Losing practices, relationships and agency: ecological deskilling as a consequence of the uptake of modern seed varieties among South African Smallholders

References

• Aliber, M., and T. G. Hart. 2009. Should subsistence agriculture be supported as a strategy to address rural food insecurity? Agrekon 48 (4):434–58. doi:10.1080/03031853.2009.9523835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assefa, Y., and J. V. D. Berg, 2009. Genetically modified maize: Adoption practices of small-scale farmers in South Africa and implications for resource poor farmers on the continent. Paper presented at the Aspects of Applied Biology, Association of Applied Biologists. UK.
   Google Scholar
• Attewell, P. 1987. The deskilling controversy. Work and Occupations 14 (3):323–46. doi:10.1177/0730888487014003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, S. E., A. Hullinger, and L. Brislen. 2015. Manipulated Masculinities: Agribusiness, deskilling, and the rise of the businessman-farmer in the United States. Rural Sociology 80 (3):285–313. doi:10.1111/ruso.12066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, H. 1996. The political economy of the maize filière. The Journal of Peasant Studies 23 (2–3):120–45. doi:10.1080/03066159608438610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binimelis, R., and F. Wickson. 2019. The troubled relationship between GMOs and beekeeping: An exploration of socioeconomic impacts in Spain and Uruguay. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 43 (5):546–578. doi:10.1080/21683565.2018.1514678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braverman, H. 1974. Labor and monopoly capital. New York: Monthly Review.
   Google Scholar
• Bundy, C. 1988. The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. 2nd ed ed. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Burtt-Davy, J. 1914.Maize: Its history, cultivation and uses, with special reference to South Africa: A text-book for farmers, students of agriculture, and teachers of nature study.London, New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Buzinde, C. N., D. Manuel-Navarrete, D. Kerstetter, and M. Redclift. 2010. Representations and adaptation to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research 37:581–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, M. 2007. White-collar proletariat? Braverman, the deskilling/upskilling of social work and the paradoxical life of the agency care manager. Journal of Social Work 7 (1):93–114. doi:10.1177/1468017307075992.
   Google Scholar
• Catacora-Vargas, G., R. Binimelis, A. I. Myhr, and B. Wynne. 2018. Socio-economic research on genetically modified crops: A study of the literature. Agriculture and Human Values 35 (2):489–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, R., and P. Gunby. 1996. ‘Sprayed to death: Path dependence, lock-in and pest control strategies’. The Economic Journal 106 (436):521–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creese, G., and B. Wiebe. 2012. ‘Survival employment’: Gender and deskilling among African immigrants in Canada. International Migration 50:56–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuban, S. 2013. Deskilling Migrant Women in the Global Care Industry. UK: Palgrave Macmillan..
   Google Scholar
• Davis, A. 2008. Outsourced radiology: will doctors be deskilled?. Bmj, 337.
   Google Scholar
• De Walt, B. R. 1994. “Using indigenous knowledge to improve agriculture and natural resource management. Human Organization 53 (2):123–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. 2013. Strategic Plan for Smallholder Development. South Africa:Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, K., and F. Hajdu. 2015. Does raising maize yields lead to poverty reduction? A case study of the massive food production programme in South Africa. Land Use Policy 46:304–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, D. 1993. Farmers deskilled: Hybrid corn and farmers’ work. Technology and Culture 34 (2):324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, D. 2001. Ontology matters: The relational materiality of nature and agro food studies. Sociologia Ruralis 41 (2):182–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, D., and M. Redclift. 2002. Refashioning nature: Food, ecology and culture. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gouse, M., C. E. Pray, J. Kirsten, and D. Schimmelpfennig. 2005. A GM subsistence crop in Africa: The case of Bt white maize in South Africa. International Journal of Biotechnology 7:84.
   Google Scholar
• Gouse, M., D. Sengupta, P. Zambrano, and J. F. Zepeda. 2016. Genetically modified maize: Less drudgery for her, more maize for him? Evidence from smallholder maize farmers in South Africa. World Development 83:27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grain, S. A. 2018 Grain market overview. Last Accessed 30 August 2019. http://www.grainsa.co.za/grain-market-overview
   Google Scholar
• Green, L. 2019. Towards a politics for soil restitution. Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-02-05-towards-a-politics-for-soil-restitution/
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, S., 2013. The disjunctures of land and agricultural reform in South Africa: Implications for the agri-food system (Working Paper). Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape.
   Google Scholar
• Greyling, J. C., and P. G.Parley. 2019. Measuring maize in South Africa: The shifting structure of production during the twentieth century, 1904–2015. Agrekon 58:21–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gual, M. A., and R. B. Norgaard. 2008. Bridging ecological and social systems coevolution: A review and proposal, Ecological Economics, 1. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.020.
   Google Scholar
• Heisig, U. (2009) Chapter X.5. The Deskilling and Upskilling Debate. In MacleanR., WilsonD. (eds.), International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work, pp. 1639–1652. UNESCO-UNEVOC.
   Google Scholar
• Herrero, A., F. Wickson, and R. Binimelis. 2015. Seeing gmos from a systems perspective: The need for comparative cartographies of agri/cultures for sustainability assessment. Sustainability 7 (8):11321–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero, A., R. Binimelis, and F. Wickson. 2017. Just existing is resisting: The everyday struggle against the expansion of GM crops in Spain. Sociologia Ruralis 57:859–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z., and S. Rahman. 2016. Beyond a bottle of liquid: Pesticide dependence in transitional rural China. Local Environment 21 (8):919–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, K. (2013). From betterment to Bt maize. Doctoral thesis. University of Uppsala
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, K., and A. I. Myhr. 2013. GM Crops and Smallholders: Biosafety and Local Practice. The Journal of Environment Development22(1): 104–124. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffreys, M. D. W. 1954. Origins of Maize. African Archeological Bulletin 9 (No):35.
   Google Scholar
• Kepe, T., and D. Tessaro. 2014. Trading-off: Rural food security and land rights in South Africa. Land Use Policy 36: 267–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffi, L. 2007. Biocultural Diversity and Sustainability. The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society, 267–77. London: SAGE Publ.
   Google Scholar
• Mahlase, M. H., 2017. Exploring the uptake of genetically modified white maize by smallholder farmers: the case of Hlabisa, South Africa (Masters Thesis). University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Mawasha, J. L., M. Gouse., and T. Davids. 2019. An assessment of South Africa’s non-genetically modified maize export potential. SA-TIED Working Paper, 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayet, M. 2007. The New Green Revolution in Africa: Trojan Horse for GMOs? In Africa can feed itself? [Paper presentation]. Can Africa Feed Itself? – Poverty, Agriculture and environment – challenges for Africa, Oslo, Norway. https://www.acbio.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/newgreenrevolutionandgmos.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, K. 2008. Beyond techno-science: Transgenic maize in the fight over Mexico’s future. Geoforum 39 (1):148–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, J. 2001. Maize and Grace: History, Corn, and Africa’s New Landscapes, 1500–1999. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2001. 43 (2):246–72.
   Google Scholar
• McCann, J. 2007. Maize and Grace: History, corn, and africa’s New Landscape, 1500–1999. Boston: Boston University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mignolo, W., 2014. ‘The concept of de coloniality’ by prof walter mignolo filmed & Edited by Wandile Ka sibe. n.d. Accessed 3 February 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skoL6ngD7Gs
   Google Scholar
• Miracle, M. P. 1963. Interpretation of evidence on the introduction of maize into West Africa. The Journal of African History, 6 (No. 1):39–55.
   Google Scholar
• Muir., C., D. Rose, and P. Sullivan. 2010. From the other side of the knowledge frontier: Indigenous knowledge, social–ecological relationships and new perspectives. The Rangeland Journal 2010 (32):259–65.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, R. 2013. The Long Green Revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies 40 (1):1–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel, D. 1996. Green revolution agriculture and chemical hazards. Science of the Total Environment 188:S86–S98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, J., Adams B, Berkes F, de Athayde S, Dudley N, Hunn E, Maffi L, Milton K, Rapport D, Robbins P, Sterling E, Stolton S, Tsing A, Vintinnerk E, Pilgrim S. 2009. The intersections of biological diversity and cultural diversity: Towards Integration. Conservation and Society 7 (2):100.
   Google Scholar
• Rinard, R. G. 1996. Technology, deskilling, and nurses: The impact of the technologically changing environment. Advances in Nursing Science 18 (4):60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. 2010. Art after deskilling. Historical Materialism 18 (2):77–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roulston. K and M. Choi. 2018. Qualitative Interviews. In U. Flick (Ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. Los Angeles: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rusike, J. 1995. An institutional analysis of the maize seed industry in southern Africa.Unpublished PhD Thesis. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Michigan StateUniversity, East Lansing, MI
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, D. A. 2000. Braverman and the contribution of labour process analysis to the critique of capitalist production–twenty-five years on. Work, Employment and Society 14 (2):223–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, G. D. 2004. Biotechnology and the political ecology of information in India. Human Organization 63:127–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, G. D. 2007. Agricultural deskilling and the spread of genetically modified cotton in Warangal. Current Anthropology 48 (1):67–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, G. D., and A. Flachs. 2014. The problem with the farmer’s voice. Agriculture and Human Values 31 (4):649–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šūmane, S., I. Kunda, K. Knickel, A. Strauss, T. Tisenkopfs, I. D. I. Rios, M. Rivera, T. Chebach, and A. Ashkenazy. 2018. Local and farmers’ knowledge matters! How integrating informal and formal knowledge enhances sustainable and resilient agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies 59:232–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubo, M. E., H. Mukhala, O. Ogindo, and S. walker. 2003. Productivity of maize-bean intercropping in a semi-arid region of South Africa. Water SA  29(4).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, 2013, Trade and Environment Review 2013, Wake up before it is too late, Make agriculture truly sustainable now for food security in a changing planet.
   Google Scholar
• Vallor, S. 2015. Moral deskilling and upskilling in a new machine age: Reflections on the ambiguous future of character. Philosophy & Technology 28 (1):107–124.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg, J., A. Hilbeck, and T. Bøhn. 2013. Pest resistance to Cry1Ab Bt maize: Field resistance, contributing factors and lessons from South Africa. Crop Protection 54:154–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dooren, T. 2012. Wild Seed, domesticated seed: Companion species and the emergence of agriculture. PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature (9):22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dooren, T., E. Kirksey, and U. Munster. 2016. Multispecies studies cultivating arts of attentiveness. Environmental Humanities 8:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk, J., and R. Wynberg. 2017. Traditional seed and exchange systems cement social relations and provide a safety net: A case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 49 (9–10):1099–123.
   Google Scholar
• Vandeman, A. M. 1995. Management in a bottle: Pesticides and the deskilling of agriculture. Review of Radical Political Economics 27 (3):49–59.
   Google Scholar
• Vink, N., and J. Kirsten. 2003. Policy successes and policy failures in agriculture and land reform in South Africa the 1990s. South African Journal of Economic History 18:96–117. doi:10.1080/10113430309511156.
   Google Scholar
• Wyckhuys, K. A., and R. J. O’Neil. 2010. Social and ecological facets of pest management in Honduran subsistence agriculture: Implications for IPM extension and natural resource management. Environment, Development and Sustainability 12 (3):297–311.
   Google Scholar
• Wynberg, R.P. and D. Fig. 2014 'Realising Environmental Rights: Civic Action, Leverage and Litigation. In), Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa : Symbols or Substance, eds. Langford, M., CousinsB.,DugardJ. and MadlingoziT., 310–340. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zuma-Netshiukhwi, G., K. Stigter, and S. Walker. 2013. Use of traditional weather/climate knowledge by farmers in the South-Western Free State of South Africa: Agrometeorological learning by scientists. Atmosphere 4:383–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar