52
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Managing respiratory complications in infants and newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 525-537 | Received 28 Sep 2020, Accepted 15 Dec 2020, Published online: 30 Dec 2020

References

  • McGivern MR, Best KE, Rankin J, et al. Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: a register-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100(2):F137–44.
  • Dott MM, Wong LY, Rasmussen SA. Population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: risk factors and survival in Metropolitan Atlanta, 1968-1999. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67:261–267.
  • Tonks A, Wyldes M, Somerset DA, et al. Congenital malformations of the diaphragm: findings of the west midlands congenital anomaly register 1995 to 2000. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24(8):596–604.
  • de Buys Roessingh AS, Dinh-Xuan AT. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(4):393–406.
  • Kaiser JR, Rosenfeld CR. A population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: impact of associated anomalies and preoperative blood gases on survival. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34(8):1196–1202.
  • Jani JC, Nicolaides KH, Gratacos E, et al. Severe diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34(3):304–310.
  • Burgos CM, Frenckner B, Luco M, et al. Right versus left congenital diaphragmatic hernia – what’s the difference? J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53:113–117.
  • Ali K, Dassios T, Khaliq SA, et al. Outcomes of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by side of defect in the FETO era. Pediatr Surg Int. 2019;35(7):743–747.
  • Fauza DO, Wilson JM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and associated anomalies: their incidence, identification, and impact on prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(8):1113–1117.
  • Skari H, Bjornland K, Haugen G, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a meta-analysis of mortality factors. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(8):1187–1197.
  • Cohen MS, Rychik J, Bush DM, et al. Influence of congenital heart disease on survival in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2002;141(1):25–30.
  • Chandrasekharan PK, Rawat M, Madappa R, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia – a review. Mat Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3:6. .
  • Akinkuotu AC, Cruz SM, Cass DL, et al. An evaluation of the role of concomitant anomalies on the outcomes of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(5):714–717.
  • Montalva L, Lauriti G, Zani A. Congenital heart disease associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review on incidence, prenatal diagnosis, management, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54(5):909–919.
  • Peralta CF, Jani J, Cos T, et al. Left and right lung volumes in fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(5):551–554.
  • Bohn DJ, James I, Filler RM, et al. The relationship between PaCO2 and ventilation parameters in predicting survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1984;19(6):666–671.
  • Logan JW, Cotten CM, Goldberg RN, et al. Mechanical ventilation strategies in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007;16(2):115–125.
  • Azarow K, Messineo A, Pearl R, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia—A tale of two cities: the Toronto experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32(3):395–400.
  • Sakurai Y, Azarow K, Cutz E, et al. Pulmonary barotrauma in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a clinicopathological correlation. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34(12):1813–1817.
  • Bojanic K, Pritisanac E, Luetic T, et al. Survival of outborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the role of protective ventilation, early presentation and transport distance: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):155.
  • Guidry CA, Hranjec T, Rodgers BM, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: our institutional experience. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;214(4):640–645.
  • Cartlidge PH, Mann NP, Kapila L. Preoperative stabilisation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61:1226–1228.
  • Mohseni-Bod H, Bohn D. Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007;16:126–133.
  • Burgos CM, Frenckner B, Luco M, et al., Prenatally versus postnatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia - Side, stage, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54(4): 651–655.
  • Burgos CM, Frenckner B, Luco M, et al. Prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia: optimal mode of delivery? J Perinatol. 2017;37(2):134–138.
  • Jani J, Nicolaides KH, Benachi A, et al. Timing of lung size assessment in the prediction of survival in fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31(1):37–40.
  • Oluyomi-Obi T, Kuret V, Puligandla P, et al. Antenatal predictors of outcome in prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). J Pediatr Surg. May 2017;52(5):881–888.
  • Yang SH, Nobuhara KK, Keller RL, et al. Reliability of the lung-to-head ratio as a predictor of outcome in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia at gestation outside 24–26 weeks. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jul;197(1):30 e31–37.
  • Senat MV, Bouchghoul H, Stirnemann J, et al., Prognosis of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using lung-area-to-head-circumference ratio: variability across centers in a national perinatal network. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;51(2): 208–213.
  • Jani J, Nicolaides KH, Keller RL, et al. Observed to expected lung area to head circumference ratio in the prediction of survival in fetuses with isolated diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound. in Obstetrics and Gynecology jul2007;30(1):67–71.
  • Jani JC, Cannie M, Peralta CF, et al. Lung volumes in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: comparison of 3D US and MR imaging assessments. Radiology. 2007;244(2):575–582.
  • Oluyomi-Obi T, Van Mieghem T, Ryan G. Fetal imaging and therapy for CDH-Current status. Semin Pediatr Surg. Jun 2017;26(3):140–146.
  • Jani J, Cannie M, Sonigo P, et al. Value of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of postnatal outcome in fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Nov 2008;32(6):793–799.
  • Lee TC, Lim FY, Keswani SG, et al. Late gestation fetal magnetic resonance imaging-derived total lung volume predicts postnatal survival and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6):1165–1171.
  • Walsh DS, Hubbard AM, Olutoye OO, et al. Assessment of fetal lung volumes and liver herniation with magnetic resonance imaging in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(5):1067–1069.
  • Cannie M, Jani J, Chaffiotte C, et al. Quantification of intrathoracic liver herniation by magnetic resonance imaging and prediction of postnatal survival in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32(5):627–632.
  • Ruano R, Lazar DA, Cass DL, et al. Fetal lung volume and quantification of liver herniation by magnetic resonance imaging in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(6):662–669.
  • Madenci AL, Church JT, Gajarski RJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: does lung size matter? Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2018;28(6):508–514.
  • Russo FM, Eastwood MP, Keijzer R, et al., Lung size and liver herniation predict need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation but not pulmonary hypertension in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49(6): 704–713.
  • Guo Y, Liu X, Gu X, et al. Fetal lung volume and pulmonary artery changes in congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow: quantitative ultrasound analysis. Echocardiography. 2018;35(1):85–89.
  • Sokol J, Shimizu N, Bohn D, et al. Fetal pulmonary artery diameter measurements as a predictor of morbidity in antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(2):470–477.
  • Vuletin JF, Lim FY, Cnota J, et al. Prenatal pulmonary hypertension index: novel prenatal predictor of severe postnatal pulmonary artery hypertension in antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:703–708.
  • Ruano R, Aubry MC, Barthe B, et al. Predicting perinatal outcome in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using fetal pulmonary artery diameters. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:606–611.
  • Pierro M, Thebaud B. Understanding and treating pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(6):357–363.
  • Mous DS, Kool HM, Burgisser PE, et al. Treatment of rat congenital diaphragmatic hernia with sildenafil and NS-304, selexipag’s active compound, at the pseudoglandular stage improves lung vasculature. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018;315(2):L276–85.
  • Khan PA, Cloutier M, Piedboeuf B. Tracheal occlusion: a review of obstructing fetal lungs to make them grow and mature. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2007;145C(2):125–138.
  • DiFiore JW, Fauza DO, Slavin R, et al. Experimental fetal tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological effects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(2):248–257.
  • Alcorn D, Adamson TM, Lambert TF, et al. Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat. 1997;123:649–660.
  • Hedrick HL, Danzer E, Merchant AM, et al. Liver position and lung-to-head ratio for prediction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(4):e421–4.
  • Dekoninck P, Gratacos E, Van Mieghem T, et al. Results of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the set up of the randomized controlled TOTAL trial. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(9):619–624.
  • Deprest J, Nicolaides K, Done E, et al. Technical aspects of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(1):22–32.
  • Ali K, Bendapudi P, Polubothu S, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-influence of fetoscopic tracheal occlusion on outcomes and predictors of survival. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;175:1071–1076.
  • Al-Maary J, Eastwood MP, Russo FM, et al. Fetal tracheal occlusion for severe pulmonary hypoplasia in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of survival. Ann Surg. 2016;264(6):929–933.
  • Jani J, Valencia C, Cannie M, et al. Tracheal diameter at birth in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion. Prenat Diagn. 2011;31(7):699–704.
  • Zani A, Sellars M, Allen P, et al. Tracheomegaly in infants with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1311–1315.
  • Breysem L, Debeer A, Claus F, et al. Cross-sectional study of tracheomegaly in children after fetal tracheal occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Radiology. 2010;257(1):226–232.
  • Deprest J, Brady P, Nicolaides K, et al. Prenatal management of the fetus with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the era of the TOTAL trial. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2014;19(6):338–348.
  • Canadian Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Group. Diagnosis and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ 190: E103–12. 2018.
  • Safavi A, Lin Y, Skarsgard ED. Canadian pediatric surgery N. Perinatal management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: when and how should babies be delivered? Results from the canadian pediatric surgery network. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(12):2334–2339.
  • Stevens TP, van Wijngaarden E, Ackerman KG, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia study group. Timing of delivery and survival rates for infants with prenatal diagnoses of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):494–502.
  • Frenckner BP, Lally PA, Hintz SR, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia study group. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: how should the babies be delivered? J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(9):1533–1538.
  • Snoek KG, Reiss IK, Greenough A, et al. Standardized postnatal management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: the CDH EURO Consortium Consensus - 2015 Update. Neonatology. 2016;110(1):66–74.
  • Riley JS, Antiel RM, Rintoul NE, et al., Reduced oxygen concentration for the resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Perinatol. 2018;38(7): 834–843.
  • Lakshminrusimha S, Swartz DD, Gugino SF, et al. Oxygen concentration and pulmonary hemodynamics in newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res. 2009;66(5):539–544.
  • Murthy V, D’Costa W, Nicolaides K, et al. Neuromuscular blockade and lung function during resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Neonatology. 2013;103:112–117.
  • Kashyap AJ, Hodges RJ, Thio M, et al. Physiologically based cord clamping improves cardiopulmonary haemodynamics in lambs with a diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(1):18–25.
  • Lefebvre C, Rakza T, Weslinck N, et al. Feasibility and safety of intact cord resuscitation in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Resuscitation. 2017;120:20–25.
  • Foglia EE, Ades A, Hedrick HL, et al. Initiating resuscitation before umbilical cord clamping in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot feasibility trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(3):322–326.
  • Abman SH, Hansmann G, Archer SL, et al. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society. Circulation. 2015;132(21):2037–2099.
  • Puligandla PS, Grabowski J, Austin M, et al. Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review from the APSA outcomes and evidence based practice committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50(11):1958–1970.
  • Morini F, Capolupo I, van Weteringen W, et al. Ventilation modalities in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26:159–165.
  • Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, McCallion N, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD003666.
  • Sharma S, Abubakar KM, Keszler M. Tidal volume in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia supported with conventional mechanical ventilation. Am J Perinatol. 2015;32(6):577–582. .
  • Traverse JH, Korvenranta H, Adams EM, et al. Impairment of hemodynamics with increasing mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Pediatr Res. 1988;23(6):628–631.
  • Snoek KG, Capolupo I, van Rosmalen J, et al., Conventional mechanical ventilation versus high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a randomized clinical trial (The VICI-trial). Ann Surg. 2016;263(5): 867–874.
  • Zhang Q, Macartney J, Sampaio L, et al. High frequency jet ventilation during initial management, stabilization, and transport of newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a case series. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:1–5.
  • Doyle NM, Lally KP. The CDH Study Group and advances in the clinical care of the patient with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28(3):174–184.
  • Nair J, Lakshminrusimha S. Update on PPHN: mechanisms and treatment. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(2):78–91.
  • Vacanti JP, Crone RK, Murphy JD, et al. The pulmonary hemodynamic response to perioperative anesthesia in the treatment of high-risk infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1984;19(6):672–679.
  • Wynn J, Krishnan U, Aspelund G, et al. Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the modern era of management. J Pediatr. 2013;163(1):114–119.
  • Gien J, Kinsella JP. Management of pulmonary hypertension in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Perinatol. 2016;36(S2):S28–31.
  • Wehrmann M, Patel SS, Haxel C, et al. Implications of atrial-level shunting by echocardiography in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2020;219:43–47.
  • Barrington KJ, Finer N, Pennaforte T, et al. Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1:CD000399.
  • Lawrence KM, Monos S, Adams S, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide is associated with improved oxygenation in a subpopulation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr. 2020;219:167–172.
  • Patel N. Use of milrinone to treat cardiac dysfunction in infants with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a review of six patients. Neonatology. 2012;102(2):130–136.
  • Kumar VHS, Dadiz R, Koumoundouros J, et al. Response to pulmonary vasodilators in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2018;34:735–742.
  • Bassler D, Choong K, McNamara P, et al. Neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension treated with milrinone: four case reports. Biol Neonate. 2006;89(1):1–5.
  • McNamara PJ, Laique F, Muang-In S, et al. Milrinone improves oxygenation in neonates with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Crit Care. 2006;21(2):217–222.
  • McNamara PJ, Shivananda SP, Sahni M, et al. Pharmacology of milrinone in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and suboptimal response to inhaled nitric oxide. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(1):74–84.
  • Bailey JM, Hoffman TM, Wessel DL, et al. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of milrinone in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2004;31(1):43–59.
  • Lakshminrusimha S, Keszler M. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Neoreviews. 2015;16(12):e680–92.
  • Lakshminrusimha S, Keszler M, Kirpalani H, et al. Milrinone in congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a randomized pilot trial: study protocol, review of literature and survey of current practices. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3:27.
  • Olson E, Lusk LA, Fineman JR, et al. Short-term treprostinil use in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia following repair. J Pediatr. 2015;167(3):762–764.
  • Skarda DE, Yoder BA, Anstadt EE, et al. Epoprostenol does not affect mortality in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2015;25:454–459.
  • Kipfmueller F, Schroeder L, Berg C, et al. Continuous intravenous sildenafil as an early treatment in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(4):452–460.
  • Cochius-den Otter S, Schaible T, Greenough A, et al., The CoDiNOS trial protocol: an international randomised controlled trial of intravenous sildenafil versus inhaled nitric oxide for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11): e032122.
  • Paden ML, Conrad SA, Rycus PT, et al. Extracorporeal life support organization registry report 2012. Asaio J. 2013;59(3):202–210.
  • Harting MT, Lally KP. Surgical management of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 2007;16(2):109–114.
  • Lansdale N, Alam S, Losty PD, et al. Neonatal endosurgical congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2010;252(1):20–26.
  • Mitchell IC, Garcia NM, Barber R, et al. A potential biologic patch alternative in congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:2161–2164.
  • Clark RH, Hardin WDJ, Hirschl RB, et al. Current surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report from the congenital diaphragmatic hernia study group. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:1004–1009.
  • Ijsselstijn H, Tibboel D, Hop WJ, et al. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:174–180.
  • Muratore CS, Kharasch V, Lund DP, et al. Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinic. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(1):133–140.
  • Jaillard SM, Pierrat V, Dubois A, et al. Outcome at 2 years of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(1):250–256.
  • Morsberger JL, Short HL, Baxter KJ, et al. Parent reported long-term quality of life outcomes in children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54(4):645–650.
  • Balfour-Lynn IM, Field DJ, Gringras P, et al. BTS guidelines for home oxygen in children. Thorax. 2009;64:1–26.
  • Cortes RA, Keller RL, Townsend T, et al. Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(1):36–45.
  • Bagolan P, Casaccia G, Crescenzi F, et al. Impact of a current treatment protocol on outcome of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(3):313–318.
  • Vanamo K, Rintala R, Sovijarvi A, et al. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(8):1096–1099.
  • Bos AP, Hussain SM, Hazebroek FW, et al. Radiographic evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993;15(4):231–234.
  • Morini F, Valfre L, Bagolan P. Long-term morbidity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A plea for standardization. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26:301–310.
  • Rocha G, Azevedo I, Pinto JC, et al. Follow-up of the survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88(4):255–258.
  • Crankson SJ, Al Jadaan SA, Namshan MA, et al. The immediate and long-term outcomes of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006;22(4):335–340.
  • Chiu PP, Sauer C, Mihailovic A, et al. The price of success in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is improved survival accompanied by an increase in long-term morbidity. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:888–892.
  • Wischermann A, Holschneider AM, Hubner U. Long-term follow-up of children with diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1995;5(1):13–18.
  • Arena F, Baldari S, Centorrino A, et al. Mid- and long-term effects on pulmonary perfusion, anatomy and diaphragmatic motility in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21(12):954–959.
  • Spoel M, van der Cammen-van Zijp MHM, Hop WCJ, et al. Lung function in young adults with congenital diaphragmatic hernia; a longitudinal evaluation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(2):130–137.
  • Koziarkiewicz M, Taczalska A, Piaseczna-Piotrowska A. Long-term follow-up of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia–observations from a single institution. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2014;24:500–507.
  • Gischler SJ, van der Cammen-van Zijp MH, Mazer P, et al. A prospective comparative evaluation of persistent respiratory morbidity in esophageal atresia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:1683–1690.
  • Trachsel D, Selvadurai H, Bohn D, et al. Long-term pulmonary morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39(5):433–439.
  • Okuyama H, Kubota A, Kawahara H, et al. Correlation between lung scintigraphy and long-term outcome in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(9):882–886.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Lally KP, Engle W. Postdischarge follow-up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):627–632.
  • Masumoto K, Nagata K, Uesugi T, et al. Risk of respiratory syncytial virus in survivors with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Int. 2008;50(4):459–463.
  • Resch B, Liziczai K, Reiterer F, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus associated hospitalizations in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018;59(2):184–188.
  • Bollani L, Baraldi E, Chirico G, et al. Revised recommendations concerning palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV. Ital J Pediatr. 2015;41:97.
  • Gaboli M, de la Cruz OA, de Aguero MI, et al. Use of palivizumab in infants and young children with severe respiratory disease: a Delphi study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;49:490–502.
  • Tan JK, Banton G, Minutillo C, et al. Long-term medical and psychosocial outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors. Arch Dis Child. 2019;104(8):761–767.
  • Wigen RB, Duan W, Moraes TJ, et al. Predictors of long-term pulmonary morbidity in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2019;29(1):120–124.
  • Majaesic CM, Jones R, Dinu IA, et al. Clinical correlations and pulmonary function at 8 years of age after severe neonatal respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(9):829–837.
  • Stefanutti G, Filippone M, Tommasoni N, et al. Cardiopulmonary anatomy and function in long-term survivors of mild to moderate congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(4):526–531.
  • Peetsold MG, Heij HA, Nagelkerke AF, et al. Pulmonary function and exercise capacity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(5):1140–1147.
  • Peetsold MG, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Heij HH, et al. Pulmonary function and exercise testing in adult survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(4):325–331.
  • Panitch HB, Weiner DJ, Feng R, et al. Lung function over the first 3 years of life in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50(9):896–907.
  • Hislop A, Reid L. Persistent hypoplasia of the lung after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1976;31:450–455.
  • Thurlbeck WM, Kida K, Langston C, et al. Postnatal lung growth after repair of diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax. 1979;34:338–343.
  • Marven SS, Smith CM, Claxton D, et al. Pulmonary function, exercise performance, and growth in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78(2):137–142.
  • Trachsel D, Selvadurai H, Adatia I, et al. Resting and exercise cardiorespiratory function in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(6):522–529.
  • Nose K, Kamata S, Sawai T, et al. Airway anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(11):1562–1565.
  • Cruz-Martínez R, Gámez-Varela A, Martínez-Rodríguez M, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of laryngo-tracheo-esophageal anomalies in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by ultrasound evaluation of the vocal cords and fetal laryngoesophagoscopy. Prenat Diagn. 2020;40:1540–1546.
  • Amoils M, Crisham Janik M, Lustig LR. Patterns and Predictors of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;141(10):923–926.
  • Partridge EA, Peranteau WH, Herkert L, et al. Right- versus left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a comparative outcomes analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(6):900–902.
  • Garcia AV, Finger AL, Thirumoorthi AS, et al. Lung to head ratio in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia does not predict long term pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(1):154–157.
  • Wong M, Reyes J, Lapidus-Krol E, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: prognostic markers and long-term outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(5):918–924.
  • Hollinger LE, Harting MT, Lally KP. Long-term follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26:178–184.
  • Muratore CS, Utter S, Jaksic T, et al. Nutritional morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(8):1171–1176.
  • Sigalet DL, Nguyen LT, Adolph V, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux associated with large diaphragmatic hernias. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(9):1262–1265.
  • Peetsold MG, Kneepkens CM, Heij HA, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: long-term risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51:448–453.
  • Verbelen T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Antireflux surgery after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: a plea for a tailored approach. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;44(2):263–267.
  • Vanamo K, Rintala RJ, Lindahl H, et al. Long-term gastrointestinal morbidity in patients with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(4):551–554.
  • Chamond C, Morineau M, Gouizi G, et al. Preventive antireflux surgery in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. World J Surg. 2008;32(11):2454–2458.
  • Diamond IR, Mah K, Kim PC, et al. Predicting the need for fundoplication at the time of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(6):1066–1070.
  • Su W, Berry M, Puligandla PS, et al. Predictors of gastroesophageal reflux in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(10):1639–1643.
  • Koivusalo AI, Pakarinen MP, Lindahl HG, et al. The cumulative incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia-a systematic clinical, pH-metric, and endoscopic follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:279–282.
  • Guner YS, Elliott S, Marr CC, et al. Anterior fundoplication at the time of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009;25(8):715–718.
  • Dariel A, Roze JC, Piloquet H, et al. Impact of prophylactic fundoplication on survival without growth disorder in left congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring a patch repair. J Pediatr. 2010;157:688–690.
  • Ssemakula N, Stewart DL, Goldsmith LJ, et al. Survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia during the ECMO era: an 11-year experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32(12):1683–1689.
  • Lally KP, Paranka MS, Roden J, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Stabilization and repair on ECMO. Ann Surg. 1992;216:569–573.
  • Moss RL, Chen CM, Harrison MR. Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(1):152–154.
  • Lund DP, Mitchell J, Kharasch V, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:258–262.
  • Vanamo K, Peltonen J, Rintala R, et al. Chest wall and spinal deformities in adults with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(6):851–854.
  • Nobuhara KK, Lund DP, Mitchell J, et al. Long-term outlook for survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol. 1996;23(4):873–887.
  • Putnam LR, Harting MT, Tsao K, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia defect size and infant morbidity at discharge. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162043.
  • Burgos CM, Modee A, Ost E, et al. Addressing the causes of late mortality in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(4):526–529.
  • Ijsselstijn H, Breatnach C, Hoskote A, et al. Defining outcomes following congenital diaphragmatic hernia using standardised clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) methodology within the CDH EURO consortium. Pediatr Res. 2018;84:181–189.
  • Bebbington M, Victoria T, Danzer E, et al. Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in predicting survival in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(6):670–674.
  • Russo FM, Benachi A, Van Mieghem T, et al. Antenatal sildenafil administration to prevent pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (SToP-PH): study protocol for a phase I/IIb placenta transfer and safety study. Trials. 2018;19(1):524.
  • Lally KP, Bagolan P, Hosie S, et al. Corticosteroids for fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: can we show benefit? J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(4):668–674.
  • Lally KP, Lally PA, Langham MR, et al. Surfactant does not improve survival rate in preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:829–833.
  • Van Meurs K. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia study group. Is surfactant therapy beneficial in the treatment of the term newborn infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? J Pediatr. 2004;145:312–316.
  • Van Tuyl M, Blommaart P, Keijzer R, et al. Pulmonary surfactant protein A, B, and C mRNA and protein expression in the nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia rat model. Pediatr Res. 2003;54(5):641–652.
  • Kraemer U, Cochius-den Otter S, Snoek KG, et al. Pharmacodynamic considerations in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in infants: challenges and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(1):1–19.
  • Altit G, Bhombal S, Van Meurs K, et al. Ventricular performance is associated with need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2017;191(28–34):e21.
  • Patel N, Massolo AC, Paria A, et al. Early postnatal ventricular dysfunction is associated with disease severity in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2018;203(400–7):e401.
  • Kinsella JP, Steinhorn RH, Mullen MP, et al. The left ventricle in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications for the management of pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr. 2018;197:17–22.
  • Lakshminrusimha S, Keszler M, Kirpalani H, et al. Milrinone in congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a randomized pilot trial: study protocol, review of literature and survey of current practices. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3(1):27.
  • Jancelewicz T, Brindle ME. Prediction tools in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Perinatol. 2020;44(1):151–165.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.