118
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current and emerging treatment options for vernal keratoconjunctivitis

, , , , , & show all
Pages 343-353 | Received 19 Jan 2017, Accepted 24 Feb 2017, Published online: 07 Mar 2017

References

  • Bonini S, Bonini S, Lambiase A, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term follow up. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(6):1157–1163.
  • Smedt SD, Nkurikiye J, Fonteyne Y, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in school children in Rwanda and its association with socio-economic status: a population-based survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85(4):711–717.
  • Leonardi A, Busca F, Motterle L, et al. Case series of 406 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients: a demographic and epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(3):406–410.
  • Sacchetti M, Baiardini I, Lambiase A, et al. Development and testing of the quality of life in children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis questionnaire. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(4):557–563.
  • Dart JK, Buckley RJ, Monnickendan M, et al. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1986;105:513–520.
  • De Smedt S, Wildner G, Kestelyn P. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: an update. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(1):9–14.
  • Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(4):345–351.
  • Buckley RJ. Vernal keratopathy and its management. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1981;101:234–238.
  • Cameron JA. Shield ulcers and plaques of the cornea in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1995 Jun;102(6):985–993.
  • Marey HM, Mandour SS, El Morsy OA, et al. Impact of vernal keratoconjunctivitis on school children in Egypt. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016;29:0.
  • Hayilu D, Legesse K, Lakachew N, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of vernal keratoconjunctivitis among children in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;29;16(1):167.
  • Nebbioso M, Zicari AM, Celani C, et al. Pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis and associated factors. Semin Ophthalmol. 2015;30(5–6):340–344.
  • Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, et al. Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease? See comment PubMed Commons below Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(8):1097–1102.
  • Saboo US, Jain M, Reddy JC, et al. Demographic and clinical profile of vernal keratoconjunctivitis at a tertiary eye care center in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61(9):486–489.
  • Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part I: immunology of the eye. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(5):805–816.
  • Solomon A, Pe’er J, Levi-Schaffer F. Advances in ocular allergy: basic mechanisms, clinical patterns and new therapies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;1(5):477–482.
  • Leonardi A, Di Stefano A, Vicari C, et al. Histamine H4 receptors in normal conjunctiva and in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2011;66(10):1360–1366.
  • Tabbara KF. Tear tryptase in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(3):338–342.
  • Bonini S, Magrini L, Rotiroti G, et al. Eosinophil and the eye. Allergy. 1997;52(34 Suppl):44–47.
  • Fukagawa K, Saito H, Azuma N, et al. Histamine and tryptase levels in allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 1994;13(4):345–348.
  • Bozkurt B, Artac H, Arslan N, et al. Systemic atopy and immunoglobulin deficiency in Turkish patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(1):28–33.
  • Miller S, Cook E, Graziano F, et al. Human conjunctival mast cell responses in vitro to various secretagogues. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1996;4(1):39–50.
  • Leonardi A, Sathe S, Bortolotti M, et al. Cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, angiogenic and growth factors in tears of normal subjects and vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients. Allergy. 2009;64(5):710–717.
  • Leonardi A, De Franchis G, Zancanaro F, et al. Identification of local Th2 and Th0 lymphocytes in vernal conjunctivitis by cytokine flow cytometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(12):3036–3040.
  • Micera A, Di Zazzo A, Esposito G, et al. Quiescent and active tear protein profiles to predict vernal keratoconjunctivitis reactivation. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1–10.
  • Leonardi A, Borghesan F, Faggian D, et al. Eosinophil cationic protein in tears of normal subjects and patients affected by vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 1995;50(7):610–613.
  • Abu el-Asrar AM, Geboes K, Al-Kharashi S, et al. Adhesion molecules in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(12):1099–1106.
  • Abu el-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Van Damme J, et al. Role of chemokines in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2003;43(1):33–39.
  • Bonini S, Micera A, Iovieno A, et al. Expression of toll-like receptors in healthy and allergic conjunctiva. Ophthalmology. 2005;1129:1528. discussion 1548-9
  • Lambiase A, Micera A, Sacchetti M, et al. Toll-like receptors in ocular surface diseases: overview and new findings. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(10):441–450.
  • Lambiase A, Normando EM, Vitiello L, et al. Natural killer cells in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Mol Vis. 2007;30(13):1562–1567.
  • Bucolo C, Musumeci M, Musumeci S, et al. Acidic mammalian chitinase and the eye: implications for ocular inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2011;25;2:43.
  • Motterle L, Diebold Y, Enríquez de Salamanca A, et al. Altered expression of neurotransmitter receptors and neuromediators in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(4):462–468.
  • Micera A, Lambiase A, Stampachiacchiere B, et al. Nerve growth factor has a modulatory role on human primary fibroblast cultures derived from vernal keratoconjunctivitis-affected conjunctiva. Mol Vis. 2007;21(13):981–987.
  • Abu el-Asrar AM, Al-Mansouri S, Tabbara KF, et al. Immunopathogenesis of conjunctival remodelling in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(1):71–79.
  • Leonardi A, Di Stefano A, Motterle L, et al. Transforming growth factor-β/Smad - signalling pathway and conjunctival remodelling in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(1):52–60.
  • Leonardi A, Brun P, Abatangelo G, et al. Tear levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(7):3052–3058.
  • Bonini S, Lambiase A, Schiavone M, et al. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(9):1374–1379.
  • Sacchetti M, Lambiase A, Moretti C, et al. Sex hormones in allergic conjunctivitis: altered levels of circulating androgens and estrogens in children and adolescents with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:1–6.
  • Reddy JC, Basu S, Saboo US, et al. Management, clinical outcomes, and complications of shield ulcers in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155(3):550–559.
  • Solomon A, Zamir E, Levartovsky S, et al. Surgical management of corneal plaques in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a clinicopathologic study. Cornea. 2004;23(6):608–612.
  • Tabbara KF. Ocular complications of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1999;34(2):88–92.
  • Sangwan VS, Jain V, Vemuganti GK, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis with limbal stem cell deficiency. Cornea. 2011;30(5):491–496.
  • Nebbioso M, Zicari AM, Lollobrigida V, et al. Assessment of corneal alterations by confocal microscopy in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2015;30(1):40–43.
  • Leonardi A, Lazzarini D, Bortolotti M, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3):509–515.
  • Villani E, Strologo MD, Pichi F, et al. Dry eye in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a cross-sectional comparative study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(42):1648.
  • Liu M, Gao H, Wang T, et al. An essential role for dendritic cells in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44(3):362–370.
  • Le Q, Hong J, Zhu W, et al. In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;39(1):53–60.
  • Gokhale NS. Systematic approach to managing vernal keratoconjunctivitis in clinical practice: severity grading system and a treatment algorithm. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2016;64(2):145–148.
  • Bonini S, Sacchetti M, Mantelli F, et al. Clinical grading of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7(5):436–441.
  • Sacchetti M, Lambiase A, Mantelli F, et al. Tailored approach to the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(7):1294–1299.
  • Bielory L. Ocular allergy treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2008;28(1):189–224.
  • Ackerman S, Smith LM, Gomes PJ. Ocular itch associated with allergic conjunctivitis: latest evidence and clinical management. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2016;7(1):52–67.
  • Mantelli F, Santos MS, Petitti T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials on topical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(12):1656–1661.
  • Verin P, Allewaert R, Joyaux JC, et al. Lodoxamide Study Group. Comparison of lodoxamide 0.1% ophthalmic solution and levocabastine 0.05% ophthalmic suspension in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001;11(2):120–125.
  • Avunduk AM, Avunduk MC, Kapicioglu Z, et al. Mechanisms and comparison of anti-allergic efficacy of topical lodoxamide and cromolyn sodium treatment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(7):1333–1337.
  • Verin PH, Dicker ID, Mortemousque B. Nedocromil sodium eye drops are more effective than sodium cromoglycate eye drops for the long-term management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(4):529–536.
  • Leonardi A, Bremond-Gignac D, Bortolotti M, et al. Clinical and biological efficacy of preservative-free NAAGA eye-drops versus levocabastine eye-drops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(12):1662–1666.
  • Hida WT, Nogueira DC, Schaefer A, et al. Comparative study between 0.025% ketotifen fumarate and 0.1% olopatadine hydrochloride in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2006;69(6):851–856.
  • Oner V, Türkcü FM, Taş M, et al. Topical loteprednol etabonate 0.5% for treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: efficacy and safety. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012;56(4):312–318.
  • Saini JS, Gupta A, Pandey SK, et al. Efficacy of supratarsal dexamethasone versus triamcinolone injection in recalcitrant vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999;77(5):515–518.
  • Singh S, Pal V, Dhull CS. Supratarsal injection of corticosteroids in the treatment of refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001;49(4):241–245.
  • Caputo R, Pucci N, Mori F, et al. Surgical debridement plus topical cyclosporine A in the treatment of vernal shield ulcers. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):775–780.
  • Sridhar MS, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation in the management of shield ulcers of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(7):1218–1222.
  • Sharma A, Gupta R, Ram J, et al. Topical ketorolac 0.5% solution for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1997;45(3):177–180.
  • Uchio E, Itoh Y, Kadonosono K. Topical bromfenac sodium for long-term management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmologica. 2007;221(3):153–158.
  • Flach AJ. Corneal melts associated with topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2001;99:205–210.
  • Mahdy RAR, Nada WM, Marei AA. Subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy versus topical treatment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2012;31(5):525–528.
  • Fujishima H, Fukagawa K, Satake Y, et al. Combined medical and surgical treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44(5):511–515.
  • Wan KH, Chen LJ, Rong SS, et al. Topical cyclosporine in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(11):2197–2203.
  • Bleik JH, Tabbara KF. Topical cyclosporine in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(11):1679–1684.
  • Secchi AG, Tognon MS, Leonardi A. Topical use of cyclosporine in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110(6):641–645.
  • Gupta V, Sahu PK. Topical cyclosporin A in the management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye (Lond). 2001;15(Pt 1):39–41.
  • Pucci N, Novembre E, Cianferoni A, et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine eyedrops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89(3):298–303.
  • Daniell M, Constantinou M, Vu HT, et al. Randomised controlled trial of topical ciclosporin A in steroid dependent allergic conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(4):461–464.
  • Kiliç A, Gürler B. Topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41(6):693–698.
  • Ohashi Y, Ebihara N, Fujishima H, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tacrolimus ophthalmic suspension 0.1% in severe allergic conjunctivitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(2):165–174.
  • Lambiase A, Leonardi A, Sacchetti M, et al. Topical cyclosporine prevents seasonal recurrences of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in a randomized, double-masked, controlled 2-year study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(4):896–897.
  • De Smedt S, Nkurikiye J, Fonteyne Y, et al. Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Rwanda, Central Africa: a prospective, randomised, double-masked, controlled clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(3):323–328.
  • Labcharoenwongs P, Jirapongsananuruk O, Visitsunthorn N, et al. A double-masked comparison of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment and 2% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2012;30(3):177–184.
  • Müller GG, José NK, de Castro RS. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% as sole therapy in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a randomized double-masked study. Eye Contact Lens. 2014;40(2):79–83.
  • Keklikci U, Dursun B, Cingu AK. Topical cyclosporine a 0.05% eyedrops in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis – randomized placebo-controlled trial. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23(3):455–461.
  • Pucci N, Caputo R, di Grande L, et al. Tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine eyedrops in severe cyclosporine-resistant vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A randomized, comparative, double-blind, crossover study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(3):256–261.
  • Pucci N, Caputo R, Mori F, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of topical cyclosporine in 156 children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23(3):865–871.
  • Spadavecchia L, Fanelli P, Tesse R, et al. Efficacy of 1.25% and 1% topical cyclosporine in the treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17(7):527–532.
  • Ebihara N, Ohashi Y, Uchio E, et al. A large prospective observational study of novel cyclosporine 0.1% aqueous ophthalmic solution in the treatment of severe allergic conjunctivitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009;25(4):365–372.
  • Yücel OE, Ulus ND. Efficacy and safety of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Singapore Med J. 2016;57(9):507–510.
  • Fukushima A, Ohashi Y, Ebihara N, et al. Therapeutic effects of 0.1% tacrolimus eye drops for refractory allergic ocular diseases with proliferative lesion or corneal involvement. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(8):1023–1027.
  • Shoughy SS, Jaroudi MO, Tabbara KF. Efficacy and safety of low-dose topical tacrolimus in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;7(10):643–647.
  • Miyazaki D, Tominaga T, Kakimaru-Hasegawa A, et al. Therapeutic effects of tacrolimus ointment for refractory ocular surface inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):988–992.
  • Miyazaki D, Fukushima A, Ohashi Y, et al. Steroid-sparing effect of 0.1% tacrolimus eye drop for treatment of shield ulcer and corneal epitheliopathy in refractory allergic ocular diseases. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:287–294.
  • Baena-Cagnani CE, Gómez RM. Current status of therapy with omalizumab in children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;14(2):149–154.
  • Sánchez J, Cardona R. Omalizumab. An option in vernal keratoconjunctivitis? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2012;40(5):319–320.
  • de Klerk TA, Sharma V, Arkwright PD, et al. Severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis successfully treated with subcutaneous omalizumab. J Aapos. 2013;17(3):305–306.
  • Heffler E, Picardi G, Liuzzo MT, et al. N. Omalizumab treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(4):461–463.
  • Lambiase A, Bonini S, Rasi G, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in vernal keratoconjunctivitis associated with asthma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(5):615–620.
  • Turan-Vural E, Acar BT, Acar S. The efficacy of topical interferon alpha 2b treatment in refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(2):125–129.
  • Iovieno A, Lambiase A, Sacchetti M, et al. Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of probiotic eye-drop treatment in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(3):435–441.
  • Salehi A, Jabarzare S, Neurmohamadi M, et al. A double blind clinical trial on the efficacy of honey drop in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:287540.
  • Dhiman KS, Sharma G, Singh S. A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Triyushnadi Anjana in Kaphaja Abhishyanda with special reference to vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ayu. 2010;31(4):466–472.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.