References
- http://www.alsuntangled.com/open.php. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1I40pTg. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, eds. Mandel, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015.
- Davidoff R. Penicillin and presynaptic inhibition in the amphibian spinal cord. Brain Res. 1972;36:218–22.
- Tsuda A, Ito M, Kishi K, Shiraishi H, Tsuda H, Mori C. Effect of penicillin on GABA-gated chloride ion influx. Neurochem Res. 1994;19:1–4.
- Sugimoto M, Fukami S, Kayakiri H, Yamazaki S, Matsuoka N, Uchida I. The β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin-G and cefoselis have different mechanisms and sites of action at GABAA receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;135:427–32.
- Lindquist C, Dalziel J, Cromer B, Birnir B. Penicillin blocks human alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABAA channels that open spontaneously. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;496:23–32.
- Rossokhin A, Sharonova I, Bukanova J, Kolbaev S, Skrebitsky V. Block of GABAA receptor ion channel by penicillin: electrophysiological and modeling insights toward the mechanism. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2014;63:72–82.
- Charington C, Taberner P. Penicillin-induced convulsions and inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase. Br J Pharmacol. 1979;66:72
- Cutler R, Young J. The effect of penicillin on the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from cerebral cortex slices. Brain Res. 1979;170:157–63.
- de Boer T, Stoof J, van Duyn H. Effect of penicillin on transmitter release from rat cortical tissue. Brain Res. 1980;192:296–300.
- Katzung B, Masters S, Trevor A. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 11th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2009.
- Banay-Schwartz M, Zanchin G, De Guzman T, Lajtha A. The effect of corticosteroids on amino acid content of brain tissue preparations. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1979;4:207–17.
- Sale M, Ridding M, Nordstrom M. Cortisol inhibits neuroplasticity induction in human motor cortex. J Neurosci. 2008;28:8285–93.
- Milani P, Piu P, Popa T, della Volpe R, Bonifazi M, Rossi A. Cortisol-induced effects on human cortical excitability. Brain Stimul. 2010;3:131–9.
- El Alaoui-Faris M, Medejel A, Al Zemmouri K, Yahyaoui M, Chkili T. Le syndrome de sclerose laterale amyotrophique d'origine syphilitique. (The syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of syhphilitic origin). Rev Neurol. 1990;146:41–4.
- http://www.sevbi.org/treatment. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1Laj6ye. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- Tuk B. Syphilis may be a confounding factor, not a causative agent, in syphilitic ALS [version 1]. F1000Res. 2016;5:1904
- Tuk B. Overstimulation of the inhibitory nervous system plays a role in the pathogenesis of neuromuscular and neurological diseases: a novel hypothesis [version 2]. F1000Res. 2016;5:1435.
- https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017065602A1/en. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1M53Pbv. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- http://rypharma.com. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6zJbtEnbT. Accessed April 10, 2018.
- Tuk B, Jousma H, Gaillard P. Treatment with penicillin G and hydrocortisone reduces ALS-associated symptoms: a case series of three patients . F1000Res. 2017;6:410.
- Hooten KG, Beers D, Zhao W, Appel SH. Protective and toxic neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12:364–75.
- Fournier CN, Schoenfeld D, Berry JD, Cudkowicz ME, Chan J, Quinn C, et al. An open label study of a novel immunosuppression intervention for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2018;19:242–9.
- Tan E, Lynn DJ, Amato AA, Kissel JT, Rammohan KW, Sahenk Z, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment of motor neuron syndromes. Attempts to distinguish a treatable disorder. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:194–200.
- Blasco H, Mavel S, Corcia P, Gordon PH. The glutamate hypothesis in ALS: pathophysiology and drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2014;21:3551–75.
- Lei H, Dirren E, Poitry-Yamate C, Schneider B, Gruetter R, Aebischer P. Evolution of the neurochemical profiles in the G93A-SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2018;doi: 10.1177/0271678X18756499.
- Nieto-Gonzalez J, Moser J, Lauritzen M, Schmitt-John T, Jensen K. Reduced GABAergic inhibition explains cortical hyperexcitability in the wobbler mouse model of ALS. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21:625–35.
- Foerster BR, Pomper MG, Callaghan BC, Petrou M, Edden RAE, Mohamed MA, et al. An imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis revealed by use of 3-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:1009–16.
- Perry T, Hansen S, Jones K. Brain glutamate deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1987;37:1845–8.
- Vatsavayai SC, Yoon SJ, Gardner RC, Gendron TF, Vargas JNS, Trujillo A, et al. Timing and significance of pathological features in C9orf72 expansion-associated frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2016;139:3202–16.
- Janssen P, Houben M, Hoff E. Photosensitivity in a patient with C9orf72 repeat expansion. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2016;17:266–9.
- Capasso M, Anzellotti F, Di Giacomo R, Onofrj M. Epilepsy and electroencephalographic abnormalities in C9orf72 repeat expansion. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degenerer. 2017;18:140–1.
- van den Ameele J, Jedlickova I, Pristoupilova A, Sieben A, Van Mossevelde S, Ceuterick-de Groote C, et al. Teenage-onset progressive myoclonic epilepsy due to a familial C9orf72 repeat expansion. Neurology. 2018;90:e658–63.
- Beagle AJ, Darwish SM, Ranasinghe KG, La AL, Karageorgiou E, Vossel KA. Relative incidence of seizures and myoclonus in Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60:211–23.
- Vucic S, Ziemann U, Eisen A, Hallett M, Kiernan M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiological insights. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:1161–70.
- Shibuya K, Simon NG, Geevasinga N, Menon P, Howells J, Park SB, et al. The evolution of motor cortical dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128:1075–82.
- Enevoldson T. Recreational drugs and their neurologic consequences. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2004;75:iii9–15.
- Knuijt S, Kalf JG, de Swart BJM, Drost G, Hendricks HT, Geurts ACH, et al. Dysarthria and dysphagia are highly prevalent among various types of neuromuscular diseases. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:1285–9.
- Diana A, Pillai R, Bongioanni P, O’Keeffe A, Miller R, Moore D. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulators for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1:CD006049.
- Cudkowicz ME, Shefner JM, Schoenfeld DA, Brown RH, Johnson H, Qureshi M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;61:456–64.
- Gordon PH, Moore DH, Miller RG, Florence JM, Verheijde J, Doorish C, et al. Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:1045–53.
- González JC, Egea J, Del Carmen Godino M, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Sánchez-Prieto J, Gandía L,et al. Neuroprotectant minocycline depresses glutamatergic neurotransmission and Ca2+ signaling in hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26:2481–95.
- Cengiz B, Mercan M, Kuruoglu R. Spinal excitability changes do not influence the mechanisms of split-hand syndrome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2018; [Epub ahead of print].
- Rothstein JD, Patel S, Regan MR, Haenggeli C, Huang YH, Bergles DE, et al. Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression . Nature. 2005;433:73–7.
- Cudkowicz ME, Titus S, Kearney M, Yu H, Sherman A, Schoenfeld D, et al. Safety and efficacy of ceftriaxone for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multi-stage, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:1083–91.
- Evans MC, Gaillard PJ, de Boer M, Appeldoorn C, Dorland R, Sibson NR, et al. CNS-targeted glucocorticoid reduces pathology in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:66.
- Personal communication between ALSUntangled and Dr. Tuk; 2018.
- https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatments/show/8823. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1g9TLmV. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatments/show/28880. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1gAZO4v. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatments/show/5768. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1gCL5rR. Accessed April 28, 2018.
- https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatments/show/2133. Accessed April 28. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6z1fsow75. Accessed April 28 2018.
- Personal communication between ALSUntangled and Dr. L.H. van den Berg, June 20, 2018.
- https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2017-001983-39/NL. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/70ujNKm56. Accessed July 14, 2018.
- Hassler D, Zoller L, Haude M, Hufnagel H, Heinrich F, Sonntag H. Cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of Lyme disease-prospective, randomized therapeutic study. Infection. 1990;18:16–20.
- Cooper C. Safety of long term therapy with penicillin and penicillin derivatives. 2001. Archived by WebCite® at https://doi.org/http://www.webcitation.org/6z2to5ToW.
- Galvao TF, Silva MT, Serruya SJ, Newman LM, Klausner JD, Pereira MG, et al. Safety of benzathine penicillin for preventing congenital syphilis: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56463.
- Buchman A. Side effects of corticosteroid therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33:289–94.
- https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/solu-cortef. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6zd9baaW1. Accessed May 23, 2018.
- https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/penicillin-g-potassium. Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6zdAZTbxr. Accessed May 23, 2018.