v. Italy. 2012. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2012:0607JUD003843309. ECtHR.
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. 2000. “OJ C 326/391.” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:12012P/TXT
- Commissariaat voor de Media. 2020. “Digital News Report Nederland 2020.” https://www.mediamonitor.nl/wp-content/uploads/Reuters-Digital-News-Report-2020.pdf
- Committee of Ministers. 1999. “Recommendation on Measures to Promote Media Pluralism.” R (99) 1. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016804fa377
- Committee of Ministers. 2007. “Recommendation on Media Pluralism and Diversity of Media Content.” CM/Rec(2007)2. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805d6be3
- Committee of Ministers. 2012. “Declaration on Public Service Media Governance.” https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805cb4d4
- Committee of Ministers. 2018. “Recommendation on Media Pluralism and Transparency of Media Ownership.” CM/Rec(2018)1. https://rm.coe.int/1680790e13
- Couderc and Hachette Filipacchi Associés v. France [GC]. 2015. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2015:1110JUD004045407. ECtHR.
- Council of Europe. 1950. “European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.” ETS No. 005. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b04.html
- Council of Europe. 2020. “Prioritisation Uncovered: The Discoverability of Public Interest Content Online.” Study DGI(2020)19. https://rm.coe.int/publication-content-prioritisation-report/1680a07a57
- Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. 2012. “Recommendation on the Protection of Human Rights with Regard to Search Engines.” CM/Rec(2012)3. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805caa87
- Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights. 2015. “Internet: Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights.” Case-Law Analysis. https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Research_report_internet_ENG.pdf
- D’Alessio, Dave, and Mike Allen. 2002. “Selective Exposure and Dissonance after Decisions.” Psychological Reports 91 (2): 527–532.
- De Standaard. 2019. “Mis niets over uw favoriete thema’s via “Mijn dS”.” De Standaard, 4 March 2019. https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190304_04229666
- “DIAMOND.” n.d. KU Leuven. Accessed October 7, 2020. https://soc.kuleuven.be/fsw/diamond
- “Diverse News Recommendations.” n.d. University of Zurich. Accessed September 27, 2021. http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/en/ddis/research.html
- European Commission. 2020a. “2020 Rule of Law Report.” Communication COM(2020) 580 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1602583951529&uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0580
- European Commission. 2020b. “Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000/31/EC.” COM(2020) 825 final.
- European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology. 2018. “A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation. Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation.” Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/0156
- Garrett, R. Kelly. 2009a. “Echo Chambers Online?: Politically Motivated Selective Exposure among Internet News Users1.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14 (2): 265–285.
- Garrett, R. Kelly. 2009b. “Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate.” Journal of Communication 59 (4): 676–699.
- Garrett, R. Kelly, Dustin Carnahan, and Emily K. Lynch. 2013. “A Turn toward Avoidance? Selective Exposure to Online Political Information, 2004–2008.” Political Behavior 35 (1): 113–134.
- Garun, Natt. 2020. “How to Switch Your Twitter Feed to a Chronological Timeline.” The Verge. 6 March 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/6/21167920/twitter-chronological-feed-how-to-ios-android-app-timeline
- Gauch, Susan, Mirco Speretta, Aravind Chandramouli, and Alessandro Micarelli. 2007. “User Profiles for Personalized Information Access.” In The Adaptive Web: Methods and Strategies of Web Personalization, edited by Peter Brusilovsky, Alfred Kobsa, and Wolfgang Nejdl, 54–89. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72079-9_2.
- General Data Protection Regulation. 2016. “Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Text with EEA Relevance).” http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
- Gerards, Janneke. 2019. General Principles of the European Convention on Human Rights. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Haim, Mario, Andreas Graefe, and Hans-Bernd Brosius. 2018. “Burst of the Filter Bubble?” Digital Journalism 6 (3): 330–343.
- Harambam, Jaron, Natali Helberger, and Joris van Hoboken. 2018. “Democratizing Algorithmic News Recommenders: How to Materialize Voice in a Technologically Saturated Media Ecosystem.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376 (2133): 20180088.
- Hart, William, Dolores Albarracín, Alice H. Eagly, Inge Brechan, Matthew J. Lindberg, and Lisa Merrill. 2009. “Feeling Validated versus Being Correct: A Meta-Analysis of Selective Exposure to Information.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (4): 555–588.
- Helberger, Natali. 2011. “Diversity by Design.” Journal of Information Policy 1: 441–469.
- Helberger, Natali, Kari Karppinen, and Lucia D’Acunto. 2018. “Exposure Diversity as a Design Principle for Recommender Systems.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (2): 191–207.
- Helberger, Natali, Max Van Drunen, Sanne Vrijenhoek, and Judith Möller. 2021. “Regulation of News Recommenders in the Digital Services Act: Empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath.” Internet Policy Review, February. https://policyreview.info/articles/news/regulation-news-recommenders-digital-services-act-empowering-david-against-very-large
- Informationsverein Lentia and others v. Austria. 1993. ECLI:CE:ECHR:1993:1124JUD001391488. ECtHR.
- Joris, Glen, Frederik De Grove, Kristin Van Damme, and Lieven De Marez. 2021. “Appreciating News Algorithms: Examining Audiences’ Perceptions to Different News Selection Mechanisms.” Digital Journalism 9 (5): 589–618.
- Kaye, David. 2018. “Report on Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Implications for the Information Environment.” A/73/348. Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/73/348
- Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden. 2008. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2008:1216JUD002388306. ECtHR.
- Kristof, Nicholas. 2009. “Opinion | The Daily Me.” The New York Times, 19 March 2009, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/19/opinion/19kristof.html
- Kunert, Jessica, and Neil Thurman. 2019. “The Form of Content Personalisation at Mainstream, Transatlantic News Outlets: 2010–2016.” Journalism Practice 13 (7): 759–780.
- Lavrysen, Laurens. 2016. Human Rights in a Positive State: Rethinking the Relationship between Positive and Negative Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. Cambrigde, UK: Intersentia.
- Leander v. Sweden. 1987. ECLI:CE:ECHR:1987:0326JUD000924881. ECtHR.
- Lingens v. Austria. 1986. ECLI:CE:ECHR:1986:0708JUD000981582. ECtHR.
- Manole and Others v. Moldova. 2009. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2009:0917JUD001393602. ECtHR.
- Matias, J. Nathan. 2020. “Nudging Algorithms by Influencing Human Behavior: Effects of Encouraging Fact-Checking on News Rankings.” March. https://osf.io/m98b6/
- Mendel, Toby. n.d. “Freedom of Expression: A Guide to the Interpretation and Meaning of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.” Centre for Law and Democracy. https://rm.coe.int/16806f5bb3
- Möller, Judith, Natali Helberger, and Mykola Makhortykh. 2019. “Filter Bubbles in the Netherlands?” Hilversum: Commissariaat voor de Media: Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) and Institute for Information Law (IViR). https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=2d8db249-cb3a-4eae-b514-56897c08a2d6
- Möller, Judith, Damian Trilling, Natali Helberger, and Bram van Es. 2018. “Do Not Blame It on the Algorithm: An Empirical Assessment of Multiple Recommender Systems and Their Impact on Content Diversity.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (7): 959–977.
- Napoli, P. M. 1999. “Deconstructing the Diversity Principle.” Journal of Communication 49 (4): 7–34.
- Napoli, Philip M. 2011. “Exposure Diversity Reconsidered.” Journal of Information Policy 1: 246–259.
- Negroponte, Nicholas. 1996. Being Digital. New York, NY: Knopf.
- Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2020. “Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf
- “NewsDNA.” n.d. Ghent University. Accessed October 7, 2020. https://www.ugent.be/mict/en/research/newsdna
- Nowak, Manfred. 2005. U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary. 2nd rev. ed. Kehl, Germany: N.P. Engel.
- noyb. 2021. “Data Transfers to the US and Insufficient Cookie Information: Noyb Files Complaint against the European Parliament.” Noyb.Eu. 22 January 2021. https://noyb.eu/en/data-transfers-us-and-insufficient-cookie-information-noyb-files-complaint-against-european
- Pariser, Eli. 2011. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
- Parra, Denis, Peter Brusilovsky, and Christoph Trattner. 2014. “See What You Want to See: Visual User-Driven Approach for Hybrid Recommendation.” In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 235–240. IUI ’14. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
- Ricci, Francesco, Lior Rokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor, eds. 2010. Recommender Systems Handbook. 2011 ed. New York, NY: Springer.
- Schabas, William A. 2013. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Travaux Préparatoires, edited by William A. Schabas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.cambridge.org/ar/academic/subjects/law/human-rights/universal-declaration-human-rights-travaux-preparatoires
- Schabas, William A. 2017. The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary. The European Convention on Human Rights. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199594061.001.0001/law-9780199594061
- Schiltz, Willem-Frederik. 2021. “Topical Question on Transparency Regarding the Use of Social Media and Free Speech.” Plenary report. Flemish Parliament. https://www.vlaamsparlement.be/plenaire-vergaderingen/1461471/verslag/1464458
- Schmitt, Josephine B., Christina A. Debbelt, and Frank M. Schneider. 2018. “Too Much Information? Predictors of Information Overload in the Context of Online News Exposure.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (8): 1151–1167.
- Stark, Birgit, Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin, and Pascal Jürgens. 2020. “Are Algorithms a Threat to Democracy? The Rise of Intermediaries: A Challenge for Public Discourse.” Governing Platforms. Algorithm Watch. https://algorithmwatch.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Governing-Platforms-communications-study-Stark-May-2020-AlgorithmWatch.pdf
- Sunstein, Cass R. 2006. Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge, 273. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. 1st ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- The Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom (No.1). 1979. ECLI:CE:ECHR:1979:0426JUD000653874. ECtHR.
- Thurman, Neil. 2011. “Making “the Daily Me”: Technology, Economics and Habit in the Mainstream Assimilation of Personalized News.” Journalism 12 (4): 395–415.
- Thurman, Neil, and Steve Schifferes. 2012. “The Paradox of Personalization: The Social and Reflexive Turn of Adaptive News.” In The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis, 373–391. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118313978.ch20.
- Twitter Support. 2021. “Twitter Thread on Prompts.” Tweet. @TwitterSupport (blog). 5 May 2021. https://twitter.com/TwitterSupport/status/1389999977498218502
- UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). 2011. “General Comment No. 34, Article 19, Freedoms of Opinion and Expression.” CCPR/C/GC/34. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ed34b562.html
- Valcke, Peggy. 2004. Digitale diversiteit: Convergentie van media-, telecommunicatie- en mededingingsrecht. Brussel: Larcier.
- van Dijk, Pieter, Fried van Hoof, Arjen van Rijn, and Leo Zwaak, eds. 2006. Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights: Fourth Edition. 4th ed. Antwerpen: Intersentia.
- Van Royen, Kathleen, Karolien Poels, Heidi Vandebosch, and Philippe Adam. 2017. “Thinking before Posting?” Reducing Cyber Harassment on Social Networking Sites through a Reflective Message.” Computers in Human Behavior 66 (January): 345–352.
- Vandendriessche, Karel, and Lieven De Marez. 2020. “Imec.Digimeter 2019.” Digimeter. Imec. https://www.imec.be/nl/expertises/imec-digimeter/digimeter-2019
- Vandendriessche, Karel, Eva Steenberghs, Ann Matheve, and Lieven De Marez. 2021. “Imec.Digimeter 2020.” Digimeter. Imec. https://www.imec.be/nl/expertises/techtrends/imecdigimeter/digimeter-2020
- Velaers, Jan. 1991. De Beperkingen van de Vrijheid van Meningsuiting. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Antwerpen: Maklu Uitgevers.
- Verdegem, Pieter, and Eva Lievens. 2016. “Towards a Public Service Algorithm That Promotes News Diversity.” In 6th European Communication Conference. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8149757
- Vermeulen, Judith. 2020. “Recommended for You: “You Don’t Need No Thought Control”. An Analysis of News Personalisation in Light of Article 22 GDPR.” In Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, edited by Michael Friedewald, Melek Önen, Eva Lievens, Stephan Krenn, and Samuel Fricker, 190–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_13.
- Vermeulen, Judith. 2022. “Access Diversity through Online News Media and Public Service Algorithms. An Analysis of News Recommendation in Light of Article 10 ECHR.” In The Algorithmic Distribution of News, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, edited by James Meese and Sara Bannerman. Springer International Publishing (in press).
- Verstraete, Alexander. 2021. “Nieuw in de app van VRT NWS: Stel zelf je nieuwsaanbod samen met “Mijn NWS”.” VRT NWS, 23 February 2021. https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/01/27/mijn-nws/
- Vlaamse Gemeenschap, and VRT. 2020. “Beheersovereenkomst VRT (2021-2025).” https://www.vrt.be/nl/over-de-vrt/beheersovereenkomst/
- Zamith, Rodrigo, and Seth C. Lewis. 2014. “From Public Spaces to Public Sphere.” Digital Journalism 2 (4): 558–574.
- Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. , Damian Trilling, Judith Möller, Balázs Bodó, Claes H. de Vreese, and Natali Helberger. 2016. “Should We Worry about Filter Bubbles?” Internet Policy Review 5 (1): 1–16.