Outcome of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with clinically non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma

References

• Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, et al. International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality. Eur Urol. 2015;67:519–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekar T, Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, et al. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Patterns and predictors of metastases-A contemporary population-based series. Urol Oncol.2017;35:661.e7–661.e14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi M, Sun C, Jeldres C, et al. Distribution of metastatic sites in renal cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:973–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom JHM, Van Poppel H, Maréchal JM, et al. Radical Nephrectomy with and without Lymph-Node Dissection: Final Results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Randomized Phase 3 Trial 3088. Eur. Urol 2009;55:28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhindi B, Wallis CJD, Boorjian SA, et al. The Role of Lymph Node Dissection in the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BJU Int. 2018; 121:684–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeger N, Pantuck AJ, Wells JC, et al. Characterizing the impact of lymph node metastases on the survival outcome for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with targeted therapies. Eur Urol.2015;68:506–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, et al. Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: role of lymph node dissection. J Urol. 2003;169:2076–2083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusk T, De Bruijn R, Brouwer RO, et al. Lymphatic drainage from renal tumors In Vivo: A Prospective Sentinel Node Study Using SPECT/CT Imaging. J Urol. 2018;199:1426–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmali RJ, Suami H, Wood CG, et al. Lymphatic drainage in renal cell carcinoma: back to the basics. BJU Int. 2014;114:806–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldewijns MM, Roskams T, Ballet V, et al. A low frequency of lymph node metastasis in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma is related to low lymphangiogenic activity. BJU Int. 2009;103:1626–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer OR, Noe A, Olmos RA, et al. Lymphatic drainage from renal cell carcinoma along the thoracic duct visualized with SPECT/CT. Lymphat. Res Biol.2013;11:233–238.
   Google Scholar
• Assouad J, Riquet M, Berna P, et al. Intrapulmonary lymph node metastasis and renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:132–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bex A, Vermeeren L, de Windt G, et al. Feasibility of sentinel node detection in renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1117–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bex A, Vermeeren L, Meinhardt W, et al. Intraoperative sentinel node identification and sampling in clinically node-negative renal cell carcinoma: initial experience in 20 patients. World J Urol. 2011;29:793–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershman B, Moreira DM, Thompson RH, et al. Renal Cell Carcinoma with Isolated Lymph Node Involvement: Long-term Natural History and Predictors of Oncologic Outcomes Following Surgical Resection. Eur Urol.2017;72:300–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershman B, Thompson RH, Moreira DM, et al. Radical Nephrectomy With or Without Lymph Node Dissection for Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-based Analysis. Eur Urol. 2017;71:560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristau BT, Manola J, Haas NB, et al. Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy in High-Risk Non-Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Analysis of the ASSURE (ECOG-ACRIN 2805) Adjuvant Trial. J Urol.2018;199:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss B, Thoeny HC, Studer UE. Current Status of Lymph Node Imaging in Bladder and Prostate Cancer. Urology 2016;96:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartana CA, Kinn J, Rosenblatt R, et al. Detection of micrometastases by flow cytometry in sentinel lymph nodes from patients with renal tumours. Br J Cancer. 2016;115:957–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SS, Raja A, Stunell H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative computed tomography used alone to detect lymph-node involvement at radical nephrectomy. Scand J Urol. 2015;49:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, et al. A protocol for performing extended lymph node dissection using primary tumor pathological features for patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;172:465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lughezzani G, Capitanio U, Jeldres C, et al. Prognostic significance of lymph node invasion in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a population-based perspective. Cancer 2009;115:5680–5687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornberg SV, Nisen H, Visapää H, et al. Outcome of surgery for patients with renal cell carcinoma and tumour thrombus in the era of modern targeted therapy. Scand J Urol. 2016;50:380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovich BC, Lohse CM, Cheville JC, et al. Predicting Oncologic Outcomes in Renal Cell Carcinoma After Surgery. Eur Urol. 2018;73:772–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Kim HW, Kim JC, et al. Predictive factor of lymph node metastases in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma; multi-center study. Eur Urol Suppl 2017;16:e1104.
   Google Scholar
• Bandini M, Smith A, Zaffuto E, et al. Effect of pathological high-risk features on cancer-specific mortality in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a tool for optimizing patient selection for adjuvant therapy. World J Urol. 2018;36:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker EA. Studies on the main posterior lymph channels of the abdomen and their connections with the lymphatics of the genito-urinary system. Am J Anat. 1935;56:409–443.
   Google Scholar
• Nini A, Larcher A, Cianflone F, 28, et al. The Effect of Anatomical Location of Lymph Node Metastases on Cancer Specific Survival in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Surg. 2018;5:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflug J, Calnan J. The valves of the thoracic duct at the angulus venosus. Br J Surg. 1968;55:911–916.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnsen JA, Hellsten S. Lymphatogenous spread of renal cell carcinoma: an autopsy study. J Urol. 1997;157:450–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar