1,949
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Smallholders’ awareness of adaptation and coping measures to deal with rainfall variability in Western Kenya

, , , &

References

  • Abate, G. T., S. Rashid, C. Borzaga, and K. Getnet. 2016. Rural Finance and Agricultural Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: Does the Institutional Design of Lending Organizations Matter? World Development 84:235–53. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.003.
  • Adimo, A. O., J. B. Njoroge, L. Claessens, and L. S. Wamocho. 2012. Land use and climate change adaptation strategies in Kenya. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 17 (2):153–71. doi:10.1007/s11027-011-9318-6.
  • Agesa, B., C. Onyango, V. Kathumo, R. Onwonga, and G. Karuku. 2019. Climate change effects on crop production in Yatta sub-county: Farmer perceptions and adaptation strategies. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 19 (1):14010–42. doi:10.18697/ajfand.84.BLFB1017.
  • Altieri, M. A., and C. I. Nicholls. 2017. The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate. Climatic Change 140 (1):33–45. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0909-y.
  • Amudavi, D. M. 2003. Advancing a partnership model of extension to support the Kenya National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Program (NALEP) in rural livelihood improvement. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina, 43–57.
  • Andersson, E., and S. Gabrielsson. 2012. ‘Because of poverty, we had to come together’: Collective action for improved food security in rural Kenya and Uganda. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 10 (3):245–62. doi:10.1080/14735903.2012.666029.
  • Bebbington, A. 1999. Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty. World Development 27 (12):2021–44. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7.
  • Bedeke, S., W. Vanhove, M. Gezahegn, K. Natarajan, and P. Van Damme. 2019. Adoption of climate change adaptation strategies by maize-dependent smallholders in Ethiopia. NJAS – Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 88:96–104. doi:10.1016/j.njas.2018.09.001.
  • Below, T. B., K. D. Mutabazi, D. Kirschke, C. Franke, S. Sieber, R. Siebert, and K. Tscherning. 2012. Can farmers’ adaptation to climate change be explained be socio-economic household-level variables? Global Environmental Change 22 (1):223–35. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.012.
  • Bernier, Q., P. Franks, P. Kristjanson, H. Neufeldt, A. Otzelberger, and K. Foster. 2013. Addressing gender in climate-smart smallholder agriculture. ICRAF Policy Brief 14. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).
  • Bolker, B. M., B. E. Brooks, C. J. Clark, S. W. Geange, J. R. Poulsen, M. H. H. Stevens, and J.-S. White. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: A practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24 (3):127–35. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008.
  • Bryan, E., C. Ringler, B. Okoba, J. Koo, M. Herrero, and S. Silvestri. 2013. Can agriculture support climate change adaptation, greenhouse gas mitigation and rural livelihoods? Insights from Kenya. Climatic change 118 (2):151–65. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0640-0.
  • Bryan, E., S. Theis, and J. Choufani. 2017. Gender-Sensitive, Climate-Smart Agriculture for Improved Nutrition in Africa South of the Sahara. In A thriving agricultural sector in a changing climate: Meeting Malabo Declaration goals through climate-smart agriculture, ed., A. De Pinto and J. M. Ulimwengu, Chapter 9, 114–35. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). doi:10.2499/9780896292949_09.
  • Cavanagh, C. J., A. K. Chemarum, P. O. Vedeld, and J. G. Petursson. 2017. Old wine, new bottles? Investigating the differential adoption of ‘climate-smart’ agricultural practices in western Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies 56:114–23. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.09.010.
  • Challinor, A., T. Wheeler, C. Garforth, P. Craufurd, and A. Kassam. 2007. Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Climatic change 83 (3):381–99. doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9249-0.
  • Chikoko, M. G. 2002. A comparative analysis of household owned woodlots and fuelwood sufficiency between female and male-headed households: A pilot study in rural Malawi, Africa. USA: Oregon State University.
  • Cuellar, M., H. Hedlund, J. Mbai, and J. Mwangi. 2006. The National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP) Phase 1 – Impact Assessment. In: Africa, D.f. (Ed.), Sida Evaluation 06/31. Stockholm: Sida.
  • Dazé, A., K. Ambrose, and C. Ehrhart. 2009. Climate vulnerability and capacity analysis. Handbook. CARE International. http://www.careclimatechange.org.
  • Deressa, T. T., R. M. Hassan, and C. Ringler. 2011. Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. The Journal of Agricultural Science 149 (1):23–31. doi:10.1017/S0021859610000687.
  • Deressa, T. T., R. M. Hassan, C. Ringler, T. Alemu, and M. Yesuf. 2008. Analysis of the determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods and perceptions of climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia [in Amharic]. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
  • Deressa, T. T., R. M. Hassan, C. Ringler, T. Alemu, and M. Yesuf. 2009. Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change 19 (2):248–55. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.002.
  • Diiro, G. M., G. Seymour, M. Kassie, G. Muricho, and B. W. Muriithi. 2018. Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya. PLoS ONE 13 (5):e0197995. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197995.
  • Dixon, R. K., J. Smith, and S. Guill. 2003. Life on the edge: Vulnerability and adaptation of African ecosystems to global climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 8 (2):93–113. doi:10.1023/A:1026001626076.
  • Doss, C. R. 2001. Designing Agricultural Technology for African Women Farmers: Lessons from 25 Years of Experience. World Development 29 (12):2075–92. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00088-2.
  • Doss, C. R., and M. L. Morris. 2000. How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? Agricultural Economics 25 (1):27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00233.x.
  • Dulal, H. B., G. Brodnig, H. K. Thakur, and C. Green-Onoriose. 2010. Do the poor have what they need to adapt to climate change? A case study of Nepal. Local Environment 15 (7):621–35. doi:10.1080/13549839.2010.498814.
  • FAO. 2015. Climate Smart Agriculture. In: FAO (Ed.).
  • Farnworth, C. R., and K. E. Colverson. 2015. Building a gender-transformative extension and advisory facilitation system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security (Agri-Gender) 1:20–39.
  • Felix, A., A. B. Banful, M. J. Cohen, P. Gaff, K. Gayathridevi, L. Horowitz, M. Lemma, T. Mogues, N. Palaniswamy, and Z. Paulos. 2010. Gender and governance in rural services: Insights from India, Ghana, and Ethiopia. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
  • Ford, J. D., L. Berrang-Ford, A. Bunce, C. McKay, M. Irwin, and T. Pearce. 2015. The status of climate change adaptation in Africa and Asia. Regional Environmental Change 15 (5):801–14. doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0648-2.
  • Frelat, R., S. Lopez-Ridaura, K. E. Giller, M. Herrero, S. Douxchamps, A. A. Djurfeldt, O. Erenstein, B. Henderson, M. Kassie, B. K. Paul, et al. 2016. Drivers of household food availability in sub-Saharan Africa based on big data from small farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (2):458–63. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518384112.
  • Gabrielsson, S., and V. Ramasar. 2013. Widows: Agents of change in a climate of water uncertainty. Journal of Cleaner Production 60:34–42. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.034.
  • Gautam, M. 2000. Agricultural extension: The Kenya experience: An impact evaluation. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
  • Gbegbelegbe, S., J. Serem, C. Stirling, F. Kyazze, M. Radeny, M. Misiko, S. Tongruksawattana, L. Nafula, M. Gakii, and K. Sonder. 2017. Smallholder farmers in eastern Africa and climate change: A review of risks and adaptation options with implications for future adaptation programmes. Climate and Development 10 (4):1–18.
  • Gebrechorkos, S. H., S. Hülsmann, and C. Bernhofer. 2019. Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa. Scientific Reports 9 (1):11376. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.
  • Generoso, R. 2015. How do rainfall variability, food security and remittances interact? The case of rural Mali. Ecological Economics 114:188–98. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.009.
  • Githui, F., W. Gitau, F. Mutua, and W. Bauwens. 2009. Climate change impact on SWAT simulated streamflow in western Kenya. International Journal of Climatology 29 (12):1823–34. doi:10.1002/joc.1828.
  • Government, K. 1985. Kenya soil map. Gateway to land and water information. Kenya Government. http://www.flowman.nl/kiogorokenyasoilsmap.htm.
  • Gwatkin, D. R., A. Wagstaff, and A. S. Yazbeck. 2005. Reaching the poor with health, nutrition and population services: What works, what doesn’t, and why. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
  • Hansen, A. W., D. L. Christensen, M. W. Larsson, J. Eis, T. Christensen, H. Friis, D. L. Mwaniki, B. Kilonzo, M. K. Boit, K. Borch-Johnsen, et al. 2011. Dietary patterns, food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya. Public Health Nutrition 14 (9):1671–79. doi:10.1017/S1368980010003782.
  • Hay, I., Ed. 2010. Qualitative research methods in human geography. Canada: Oxford University Press.
  • Herrero, M., C. Ringler, J. V. D. Steeg, P. K. Thornton, T. Zhu, E. Bryan, A. Omolo, J. Koo, and A. Notenbaert. 2010. Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on Kenya’s agricultural sector. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
  • Howe, P. D., E. M. Markowitz, T. M. Lee, C.-Y. Ko, and A. Leiserowitz. 2013. Global perceptions of local temperature change. Nature Climate Change 3 (4):352–56. doi:10.1038/nclimate1768.
  • IPCC. 2007. Fourth Assessment Report: Climate change Annex II. Glossary. IPCC.
  • IPCC. 2014. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, et al., 1–32. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kalungu, J. W., and D. Harris. 2013. Smallholder farmers’ perception of the impacts of climate change and variability on rain-fed agricultural practices in semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Kenya. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 3:129–40.
  • Kalungu, J. W., and W. Leal Filho. 2018. Adoption of appropriate technologies among smallholder farmers in Kenya. Climate and Development 10 (1):84–96. doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1182889.
  • Karanja Ng’ang’a, S., D. A. Jalang’o, and E. H. Girvetz. 2019. Adoption of soil carbon enhancing practices and their impact on farm output in Western Kenya. Springer Nature: Applied. Sciences. 1:1726. doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1747-y.
  • Kebede, Y., F. Baudron, F. J. J. A. Bianchi, and P. Tittonell. 2019. Drivers, farmers’ responses and landscape consequences of smallholder farming systems changes in southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 17 (6):1–18. doi:10.1080/14735903.2019.1679000.
  • Kenya, G. O. 2007. Kenya Vision 2030, The popular version. Nairobi: Government of the Republic of Kenya.
  • Kiptot, E., and S. Franzel. 2011. Gender and agroforestry in Africa: Are women participating? ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 13. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.
  • Klein, R. J. T., E. L. F. Schipper, and S. Dessai. 2005. Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: Three research questions. Environmental Science & Policy 8 (6):579–88. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010.
  • Kuhn, N. J., Y. Hu, L. Bloemertz, J. He, H. Li, and P. Greenwood. 2016. Conservation tillage and sustainable intensification of agriculture: Regional vs. global benefit analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 216:155–65. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.10.001.
  • Kumar, K. 1987. Conducting group interviews in developing countries. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development.
  • Laszlo Ambjörnsson, E. 2011. Power relations and adaptive capacity: Exploring gender relations in climate change adaptation and coping within small-scale farming in western Kenya. Stockholm Resilience Centre, 64. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
  • Lønborg, J. H., and O. D. Rasmussen. 2014. Can Microfinance Reach the Poorest: Evidence from a Community-Managed Microfinance Intervention. World Development 64:460–72. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.021.
  • McLafferty, I. 2004. Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy. Journal of Advanced Nursing 48 (2):187–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03186.x.
  • Mengistu, D. K. 2011. Farmers’ perception and knowledge on climate change and their coping strategies to the related hazards: Case study from Adiha, central Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Sciences 2 (2):138–45. doi:10.4236/as.2011.22020.
  • Mertz, O., C. Mbow, A. Reenberg, and A. Diouf. 2009. Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation Strategies in Rural Sahel. Environmental Management 43 (5):804–16. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9197-0.
  • Meze-Hausken, E. 2004. Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia. Climate Research 27:19–31. doi:10.3354/cr027019.
  • Mohamed, A. D., F. M. Hussein, S. M. King’uyu, P. Chabeda, E. Wahome, J. Opiyo, G. Wainaina, E. Magambo, H. Kabugi, V. Orindi, et al. 2013. National climate change action plan 2013–2017. In: Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, ed. G. O. Kenya, 258. Nairobi.
  • Ndehedehe, C. E., N. O. Agutu, and O. Okwuashi. 2018. Is terrestrial water storage a useful indicator in assessing the impacts of climate variability on crop yield in semi-arid ecosystems? Ecological Indicators 88:51–62. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.026.
  • Ngugi, R. K. 2002. Climate forecast information: The status, needs and expectations among smallholder agro-pastoralists in Machakos District, Kenya. IRI Technical Report, 02-04. International Research Institute for Climate Prediction.
  • Nguyen, Q., M. Hoang, I. Öborn, and M. van Noordwijk. 2013. Multipurpose agroforestry as a climate change resiliency option for farmers: An example of local adaptation in Vietnam. Climatic Change 117 (1–2):241–57. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0550-1.
  • Niang, A., B. Jama, and M. Nyasimi. 2001. Scaling up adoption and impact of agroforestry technologies: Experiences from western Kenya AU – Noordin, Qureish. Development in Practice 11:509–23. doi:10.1080/09614520120066783.
  • Öborn, I., S. Kuyah, M. Jonsson, A. S. Dahlin, H. Mwangi, and J. de Leeuw. 2015. Landscape-level constraints and opportunities for sustainable intensification in smallholder systems in the tropics. In Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice, ed. P. A. Minang, M. van Noordwijk, O. E. Freeman, C. Mbow, J. de Leeuw, and D. Catacutan, 163–76. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre, (ICRAF).
  • Öborn, I., B. Vanlauwe, M. Phillips, R. Thomas, W. Brooijmans, and K. Atta-Krah. 2017. Sustainable Intensification in Smallholder Agriculture: An Integrated Systems Research Approach. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Ocholla-Ayayo, A. B. C. 1976. Traditional Ideology and Ethics among the Southern Luo. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
  • Odhiambo, C. O., H. O. Ogindo, C. B. Wasike, and W. O. Ochola. 2019. Adaptation of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in South Western Kenya to the Effects of Climate Change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 9 (3):456–78. doi:10.4236/acs.2019.93031.
  • Odhiambo, J. A., U. Norton, D. Ashilenje, E. C. Omondi, and J. B. Norton. 2015. Weed Dynamics during Transition to Conservation Agriculture in Western Kenya Maize Production. PLOS ONE 10 (8):e0133976. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133976.
  • Ogunlela, Y. I., and A. A. Mukhtar. 2009. Gender issues in agriculture and rural development in Nigeria: The role of women. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal 4:19–30.
  • Otieno, S., T. Jayne, and M. Muyanga. 2015. Effect of soil pH on accumulation of native selenium by Maize (Zea mays var. L) grains grown in Uasin Gishu, Trans-Nzoia Kakamega and Kisii counties in Kenya. Global Advances in Selenium Research from Theory to Application. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Selenium in the Environment and Human Health, 117. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press.
  • Quandt, A., H. Neufeldt, and J. T. McCabe. 2018. Building livelihood resilience: What role does agroforestry play? Climate and Development 11 (6):485–500.
  • The R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform. 2017. R: A language for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Accessed August 28, 2018. http://www.r-project.org.
  • Rakshit, S., R. Padaria, and S. Bandyopadhyay. 2016. Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies, Coping Behaviour and Barriers to Effective Adaptation to Current Climatic Risks: A Study on Sundarban Region. Indian Journal of Extension Education 52:17–20.
  • Rao, K., W. G. Ndegwa, K. Kizito, and A. Oyoo. 2011. Climate variability and change: Farmer perceptions and understanding of intra-seasonal variability in rainfall and associated risk in semi-arid Kenya. Experimental Agriculture 47 (2):267–91. doi:10.1017/S0014479710000918.
  • Rocheleau, D. E. 1991. Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya. Agriculture and Human Values 8 (1–2):156–65. doi:10.1007/BF01579669.
  • Rockström, J., L. Karlberg, S. P. Wani, J. Barron, N. Hatibu, T. Oweis, A. Bruggeman, J. Farahani, and Z. Qiang. 2010. Managing water in rainfed agriculture—The need for a paradigm shift. Agricultural Water Management 97 (4):543–50. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.09.009.
  • Rosset, P. M., B. Machín Sosa, A. M. Roque Jaime, and D. R. Ávila Lozano. 2011. The Campesino-to-Campesino agroecology movement of ANAP in Cuba: Social process methodology in the construction of sustainable peasant agriculture and food sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies 38:161–91. doi:10.1080/03066150.2010.538584.
  • Rosset, P. M., and M. E. Martínez-Torres. 2012. Rural Social Movements and Agroecology Context, Theory, and Process. Ecology and Society 17 (3):17. doi:10.5751/ES-05000-170317.
  • Ryan, C., and P. Elsner. 2016. The potential for sand dams to increase the adaptive capacity of East African drylands to climate change. Regional Environmental Change 16 (7):2087–96. doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0938-y.
  • Speranza, C. I., B. Kiteme, P. Ambenje, U. Wiesmann, and S. Makali. 2010. Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: Insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya. Climatic Change 100 (2):295–315. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9713-0.
  • Thornton, P., P. Jones, T. Owiyo, R. Kruska, M. Herrero, P. Kristjanson, A. Notenbaert, N. Bekele, and A. Omolo, from, W.C., Orindi, V., Otiende, B., Ochieng, A., Bhadwal, S., Anantram, K., Nair, S., Kumar, V., Kulkar, U. 2006. Mapping Climate Vulnerability and Poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development. PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya: ILRI.
  • Thornton, P. K., P. J. Ericksen, M. Herrero, and A. J. Challinor. 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review. Global Change Biology 20 (11):3313–28. doi:10.1111/gcb.12581.
  • Twyman, J., J. Muriel, and M. A. García. 2015. Identifying women farmers: Informal gender norms as institutional barriers to recognizing women’s contributions to agriculture. Journal of Gender. Agriculture and Food Security 1:1–17.
  • UNEP. 2006. Lake Victoria Environment Outlook: Environment and Development. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • van Aalst, M. K., C. Cannon, and I. Burton. 2008. Community level adaptation to climate change: The potential role of participatory community risk assessment. Global Environmental Change 18 (1):165–79. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.06.002.
  • Vermeulen, S. J., P. K. Aggarwal, A. Ainslie, C. Angelone, B. M. Campbell, A. J. Challinor, J. W. Hansen, J. S. I. Ingram, A. Jarvis, P. Kristjanson, et al. 2012. Options for support to agriculture and food security under climate change. Environmental Science & Policy 15 (1):136–44. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.003.
  • Wekesa, A., and M. Jönsson. 2014. Sustainable Agriculture Land Management. A Training Material. Vi Agroforestry. http://www.viagroforestry.org/who-we-are/resources/publications/.
  • Wetende, E., D. Olago, and W. Ogara. 2018. Perceptions of climate change variability and adaptation strategies on smallholder dairy farming systems: Insights from Siaya Sub-County of Western Kenya. Environmental Development 27:14–25. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2018.08.001.
  • Yang, H., Y. Zhou, B. Kamali, and S. A. Ogalleh. 2017. Adaption to climate change: A case study of two agricultural systems from Kenya AU – Stefanovic, Julia Olivera. Climate and Development 11:319–37.