References
- Levy R, Dubois B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:916–28.
- Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38:143–62.
- Santangelo G, Vitale C, Picillo M, et al. Apathy and striatal dopamine transporter levels in de-novo, untreated Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:489–93.
- Raimo S, Trojano L, Spitaleri D, Petretta V, Grossi D, Santangelo G. Apathy in multiple sclerosis: a validation study of the apathy evaluation scale. J Neurol Sci. 2014;347:295–300.
- Chiò A, Vignola A, Mastro E, Giudici AD, Iazzolino B, Calvo A, et al. Neurobehavioral symptoms in ALS are negatively related to caregivers' burden and quality of life. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1298–303.
- Witgert M, Salamone AR, Strutt AM, Jawaid A, Massman PJ, Bradshaw M, et al. Frontal-lobe mediated behavioral dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:103–10.
- Grossman AB, Woolley-Levine S, Bradley WG, Miller RG. Detecting neurobehavioral changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2007;8:56–61.
- Mioshi E, Hsieh S, Caga J, Ramsey E, Chen K, Lillo P, et al. A novel tool to detect behavioural symptoms in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014;15:298–304.
- Lillo P, Mioshi E, Zoing MC, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. How common are behavioural changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12:45–51.
- Kasper E, Schuster C, Machts J, Bittner D, Vielhaber S, Benecke R, et al. Dysexecutive functioning in ALS patients and its clinical implications. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2015;16:160–71.
- Girardi A, MacPherson SE, Abrahams S. Deficits in emotional and social cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropsychology. 2011;25:53–65.
- Radakovic R, Harley C, Abrahams S, Starr JM. A systematic review of the validity and reliability of apathy scales in neurodegenerative conditions. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27:903–23.
- Woolley SC, Katz JS. Cognitive and behavioral impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008;19:607–17.
- Hu WT, Shelnutt M, Wilson A, Yarab N, Kelly C, Grossman M, et al. Behavior matters-cognitive predictors of survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57584
- Mioshi E, Caga J, Lillo P, Hsieh S, Ramsey E, Devenney E, et al. Neuropsychiatric changes precede classic motor symptoms in ALS and do not affect survival. Neurology. 2014;82:149–55.
- Mioshi E, Roberts R, Hornberger M. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a missing link? Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2015;5:89–91.
- Caga J, Turner MR, Hsieh S, Ahmed RM, Devenney E, Ramsey E, et al. Apathy is associated with poor prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23:891–7.
- Radakovic R, Abrahams S. Developing a new apathy measurement scale: Dimensional Apathy Scale. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219:658–63.
- Radakovic R, Stephenson L, Colville S, Swingler R, Chandran S, Abrahams S. Multidimensional apathy in ALS: validation of the Dimensional Apathy Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:663–9.
- Robert P, Onyike CU, Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Aalten P, Starkstein S, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24:98–104.
- Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, Munsat TL. World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1:293–39.
- Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E, Fuller C, Hilt D, Thurmond B, et al. The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). J Neurol Sci. 1999;169:13–21.
- Turner MR, Cagnin A, Turkheimer FE, Miller CC, Shaw CE, Brooks DJ, et al. Evidence of widespread cerebral microglial activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an [11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;15:601–9.
- Balendra R, Jones A, Jivraj N, Steen IN, Young CA, Shaw PJ, et al. Use of clinical staging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for phase 3 clinical trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:45–9.
- Drijgers RL, Dujardin K, Reijnders JS, Defebvre L, Leentjens AF. Validation of diagnostic criteria for apathy in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:656–60.
- Santangelo G, Raimo S, Siciliano M, D'Iorio A, Piscopo F, Cuoco S, et al. Assessment of apathy independent of physical disability: validation of the Dimensional Apathy Scale in Italian healthy sample. Neurol Sci. 2017;38:303–9.
- Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess. 1996;67:588–97.
- Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.
- Raven JC. Guide to using the Coloured Progressive Matrices. London: Lewis 1965.
- McHorney CA, Tarlov AR. Individual-patient monitoring in clinical practice: are available health status surveys adequate? Qual Life Res. 1995;4:293–307.
- Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16:297–334.
- Hays RD, Anderson R, Revicki D. Psychometric considerations in evaluating health-related quality of life measures. Qual Life Res. 1993;2:441–9.
- Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychological theory. 3th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill; 1994.
- Cohen J, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2th ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; 1988.
- Terada T, Obi T, Yoshizumi M, Murai T, Miyajima H, Mizoguchi K. Frontal lobe-mediated behavioral changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: are they independent of physical disabilities?. J Neurol Sci. 2011;309:136–40.
- Schreiber H, Gaigalat T, Wiedemuth-Catrinescu U, Graf M, Uttner I, Muche R, et al. Cognitive function in bulbar- and spinal-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A longitudinal study in 52 patients. J Neurol. 2005;252:772–81.