211
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Epistemology of Fact Checking: An Examination of Practices and Beliefs of Fact Checkers Around the World

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Altheide, D. L. 1996. “Ethnographic Content Analysis.”. In Qualitative Media Analysis, 14–23. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Amazeen, M. 2013. A Critical Assessment of Fact-Checking in 2012. Washington, D.C.: New America Foundation.
  • Amazeen, M. 2015. “Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking.” Critical Review 27 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2014.993890
  • Amazeen, M. 2019. “Practitioner Perceptions: Critical Junctures and the Global Emergence and Challenges of Fact-Checking.” International Communication Gazette 81 (6–8): 541–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048518817674
  • Bélair-Gagnon, V., R. Larsen, L. Graves, and O. Westlund. 2023. “Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships.” International Journal of Communication 17: 1169–1189.
  • Berger, P. L., and T. Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday.
  • Borel, B. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bowey, A. 1983. “Myths and Theories of Organization: The Impact of Organizational Interpretations.” International Studies of Management & Organization 13 (3): 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1983.11656368
  • Brandtzaeg, P. B., A. Følstad, and M. Á. Chaparro Domínguez. 2018. “How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services.” Journalism Practice 12 (9): 1109–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657
  • Brookes, S., and L. Waller. 2023. “Communities of Practice in the Production and Resourcing of Fact-Checking.” Journalism 24 (9): 1938–1958. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221078465
  • Carey, J. 1978. “A Plea for the University Tradition.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 55: 846–855.
  • Carlson, M. 2017. Journalistic Authority. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Carlson, M. 2020. “Journalistic Epistemology and Digital News Circulation: Infrastructure, Circulation Practices, and Epistemic Contests.” New Media & Society 22 (2): 230–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856921
  • Cheruiyot, D., and R. Ferrer-Conill. 2018. “Fact-Checking Africa”: Epistemologies, Data and the Expansion of Journalistic Discourse.” Digital Journalism 6 (8): 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493940
  • Couldry, N., and A. Hepp. 2018. The Mediated Construction of Reality. Cambridge UK: Polity Press.
  • Diakopoulos, N., and M. Koliska. 2017. “Algorithmic Transparency in the News Media.” Digital Journalism 5 (7): 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053
  • Dias, N., and A. Sippitt. 2020. “Researching Fact-Checking: Present Limitations and Future Opportunities.” The Political Quarterly 91 (3): 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12892
  • DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
  • EIU Democracy Index. 2022. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/
  • Ekström, M. 2002. “Epistemologies of TV Journalism: A Theoretical Framework.” Journalism 3 (3): 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490200300301
  • Ekström, M., and O. Westlund. 2019a. “Epistemology and Journalism.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.806
  • Ekström, M., and O. Westlund. 2019b. “The Dislocation of News Journalism: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Epistemologies of Digital Journalism.” Media and Communication 7 (1): 259–270. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763
  • Ekström, M., S. C. Lewis, and O. Westlund. 2020. “Epistemologies of Digital Journalism and the Study of Misinformation.” New Media & Society 22 (2): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856914
  • Ettema, J. S., and T. L. Glasser. 1998. Custodians of Conscience: Investigative Journalism and Public Virtue. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Ferracioli, P., A. B. Kniess, and F. P. J. Marques. 2022. “The Watchdog Role of Fact-Checkers in Different Media Systems.” Digital Journalism 10 (5): 717–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.2021377
  • Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Godler, Y., Z. Reich, and B. Miller. 2020. “Social Epistemology as a New Paradigm for Journalism and Media Studies.” New Media & Society 22 (2): 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856922
  • Graves, D. 2018b. Understanding the Promise and Limits of Automated Fact-Checking. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
  • Graves, L. 2016. Deciding What’s True:-the Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism. New York City: Columbia University Press.
  • Graves, L. 2018a. “Boundaries Not Drawn: Mapping the Institutional Roots of the Global Fact-Checking Movement.” Journalism Studies 19 (5): 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602
  • Graves, L., and F. Cherubini. 2016. “The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe.” In Digital News Project Report. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
  • Graves, L., and L. Lauer. 2020. “From Movement to Institution: The “GlobalFact” Summit as a Field-Configuring Event.” Sociologica 14 (2): 157–174.
  • Graves, L., and M. A. Amazeen. 2019. “Fact-Checking as an Idea and Practice in Journalism.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.808
  • Graves, Lucas, Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, and Rebekah Larsen. 2023. “From Public Reason to Public Health: Professional Implications of the “Debunking Turn” in the Global Fact-Checking Field.” Digital Journalism.Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2218454
  • Guo, Z., M. Schlichtkrull, and A. Vlachos. 2022. “A Survey on Automated Fact-Checking.” Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (10): 178–206. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00454
  • Humprecht, E. 2020. “How Do They Debunk “Fake News”? a Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks.” Digital Journalism 8 (3): 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691031
  • IFCN. 2023. “State of the Fact-Checkers 2022.” https://www.poynter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IFCN_2023_StateFactCheckers2022_v7a-1.pdf
  • Kim, B., and N. R. Buzzelli. 2022. “The Logics of Fact-Checking Website Operations.” Digital Journalism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2089707
  • Koliska, M., K. Chadha, and A. Burns. 2020. “Talking Back: Journalists Defending Attacks against Their Profession in the Trump Era.” Journalism Studies 21 (11): 1496–1513. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1763190
  • Krause, N. M., I. Freiling, B. Beets, and D. Brossard. 2020. “Fact-Checking as Risk Communication: The Multi-Layered Risk of Misinformation in Times of COVID-19.” Journal of Risk Research 23 (7–8): 1052–1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385
  • Kumar, A. 2022. “Fact-Checking Methodology and Its Transparency: What Indian Fact-Checking Websites Have to Say?” Journalism Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2098520
  • Lee, J., and B. C. Britt. 2023. “Factbait: Emotionality of Fact-Checking Tweets and Users’ Engagement during the 2020 US Presidential Election and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Digital Journalism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2253859
  • Liu, Y., and R. Zhou. 2022. “Let’s Check It Seriously”: Localizing Fact-Checking Practice in China.” International Journal of Communication 16: 4293–4315.
  • Lowrey, W. 2017. “The Emergence and Development of News Fact-Checking Sites: Institutional Logics and Population Ecology.” Journalism Studies 18 (3): 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1052537
  • Mena, P. 2019. “Principles and Boundaries of Fact-Checking:-Journalists’ Perceptions.” Journalism Practice 13 (6): 657–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1547655
  • Meyer, J. W., and B. Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83 (2): 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/226550
  • Moreno-Gil, V., X. Ramon-Vegas, and M. Mauri-Ríos. 2022. “Bringing Journalism Back to Its Roots: Examining Fact-Checking Practices, Methods, and Challenges in the Mediterranean Context.” Profesional de la Información 31 (2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.mar.15
  • Park, R. E. 1940. “News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge.” American Journal of Sociology 45 (5): 669–686. https://doi.org/10.1086/218445
  • Reporters without Borders. 2023. https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2023
  • Robertson, C. T., R. R. Mourão, and E. Thorson. 2020. “Who Uses Fact-Checking Sites? The Impact of Demographics, Political Antecedents, and Media Use on Fact-Checking Site Awareness, Attitudes, and Behavior.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 25 (2): 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219898055
  • Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos, Taís Seibt, Raúl Magallón-Rosa, Francisco Javier Paniagua-Rojano, and Sonia Chacón-Peinado. 2022. “Purposes, Principles, and Difficulties of Fact-Checking in Ibero-America: Journalists’ Perceptions.” Journalism Practice 17 (10): 2159–2177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2124434
  • Schapals, A. K. 2018. “Fake News: Australian and British Journalists’ Role Perceptions in an Era of “Alternative Facts.” Journalism Practice 12 (8): 976–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1511822
  • Schudson, M. 1989. “The Sociology of News Production.” Media, Culture & Society 11 (3): 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344389011003002
  • Schudson, M. 2006. “The Trouble with Experts–and Why Democracies Need Them.” Theory and Society 35 (5–6): 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-006-9012-y
  • Scott, W. R. 2005. “Institutional Theory: Contributing to a Theoretical Research Program.” In Great Minds in Management: The Process of Theory Development, edited by K.G. Smith and M.A. Hitt, 460–484. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Singer, J. B. 2021. “Border Patrol: The Rise and Role of Fact-Checkers and Their Challenge to Journalists’ Normative Boundaries.” Journalism 22 (8): 1929–1946. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920933137
  • Stencel, M., and J. Luther. 2023. “Misinformation spreads, but fact-checking has leveled off.” Duke Reporters Lab. https://reporterslab.org/misinformation-spreads-but-fact-checking-has-leveled-off/
  • Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Z. W. Lim, and R. Ling. 2018. “Defining “Fake News.” Digital Journalism 6 (2): 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • Tuchman, G. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
  • Uscinski, J. E., and R. W. Butler. 2013. “The Epistemology of Fact-Checking.” Critical Review 25 (2): 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872
  • Vinhas, O., and M. Bastos. 2022. “Fact-Checking Misinformation: Eight Notes on Consensus Reality.” Journalism Studies 23 (4): 448–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2031259
  • Waisbord, S. 2018. “Truth is What Happens to News: On Journalism, Fake News, and Post-Truth.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1866–1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881
  • Ye, Q. 2023. “Comparison of the Transparency of Fact-Checking: A Global Perspective.” Journalism Practice 17 (10): 2263–2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2211555
  • Zeng, X., A. S. Abumansour, and A. Zubiaga. 2021. “Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey.” Language and Linguistics Compass 15 (10): e12438. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12438

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.