75
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Managing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Pages 19-35 | Received 31 Aug 2016, Accepted 15 Nov 2016, Published online: 24 Nov 2016

References

  • Styczynski J, van der Velden W, Fox CP, et al. Management of Epstein-Barr virus infections and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-6) guidelines. Haematologica. 2016;101:803–811.
  • Dharnidharka VR, Webster AC, Martinez OM, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:15088.
  • Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, et al. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the second European conference on infections in Leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;43:757–770.
  • Gil L, Styczynski J, Komarnicki M. Strategy of pre-emptive management of Epstein-Barr Virus post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after stem cell transplantation: results of European transplant centers survey. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2012;16:338–340.
  • Heslop HE. How I treat EBV lymphoproliferation. Blood. 2009;114:4002–4008.
  • Dierickx D, Tousseyn T, Gheysens O. How I treat posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood. 2015;126:2274–2283.
  • San-Juan R, Comoli P, Caillard S, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 7):109–118.
  • San-Juan R, Manuel O, Hirsch HH, et al. Current preventive strategies and management of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid organ transplantation in Europe. Results of the ESGICH questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:604.e1–604.e9.
  • Trappe R, Oertel S, Leblond V, et al. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:196–206.
  • Styczynski J, Tridello G, Gil L, et al. Impact of donor Epstein-Barr virus serostatus on the incidence of graft-versus-host disease in patients with acute leukemia after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a study from the Acute Leukemia and infectious diseases working parties of the European society for blood and marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2212–2220.
  • Styczynski J, Gil L, Tridello G, et al. Response to rituximab-based therapy and risk factor analysis in Epstein Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorder after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children and adults: a study from the infectious diseases working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:794–802.
  • Morscio J, Tousseyn T. The role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In: Styczynski J, editors. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Transmission, diagnosis and role in the development of cancers. New York (NY): Nova Science Publishers; 2014. p. 73–152.
  • Bollard CM, Rooney CM, Heslop HE. T-cell therapy in the treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9:510–519.
  • Weber T, Wickenhauser C, Monecke A, et al. Treatment of rare co-occurrence of Epstein-Barr virus-driven post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2014;16:988–992.
  • Xuan L, Jiang X, Sun J, et al. Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2013;96:560–566.
  • Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, et al. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood. 2011;117:5019–5032.
  • Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016;127:2375–2390.
  • Swerdlow SH, Craig FE. Iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Vardiman JW, et al., editors. Hematopathology. St Louis (MI): Elsevier; 2011. p. 854–866.
  • Curtis RE, Travis LB, Rowlings PA, et al. Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Blood. 1999;94:2208–2216.
  • Ocheni S, Kroeger N, Zabelina T, et al. EBV reactivation and post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders following allogeneic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;42:181–186.
  • Worth A, Conyers R, Cohen J, et al. Pre-emptive rituximab based on viraemia and T cell reconstitution: a highly effective strategy for the prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease following stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2011;155:377–385.
  • Garcia-Cadenas I, Castillo N, Martino R, et al. Impact of Epstein Barr virus-related complications after high-risk allo-SCT in the era of preemptive rituximab. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:579–584.
  • Cesaro S, Pegoraro A, Tridello G, et al. A prospective study on modulation of immunosuppression for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in pediatric patients who underwent unrelated hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2010;89:1533–1540.
  • Comoli P, Basso S, Zecca M, et al. Preemptive therapy of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease after pediatric haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:1648–1655.
  • Kanakry JA, Kasamon YL, Bolanos-Meade J, et al. Absence of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:1514–1517.
  • Sanz J, Arango M, Senent L, et al. EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after umbilical cord blood transplantation in adults with hematological diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:397–402.
  • Dumas PY, Ruggeri A, Robin M, et al. Incidence and risk factors of EBV reactivation after unrelated cord blood transplantation: a eurocord and societe francaise de greffe de moelle-therapie cellulaire collaborative study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:253–256.
  • Peric Z, Cahu X, Chevallier P, et al. Features of EBV reactivation after reduced intensity conditioning unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47:251–257.
  • Carpenter B, Haque T, Dimopoulou M, et al. Incidence and dynamics of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after alemtuzumab-based conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2010;90:564–570.
  • Patriarca F, Medeot M, Isola M, et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of Epstein-Barr virus DNA-emia in high-risk recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation treated with preemptive rituximab. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013;15:259–267.
  • Fox CP, Burns D, Parker AN, et al. EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following in vivo T-cell-depleted allogeneic transplantation: clinical features, viral load correlates and prognostic factors in the rituximab era. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:280–286.
  • Eckrich MJ, Frangoul H, Knight J, et al. A case of pediatric ptld following autologous stem cell transplantation and review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16:E15–E18.
  • Nash RA, Dansey R, Storek J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after high-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous CD34-selected hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune diseases. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2003;9:583–591.
  • Powell JL, Bunin NJ, Callahan C, et al. An unexpectedly high incidence of Epstein-Barr virus lymphoproliferative disease after CD34+ selected autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant in neuroblastoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33:651–657.
  • Gross TG. Treatment for Epstein-Barr virus-associated PTLD. Herpes. 2009;15:64–67.
  • Marshall NA, Howe JG, Formica R, et al. Rapid reconstitution of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T lymphocytes following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2000;96:2814–2821.
  • Brunstein CG, Weisdorf DJ, DeFor T, et al. Marked increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-related complications with the addition of antithymocyte globulin to a nonmyeloablative conditioning prior to unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation. Blood. 2006;108:2874–2880.
  • Cohen JM, Cooper N, Chakrabarti S, et al. EBV-related disease following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48:256–269.
  • Uhlin M, Wikell H, Sundin M, et al. Risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2014;99:346–352.
  • Sundin M, Le Blanc K, Ringden O, et al. The role of HLA mismatch, splenectomy and recipient Epstein-Barr virus seronegativity as risk factors in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2006;91:1059–1067.
  • Landgren O, Gilbert ES, Rizzo JD, et al. Risk factors for lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113:4992–5001.
  • Omar H, Hagglund H, Gustafsson-Jernberg A, et al. Targeted monitoring of patients at high risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease by quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction. Transpl Infect Dis. 2009;11:393–399.
  • Mautner J, Bornkamm GW. The role of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in the control of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Eur J Cell Biol. 2012;91:31–35.
  • Omar H, Ahmed R, Rane L, et al. Decreased IL-7 signaling in T cells from patients with PTLD after allogeneic HSCT. J Immunother. 2011;34:390–396.
  • Cohen JM, Sebire NJ, Harvey J, et al. Successful treatment of lymphoproliferative disease complicating primary immunodeficiency/immunodysregulatory disorders with reduced-intensity allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Blood. 2007;110:2209–2214.
  • van der Velden WJ, Mori T, Stevens WB, et al. Reduced PTLD-related mortality in patients experiencing ebv infection following allo-SCT after the introduction of a protocol incorporating pre-emptive rituximab. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:1465–1471.
  • Mensen A, Na IK, Hafer R, et al. Comparison of different rabbit ATG preparation effects on early lymphocyte subset recovery after allogeneic HSCT and its association with EBV-mediated PTLD. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2014;140:1971–1980.
  • Styczynski J. Results of therapy of EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in children and adults with anti-CD20 antibodies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In: Styczynski J, editors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): transmission, diagnosis and role in the development of cancers. New York (NY): Nova Science Publishers; 2014. p. 239–268.
  • Kinch A, Oberg G, Arvidson J, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and other Epstein-Barr virus diseases in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation after introduction of monitoring of viral load by polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:235–244.
  • Uhlin M, Mattsson J, Maeurer M. Update on viral infections in lung transplantation. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18:264–270.
  • Stevens SJ, Verschuuren EA, Pronk I, et al. Frequent monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in unfractionated whole blood is essential for early detection of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in high-risk patients. Blood. 2001;97:1165–1171.
  • Dierickx D, Tousseyn T, Requile A, et al. The accuracy of positron emission tomography in the detection of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Haematologica. 2013;98:771–775.
  • Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3059–3068.
  • Haque T, Chaggar T, Schafers J, et al. Soluble CD30: a serum marker for Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. J Med Virol. 2011;83:311–316.
  • Vase MO, Maksten EF, Bendix K, et al. Occurrence and prognostic relevance of CD30 expression in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:1677–1685.
  • Chen DB, Song QJ, Chen YX, et al. Clinicopathologic spectrum and EBV status of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2013;97:117–124.
  • Hill BT, Tubbs RR, Smith MR. Complete remission of CD30-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and end-stage renal disease treated with single-agent brentuximab vedotin. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:1552–1553.
  • Rosenberg SA. Validity of the ann arbor staging classification for the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:1023–1027.
  • Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the international conference on malignant lymphomas imaging working group. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3048–3058.
  • Ljungman P, Brand R, Hoek J, et al. Donor cytomegalovirus status influences the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplant: a study by the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:473–481.
  • Bollard CM, Heslop HE. T cells for viral infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127:3331–3340.
  • Gong JZ, Bayerl MG, Sandhaus LM, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder after umbilical cord blood transplantation in children. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:328–336.
  • Reddiconto G, Chiusolo P, Fiorini A, et al. Assessment of cellular origin and EBV status in a PTLD after double cord blood transplantation. Leukemia. 2007;21:2552–2554.
  • Rasche L, Kapp M, Einsele H, et al. EBV-induced post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: a persisting challenge in allogeneic hematopoetic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:163–167.
  • Loren AW, Porter DL, Stadtmauer EA, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a review. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31:145–155.
  • Hiraga J, Tomita A, Sugimoto T, et al. Down-regulation of CD20 expression in B-cell lymphoma cells after treatment with rituximab-containing combination chemotherapies: its prevalence and clinical significance. Blood. 2009;113:4885–4893.
  • Stolz C, Schuler M. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to rituximab and pharmacologic strategies for its circumvention. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50:873–885.
  • Czyzewski K, Styczynski J, Krenska A, et al. Intrathecal therapy with rituximab in central nervous system involvement of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:503–506.
  • Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:8–32.
  • Petropoulou AD, Porcher R, Peffault De Latour R, et al. Increased infection rate after preemptive rituximab treatment for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2012;94:879–883.
  • Paya CV, Fung JJ, Nalesnik MA, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-induced posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. ASTS/ASTP EBV-PTLD task force and the Mayo Clinic organized international consensus development meeting. Transplantation. 1999;68:1517–1525.
  • Cesaro S, Murrone A, Mengoli C, et al. The real-time polymerase chain reaction-guided modulation of immunosuppression enables the pre-emptive management of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2005;128:224–233.
  • Abu-Zeinah G, Al-Kawaaz M. EBV-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): background, diagnosis and treatment. In: Styczynski J, editors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): transmission, diagnosis and role in the development of cancers. New York (NY): Nova Science Publishers; 2014. p. 153–174.
  • Lucas KG, Burton RL, Zimmerman SE, et al. Semiquantitative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) polymerase chain reaction for the determination of patients at risk for EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disease after stem cell transplantation. Blood. 1998;91:3654–3661.
  • Papadopoulos EB, Ladanyi M, Emanuel D, et al. Infusions of donor leukocytes to treat Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1185–1191.
  • Styczynski J, Einsele H, Gil L, et al. Outcome of treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in hematopoietic stem cell recipients: a comprehensive review of reported cases. Transpl Infect Dis. 2009;11:383–392.
  • Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, et al. Infusion of cytotoxic T cells for the prevention and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoma in allogeneic transplant recipients. Blood. 1998;92:1549–1555.
  • Leen AM, Bollard CM, Mendizabal AM, et al. Multicenter study of banked third-party virus-specific T cells to treat severe viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013;121:5113–5123.
  • Wang X, Riviere I. Manufacture of tumor- and virus-specific T lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapies. Cancer Gene Ther. 2015;22:85–94.
  • Uhlin M, Okas M, Gertow J, et al. A novel haplo-identical adoptive CTL therapy as a treatment for EBV-associated lymphoma after stem cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59:473–477.
  • Knight JS, Tsodikov A, Cibrik DM, et al. Lymphoma after solid organ transplantation: risk, response to therapy, and survival at a transplantation center. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3354–3362.
  • Gershburg E, Pagano JS. Phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA polymerase processivity factor EA-D by the EBV-encoded protein kinase and effects of the L-riboside benzimidazole 1263w94. J Virol. 2002;76:998–1003.
  • Choquet S, Trappe R, Leblond V, et al. CHOP-21 for the treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) following solid organ transplantation. Haematologica. 2007;92:273–274.
  • Williams-Aziz SL, Hartline CB, Harden EA, et al. Comparative activities of lipid esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir against replication of herpesviruses in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3724–3733.
  • Perrine SP, Hermine O, Small T, et al. A phase 1/2 trial of arginine butyrate and ganciclovir in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 2007;109:2571–2578.
  • Wang FZ, Roy D, Gershburg E, et al. Maribavir inhibits Epstein-Barr virus transcription in addition to viral DNA replication. J Virol. 2009;83:12108–12117.
  • Whitehurst CB, Sanders MK, Law M, et al. Maribavir inhibits Epstein-Barr virus transcription through the EBV protein kinase. J Virol. 2013;87:5311–5315.
  • Marty FM, Ljungman P, Papanicolaou GA, et al. Maribavir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of allogeneic stem-cell transplants: a phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:284–292.
  • Hostetler KY. Synthesis and early development of hexadecyloxypropylcidofovir: an oral antipoxvirus nucleoside phosphonate. Viruses. 2010;2:2213–2225.
  • Leen AM, Myers GD, Sili U, et al. Monoculture-derived t lymphocytes specific for multiple viruses expand and produce clinically relevant effects in immunocompromised individuals. Nat Med. 2006;12:1160–1166.
  • Gerdemann U, Vera JF, Rooney CM, et al. Generation of multivirus-specific T cells to prevent/treat viral infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. J Vis Exp. 2011;51:2736.
  • Blazar BR, Levy RB, Mak TW, et al. CD30/CD30 ligand (CD153) interaction regulates CD4+ T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease. J Immunol. 2004;173:2933–2941.
  • Dominietto A, Tedone E, Soracco M, et al. In vivo B-cell depletion with rituximab for alternative donor hemopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47:101–106.
  • Liu D, Tammik C, Zou JZ, et al. Effect of combined T- and B-cell depletion of allogeneic HLA-mismatched bone marrow graft on the magnitude and kinetics of Epstein-Barr virus load in the peripheral blood of bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2004;18:518–524.
  • Heslop HE, Slobod KS, Pule MA, et al. Long-term outcome of EBV-specific T-cell infusions to prevent or treat EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease in transplant recipients. Blood. 2010;115:925–935.
  • Gartner BC, Schafer H, Marggraff K, et al. Evaluation of use of Epstein-Barr viral load in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation to diagnose and monitor posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:351–358.
  • Weinstock DM, Ambrossi GG, Brennan C, et al. Preemptive diagnosis and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after hematopoietic stem cell transplant: an approach in development. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37:539–546.
  • van Esser JW, Niesters HG, van der Holt B, et al. Prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-lymphoproliferative disease by molecular monitoring and preemptive rituximab in high-risk patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2002;99:4364–4369.
  • Ahmad I, Cau NV, Kwan J, et al. Preemptive management of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2009;87:1240–1245.
  • Peric Z, Cahu X, Chevallier P, et al. Features of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leukemia. 2011;25:932–938.
  • Coppoletta S, Tedone E, Galano B, et al. Rituximab treatment for Epstein-Barr virus DNA-emia after alternative-donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17:901–907.
  • Faraci M, Caviglia I, Morreale G, et al. Viral-load and B-lymphocyte monitoring of EBV reactivation after allogeneic hemopoietic SCT in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45:1052–1055.
  • Wroblewska M, Gil LA, Komarnicki MA. Successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease with central nervous system involvement following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation - a case study. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40:122–125.
  • Vickers MA, Wilkie GM, Robinson N, et al. Establishment and operation of a good manufacturing practice-compliant allogeneic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic cell bank for the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease. Br J Haematol. 2014;167:402–410.
  • Evens AM, Choquet S, Kroll-Desrosiers AR, et al. Primary CNS posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): an international report of 84 cases in the modern era. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1512–1522.
  • Blaes AH, Cao Q, Wagner JE, et al. Monitoring and preemptive rituximab therapy for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after antithymocyte globulin containing nonmyeloablative conditioning for umbilical cord blood transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16:287–291.
  • D’Aveni M, Aissi-Rothe L, Venard V, et al. The clinical value of concomitant Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-DNA load and specific immune reconstitution monitoring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 2011;24:224–232.
  • Muramatsu H, Takahashi Y, Shimoyama Y, et al. CD20-negative Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease refractory to rituximab in a patient with severe aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol. 2011;93:779–781.
  • Bordon V, Padalko E, Benoit Y, et al. Incidence, kinetics, and risk factors of Epstein-Barr virus viremia in pediatric patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16:144–150.
  • Pinana JL, Sanz J, Esquirol A, et al. Umbilical cord blood transplantation in adults with advanced Hodgkin’s disease: high incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Eur J Haematol. 2016;96:128–135.
  • Kuriyama T, Kawano N, Yamashita K, et al. Successful treatment of rituximab-resistant Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder using R-CHOP. J Clin Exp Hematop. 2014;54:149–153.
  • Meyer SC, Medinger M, Halter JP, et al. Heterogeneity in clinical course of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Hematology. 2014;19:280–285.
  • Han SB, Bae EY, Lee JW, et al. Features of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in Korean children living in an area of high seroprevalence against Epstein-Barr virus. Int J Hematol. 2014;100:188–199.
  • Helgestad J, Rosthoj S, Pedersen MH, et al. Very late relapse of PTLD 10 yr after allogeneic hsct and nine yr after stopping immunosuppressive therapy. Pediatr Transplant. 2014;18:E35–39.
  • Barker JN, Doubrovina E, Sauter C, et al. Successful treatment of EBV-associated posttransplantation lymphoma after cord blood transplantation using third-party EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood. 2010;116:5045–5049.
  • Moosmann A, Bigalke I, Tischer J, et al. Effective and long-term control of EBV PTLD after transfer of peptide-selected T cells. Blood. 2010;115:2960–2970.
  • Doubrovina E, Oflaz-Sozmen B, Prockop SE, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy with unselected or EBV-specific T cells for biopsy-proven EBV+ lymphomas after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2012;119:2644–2656.
  • Li X, Li N, Yang T, et al. Lymph node flow cytometry as a prompt recognition of ultra early onset PTLD: a successful case of rituximab treatment. Case Rep Hematol. 2015;2015:430623.
  • Aimoto M, Yamane T, Inoue A, et al. [Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder diagnosed by the episode of intestinal perforation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2010;51:1775–1780.
  • Cheng FW, Lee V, To KF, et al. Post-transplant EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder complicating umbilical cord blood transplantation in patients of adrenoleukodystrophy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53:1329–1331.
  • Gu Z, Cai B, Yuan L, et al. Successful treatment of polymorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after allo-HSCT with reduction of immunosuppression. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:1904–1909.
  • Luo L, Zhang L, Cai B, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center experience. Ann Transplant. 2014;19:6–12.
  • Krenauer A, Moll A, Ponisch W, et al. EBV-associated post-transplantation B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder following allogenic stem cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: tumor regression after reduction of immunosuppression - a case report. Diagn Pathol. 2010;5:21.
  • Kawaguchi T, Tsukamoto S, Ohwada C, et al. Successful treatment with rituximab and donor lymphocyte infusions for fulminant EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder that developed 14 years after unrelated BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:1583–1585.
  • Kittan NA, Beier F, Kurz K, et al. Isolated cerebral manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case of clinical and diagnostic challenges. Transpl Infect Dis. 2011;13:524–530.
  • Ferreiro JF, Morscio J, Dierickx D, et al. EBV-positive and EBV-negative posttransplant diffuse large B cell lymphomas have distinct genomic and transcriptomic features. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:414–425.
  • Herreman A, Dierickx D, Morscio J, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders of T-cell origin: single-center series of nine cases and meta-analysis of 147 reported cases. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:2190–2199.
  • Tiede C, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Klein C, et al. Risk factors and prognosis in T-cell posttransplantation lymphoproliferative diseases: reevaluation of 163 cases. Transplantation. 2013;95:479–488.
  • Pasquale MA, Weppler D, Smith J, et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma variant of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Pathol Oncol Res. 2002;8:105–108.
  • Roncella S, Cutrona G, Truini M, et al. Late Epstein-Barr virus infection of a hepatosplenic gamma delta T-cell lymphoma arising in a kidney transplant recipient. Haematologica. 2000;85:256–262.
  • Styczynski J. T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: the role of the Epstein-Barr virus. In: Styczynski J, editors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): transmission, diagnosis and role in the development of cancers. New York (NY): Nova Science Publishers; 2014. p. 207–238.
  • Styczynski J. Differences between EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation. In: Styczynski J, editors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): transmission, diagnosis and role in the development of cancers. New York (NY): Nova Science Publishers; 2014. p. 175–206.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.