References
- Abu-Baker, N. N., & Ayyd, S. N. (2018). The relationship between exposure to media violence and school bullying in Jordan. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(5), 154–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n5p154
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
- Ak, Ş., Özdemir, Y., & Kuzucu, Y. (2015). Cybervictimization and cyberbullying: The mediating role of anger, don’t anger me! Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 437–443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.030
- Amos Development Corporation. (2012). User-defined estimands. Amos Development Corporation. http://amosdevelopment.com/index.html
- Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366
- Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
- Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772–790. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.772
- Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
- APA Task Force on Violent Media. (2015). Technical report on the review of the violent video game literature. APA Task Force on Violent Media. http://www.apa.org/pi/families/violent-media.aspx
- Atik, G., & Güneri, O. Y. (2013). Bullying and victimization: Predictive role of individual, parental, and academic factors. School Psychology International, 34(6), 658–673. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479699
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
- Bao, Z., Li, D., Zhang, W., & Wang, Y. (2015). School climate and delinquency among Chinese adolescents: Analyses of effortful control as a moderator and deviant peer affiliation as a mediator. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9903-8
- Bayraktar, F. (2012). Bullying among adolescents in North Cyprus and Turkey: Testing a multifactor model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(6), 1040–1065. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511424502
- Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses, and consequences (pp. 363–378). Erlbaum.
- Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1679–1686. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237649
- Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta‐analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5), 1185–1229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x
- Cho, S. (2017). Explaining the overlap between bullying perpetration and bullying victimization: Assessing the time-ordered and correlative relationships. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 280–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.016
- Cho, S., Hong, J. S., Sterzing, P. R., & Woo, Y. (2017). Parental attachment and bullying in South Korean adolescents: Mediating effects of low self-control, deviant peer associations, and delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 63(9), 1168–1188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717714968
- Cho, S., & Lee, J. M. (2018). Explaining physical, verbal, and social bullying among bullies, victims of bullying, and bully-victims: Assessing the integrated approach between social control and lifestyles-routine activities theories. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 372–382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.018
- Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., & Kim, T. E. (2009). Variability in the prevalence of bullying and victimization: A cross-national and methodological analysis. In S. R. Jimerson, S. B. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), The international handbook of school bullying (pp. 347–362). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Cuevas, C. A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Ormrod, R. K. (2007). Juvenile victimization and delinquency: A theoretical typology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(12), 1581–1602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507306498
- DeCamp, W. (2017). Who plays violent video games? An exploratory analysis of predictors of playing violent games. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 260–266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.027
- Dittrick, C. J., Beran, T. N., Mishna, F., Hetherington, R., & Shariff, S. (2013). Do children who bully their peers also play violent video games? A Canadian national study. Journal of School Violence, 12(4), 297–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2013.803244
- Erginoz, E., Alikasifoglu, M., Ercan, O., Uysal, O., Alp, Z., Ocak, S., Oktay Tanyildiz, G., Ekici, B., Yucel, I. K., & Albayrak Kaymak, D. (2015). The role of parental, school, and peer factors in adolescent bullying involvement: Results from the Turkish HBSC 2005/2006 study. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1591–NP1603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539512473144
- Ferguson, C. J. (2007). The good, the bad and the ugly: A meta-analytic review of positive and negative effects of violent video games. Psychiatric Quarterly, 78(4), 309–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-007-9056-9
- Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video games and youth violence: A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 377–391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x
- Ferguson, C. J. (2015). Do angry birds make for angry children? A meta-analysis of video game influences on children’s and adolescents’ aggression, mental health, prosocial behavior, and academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 646–666. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615592234
- Ferguson, C. J., Rueda, S. M., Cruz, A. M., Ferguson, D. E., Fritz, S., & Smith, S. M. (2008). Violent video games and aggression: Causal relationship or byproduct of family violence and intrinsic violence motivation? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(3), 311–332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807311719
- Fischer, P., Kastenmüller, A., & Greitemeyer, T. (2010). Media violence and the self: The impact of personalized gaming characters in aggressive video games on aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 192–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.010
- Fraser, A. M., Padilla-Walker, L. P., Coyne, S. M., Nelson, L. J., & Stockdale, L. A. (2012). Associations between violent video gaming, empathic concern, and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family members. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(5), 636–649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9742-2
- Gentile, D. A., Bender, P. K., & Anderson, C. A. (2017). Violent video game effects on salivary cortisol, arousal, and aggressive thoughts in children. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 39–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.045
- Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2015). Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.963231
- Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Playing violent video games increases intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213505872
- Greitemeyer, T., & Mügge, D. O. (2014). Video games do affect social outcomes: A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(5), 578–589. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459
- Hayes, A. F., Preacher, K. J., & Myers, T. A. (2011). Mediation and the estimation of indirect effects in political communication research. In E. P. Bucy & R. L. Holbert (Eds.), Sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, measures, and analytical techniques (pp. 434–465). Routledge.
- Hull, J. G., Brunelle, T. J., Prescott, A. T., & Sargent, J. D. (2014). A longitudinal study of risk-glorifying video games and behavioral deviance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(2), 300–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036058
- Kanetsuna, T., Smith, P. K., & Morita, Y. (2006). Coping with bullying at school: Children’s recommended strategies and attitudes to school‐based interventions in England and Japan. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32(6), 570–580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20156
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Lereya, S. T., Copeland, W. E., Zammit, S., & Wolke, D. (2015). Bully/victims: A longitudinal, population-based cohort study of their mental health. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(12), 1461–1471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0705-5
- Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
- Mouttapa, M., Valente, T., Gallaher, P., Rohrbach, L. A., & Unger, J. B. (2004). Social network predictors of bullying and victimization. Adolescence, 39(154), 315–335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15563041/
- Nofziger, S. (2009). Deviant lifestyles and violent victimization at school. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(9), 1494–1517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508323667
- Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying in school: What we know and what we can do. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Park, S., & Kim, S. H. (2018). The power of family and community factors in predicting dating violence: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 40, 19–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.03.002
- Piskin, M. (2010). Examination of peer bullying among primary and middle school children in Ankara, Turkey. Education and Science, 35(156), 175–189. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/304/24
- Pouwels, J. L., & Cillessen, A. H. (2013). Correlates and outcomes associated with aggression and victimization among elementary-school children in a low-income urban context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(2), 190–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9875-3
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Qing, L. (2015). When cyberbullying and bullying meet gaming: A systemic review of the literature. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 5(4), 195–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000195
- Scharrer, E., Kamau, G., Warren, S., & Zhang, C. (2018). Violent video games do contribute to aggression. In C. J. Ferguson (Ed.), Video game influences on aggression, cognition, and attention (pp. 5–21). Springer.
- Schreck, C. J., & Fisher, B. S. (2004). Specifying the influence of family and peers on violent victimization: Extending routine activities and lifestyles theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(9), 1021–1041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504268002
- Schreck, C. J., Wright, R. A., & Miller, J. M. (2002). A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 19(1), 159–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095201
- Strohmeier, D., Gradinger, P., Schabmann, A., & Spiel, C. (2012). Gewalterfahrungen von Jugendlichen. Prävalenzen und Risikogruppen [Adolescent’s experiences of violence. Prevalences and risk groups]. In F. Eder (Ed.), PISA 2009. NationaleZusatzerhebungen [PISA 2009. Additional national investigations] (pp. 165–208). Waxmann.
- Teng, Z., Nie, Q., Guo, C., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., & Bushman, B. J. (2018). A longitudinal study of link between exposure to violent video games and aggression in Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Developmental Psychology, 55(1), 184–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000624
- Toro, P. A., Urberg, K. A., & Heinze, H. J. (2004). Antisocial behavior and affiliation with deviant peers. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 336–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_15
- UNESCO. (2019). Behind the numbers: Ending school violence and bullying. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-cd7db641-398b-4338-b588-81e8f64d9240
- Vazsonyi, A. T., Ksinan Jiskrova, G., Özdemir, Y., & Bell, M. M. (2017). Bullying and cyberbullying in Turkish adolescents: Direct and indirect effects of parenting processes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(8), 1153–1171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687853
- Veenstra, R., & Dijkstra, J. K. (2011). Transformations in adolescent peer networks. In B. Laursen & W. A. Collins (Eds.), Relationship pathways: From adolescence to young adulthood (pp. 135–154). Sage.
- Velez, J. A., Greitemeyer, T., Whitaker, J. L., Ewoldsen, D. R., & Bushman, B. J. (2016). Violent video games and reciprocity: The attenuating effects of cooperative game play on subsequent aggression. Communication Research, 43(4), 447–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214552519
- Wang, M. T., & Dishion, T. J. (2012). The trajectories of adolescents’ perceptions of school climate, deviant peer affiliation, and behavioral problems during the middle school years. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00763.x
- You, S., Kim, E., & No, U. (2015). Impact of violent video games on the social behaviors of adolescents: The mediating role of emotional competence. School Psychology International, 36(1), 94–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034314562921
- Zhu, J., Yu, C., Bao, Z., Jiang, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Qiu, B., & Zhang, J. (2017). Deviant peer affiliation as an explanatory mechanism in the association between corporal punishment and physical aggression: A longitudinal study among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(8), 1537–1551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0259-0
- Zhu, X. W., Chu, X. W., Zhang, Y. H., & Li, Z. H. (2020). Exposure to online game violence and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator and trait aggressiveness as a moderator. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(2), 148–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1550830