Strategies to prevent persistent or relapsed mixed cryoglobulinemia

References

• Brouet J-C, Clauvel J-P, Danon F, et al. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins: A report of 86 cases. Am J Med. 1974;57(5):775–788. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccatello D, Saadoun D, Ramos-Casals M, et al. Cryoglobulinaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2018;4:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zignego AL, Pawlotsky J-M, Bondin M, et al. Expert opinion on managing chronic HCV in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis. Antivir Ther. 2018;23:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzioufas AG, Boumba DS, Skopouli FN, et al. Mixed monoclonal cryoglobulinemia and monoclonal rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotypes as predictive factors for the development of lymphoma in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:767–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartuccio L, Isola M, Baldini C, et al. Biomarkers of lymphoma in Sjögren’s syndrome and evaluation of the lymphoma risk in prelymphomatous conditions: results of a multicenter study. J Autoimmun. 2014;51:75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Cacoub P. Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, et al. Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Am J Med. 2015;128:950–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Semoun O, Saadoun D, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1748–1757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 231 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;33:355–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadoun D, Cacoub P. Current and future therapeutic strategies for treating mixed cryoglobulinemia. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs. 2014;2:381–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retamozo S, Brito-Zerón P, Quartuccio L, et al. Introducing treat-to-target strategies of autoimmune extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:1085–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M, Zignego AL, Ferri C, et al. Evidence-based recommendations on the management of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;66:1282–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: [email protected]. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2016. J Hepatol. 2017;66:153–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P, Desbois AC, Comarmond C, et al. Impact of sustained virological response on the extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2018;67:2025–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P, Si Ahmed SN, Ferfar Y, et al. Long-term Efficacy of Interferon-Free Antiviral Treatment Regimens in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2019;17:518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau D-A, Scerra S, Sene D, et al. Causes and predictive factors of mortality in a cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis treated with antiviral therapy. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadoun D, Pol S, Ferfar Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir Plus Daclatasvir for Treatment of HCV-Associated Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:49–52.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragnani L, Visentini M, Fognani E, et al. Prospective study of guideline-tailored therapy with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. Hepatology. 2016;64:1473–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonacci M, Lens S, Londoño M-C, et al. Virologic, Clinical, and Immune Response Outcomes of Patients With Hepatitis C Virus–Associated Cryoglobulinemia Treated With Direct-Acting Antivirals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:575–583.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbois AC, Cacoub P, Saadoun D. Cryoglobulinemia: an update in 2019. Joint Bone Spine. 2019;86:707–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M, Stone JH, Cid MC, et al. The cryoglobulinaemias. Lancet. 2012;379:348–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartuccio L, Zuliani F, Corazza L, et al. Retreatment regimen of rituximab monotherapy given at the relapse of severe HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: long-term follow up data of a randomized controlled multicentre study. J Autoimmun. 2015;63:88–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneller MC, Hu Z, Langford CA. A randomized controlled trial of rituximab following failure of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:835–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morsica G, Tambussi G, Sitia G, et al. Replication of Hepatitis C Virus in B Lymphocytes (CD19+). Blood. 1999;94:1138–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbois AC, Biard L, Sene D, et al. Rituximab associated vasculitis flare: incidence, predictors and outcome. J Rheumatol. 2019 Aug 1. pii: jrheum.190076. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visentini M, Granata M, Veneziano ML, et al. Efficacy of low-dose rituximab for mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin. Immunol. Orlando Fla.. 2007;125:30–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visentini M, Tinelli C, Colantuono S, et al. Efficacy of low-dose rituximab for the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: phase II clinical trial and systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14:889–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadoun D, Rosenzwajg M, Joly F, et al. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2067–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet F, Pineau -J-J, Taupin J-L, et al. Prevalence of cryoglobulinemia and serological markers of autoimmunity in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals: a cross-sectional study of 97 patients. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2005–2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Marie I, Lacraz A, et al. Non HCV-related infectious cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: results from the French nationwide CryoVas survey and systematic review of the literature. J Autoimmun. 2015;65:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli M, Oreni L, Saccardo F, et al. HCV-unrelated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis: the results of a prospective observational study by the Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias (GISC). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(Suppl 103):67–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaro C, Maso LD, Urraro T, et al. Hepatitis B virus related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: A multicentre open label study from the Gruppo Italiano di Studio delle Crioglobulinemie – GISC. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48:780–784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viganò M, Martin P, Cappelletti M, et al. HBV-Associated Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis: remission after Antiviral Therapy with Entecavir. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2014;39:65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Lin Q, Dong M, et al. Prognostic analysis of acute exacerbations of hepatitis-B after chemotherapy in combination with rituximab in 19 patients with lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51:1678–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evens AM, Jovanovic BD, Su Y-C, et al. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2011;22:1170–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boleto G, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Musset L, et al. Mixed Cryoglobulinaemia Since the Advent of New Direct-acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C Infection: clinical Characteristics, Etiologies and Biological Features in 679 Patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 23];71(suppl 10).
   Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Krastinova E, Marie I, et al. Management of noninfectious mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: data from 242 cases included in the CryoVas survey. Blood. 2012;119:5996–6004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R, Yagüe J, et al. Cryoglobulinemia in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: prevalence and clinical characteristics in a series of 115 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1998;28:200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R, et al. Cryoglobulinemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and clinical characteristics in a series of 122 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2001;30:366–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Launay D, Kaplanski G, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in nonviral cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: data from the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:1787–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Marie I, Launay D, et al. Predictors of early relapse in patients with non-infectious mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: results from the French nationwide CryoVas survey. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:630–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti G, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F, et al. Incidence and characteristics of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in a multicenter case file of patients with hepatitis C virus-related symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinemias. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadoun D, Landau DA, Calabrese LH, et al. Hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a crossroad between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Rheumatology. 2007;46:1234–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solimando AG, Ribatti D, Vacca A, et al. Targeting B-cell non Hodgkin lymphoma: new and old tricks. Leuk Res. 2016;42:93–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallisa D, Bernuzzi P, Arcaini L, et al. Role of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment in HCV-Related, Low-Grade, B-Cell, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Multicenter Italian Experience. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:468–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccatello D, Baldovino S, Rossi D, et al. Long-term effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment of cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc. 2004;19:3054–3061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccatello D, Sciascia S, Baldovino S, et al. Improved (4 Plus 2) Rituximab Protocol for Severe Cases of Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: A 6-Year Observational Study. Am J Nephrol. 2016;43:251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostojic P, Jeremic IR. Managing refractory cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: challenges and solutions. J Inflamm Res. 2017;10:49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph AM. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with concomitant chronic hepatitis C infection. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012;4:35–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen C, Mekinian A, Saidenberg-Kermanac’h N, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in rituximab-refractory cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:628–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragnani L, Fognani E, Piluso A, et al. Long-term effect of HCV eradication in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia: a prospective, controlled, open-label, cohort study. Hepatology. 2015;61:1145–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Visentini M, et al. Reply. Hepatology. 2017;65:1771–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau D-A, Saadoun D, Halfon P, et al. Relapse of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis in patients with sustained viral response. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:604–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammacco F, Racanelli V, Russi S, et al. The expanding spectrum of HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a narrative review. Clin Exp Med. 2016;16:233–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacca A, Melaccio A, Sportelli A, et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulins in patients with multiple myeloma and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia: a randomized trial. Clin Immunol. 2018;191:110–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boleto G, Avouac J, Wipff J, et al. Predictors of hypogammaglobulinemia during rituximab maintenance therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: A 12-year longitudinal multi-center study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018;48:149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visentini M, Cagliuso M, Conti V, et al. Clonal B cells of HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia patients contain exhausted marginal zone-like and CD21 low cells overexpressing Stra13. Eur J Immunol. 2012;42:1468–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar