402
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Social support and bidimensional mental health among primary-level teachers during COVID-19 crisis

, , , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Ali, N. A., Feroz, A. S., Akber, N., Feroz, R., Meghani, S. N., & Saleem, S. (2021). When COVID-19 enters in a community setting: An exploratory qualitative study of community perspectives on COVID-19 affecting mental well-being. BMJ Open, 11(5), e049851. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049851
  • Alshammari, A., Piko, B. F., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2021). Social support and adolescent mental health and well-being among Jordanian students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 26(1), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.1908375
  • American Federation of Teachers. (2017). Educator quality of work life survey. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/2017_eqwl_survey_web.pdf
  • Anderson, R. C., Bousselot, T., Katz-Buoincontro, J., & Todd, J. (2020). Generating buoyancy in a sea of uncertainty: Teachers creativity and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 614774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614774
  • Apperibai, L., Cortabarria, L., Aguirre, T., Verche, E., & Borges, A. (2020). Teacher’s physical activity and mental health during the lockdown due to the COVID-2019 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 577886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577886
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Barretto, I. D. E., Shin, Y., & Jang, A. (2019). The experience of power in teacher–student relationships in collectivistic context. Psychological Studies, 64(3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019-00523-0
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2021). Socio-ecological determinants of distress in Filipino adults during COVID-19 crisis. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-0.20-01322-x
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Balingit, N. D. Z., & de Vera, A. M. F. (2021a). Who are vulnerable to mental health concerns amid COVID-19 pandemic? Follow-up evidence on Philippine teachers. Journal of Loss & Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.1975976
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Antazo, B., Briones-Diato, A., Crisostomo, K., Canlas, N. F., & Peñaranda, G. (2021b). When does self-criticism lead to depression in collectivistic context. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 43(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-020-09418-6
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Antazo, B. G., & Paceño, J. L. (2021c). Self-stigma is associated with depression and anxiety in a collectivistic context: The adaptive cultural function of self-criticism. The Journal of Psychology, 155(2), 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.1876620
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C., Antazo, B. G., & Ballada, C. J. A. (2021d). The mediating role of psychological distress on the link between socio-ecological factors and quality of life of Filipino adults during COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22668
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., & Montes, L. (2022). The two sides of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The importance of a balanced perspective in addressing mental health problems. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(1), 151–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211051847
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Almazan, J. U., Alamri, M. S., Adolfo, C. S., & Gonzales, F. (2022a). Measuring mental well-being among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02828-2
  • Aruta, J. J. B. R., Crisostomo, K. A., Canlas, N. F., Almazan, J. U., & Penaranda, G. (2022b). Measurement and community antecedents of positive mental health among the survivors of typhoons Vamco and Goni during the COVID-19 crisis in the Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 72, 102853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102853
  • Assunção Flores, M., & Gago, M. (2020). Teacher education in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal: National, institutional and pedagogical responses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1799709
  • Atiles, J. T., Almodóvar, M., Chavarría Vargas, A., Dias, M. J., & Zúñiga León, I. M. (2021). International responses to COVID-19: Challenges faced by early childhood professionals. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1872674
  • Bal, S., Crombez, G., Van Oost, P., & Debourdeaudhuij, I. (2003). The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(12), 1377–1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.002
  • Ballada, C. J. A., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C., Antazo, B. G., & Cortez Verdu, F. (2022). Bouncing back from COVID-19: Individual and ecological factors influence national resilience in adults from Israel, the Philippines, and Brazil. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 452–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2569
  • Brajsa-Zganec, A., Kaliterna, L., & Markovic, I. H. (2018). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across the lifespan. Društvena istraživanja:časopis za opća društvena pitanja, 27(1), 47–65.
  • Callueng, C., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Antazo, B. G., & Diato, A. B. (2020). Measurement and antecedents of national resilience in Filipino adults during coronavirus crisis. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(8), 2608–2624. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22438
  • Carreon, T. R., Rotas, E., Cahapay, M. B., Garcia, K. A., Amador, R. M., & Anoba, J. L. D. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and remote teaching burnout of Philippine K to 12 teachers. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 552–567. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5853
  • Casu, G., Gentili, E., & Gremigni, P. (2020). Future time perspective and perceived social support: The mediating role of gratitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186707
  • Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624–645. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
  • Cimarolli, V. R., & Boerner, K. (2005). Social support and well-being in adults who are visually impaired. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 99(9), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0509900904
  • Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health (pp. 31–67). Sage Publications.
  • Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garde Inc. https://www.mindgarden.com/documents/PerceivedStressScale.pdf
  • Cummins, R. (2013). Personal well-being index – Adult 5th edition. The Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University.
  • David, A. P., & Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2022). Modeling Filipino teachers’ intention to use technology: A MIMIC approach. Educational Media International, 59(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2022.2054114
  • Department of Education. (2020a). DepEd prepares self-learning modules for education’s new normal. https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/07/02/deped-prepares-self-learning-modules-for-educations-new-normal/
  • Department of Education. (2020b). Memoranda about COVID-19. https://www.deped.gov.ph/covid-19/covid19-memoranda/
  • ECQ and GCQ Guidelines. (2020). https://www.covid19.gov.ph/ecq-gcq-guidelines/
  • Ekornes, S. (2017). Teacher stress related to student mental health promotion: The match between perceived demands and competence to help students with mental health problems. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 61(3), 333–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1147068
  • El-Zoghby, S., Soltan, E., & Salama, H. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and social support among adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45(4), 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
  • Franken, K., Lamers, S. M. A., Ten Klooster, P. M., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Westerhof, G. J. (2018). Validation of the mental health continuum-short form and the dual continua model of well-being and psychopathology in an adult mental health setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(12), 2187–2202. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22659
  • Galanza, M. A. M. C., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Mateo, N. J., Resurreccion, R. R., & Bernardo, A. B. (2021). Mental health of Filipino university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The distinct associations of fear of COVID-19 and financial difficulties. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2021.1999168
  • Glazzard, J., & Rose, A. (2019). The impact of teacher well-being and mental health on pupil progress in primary schools. Journal of Public Mental Health, 19(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-02-2019-0023
  • Gonzales, K. (2020). Rising from COVID-19: Private schools’ readiness and response amidst a global pandemic. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3918577
  • Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essential of statistics for the behavioral sciences. Wadsworth.
  • Greenspoon, P. J., & Sasklofske, D. H. (2001). Toward an integration of SWB and psychopathology. Social Indicators Research, 54(1), 81–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/1007219227883
  • Grych, J., Taylor, E., Banyard, V., & Hamby, S. (2020). Applying the dual factor model of mental health to understanding protective factors in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(4), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000449
  • Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., & Dawani, H. A. (2008). Social support and stress among university students in Jordan. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(3), 442–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9112-6
  • Harandi, T. F., Taghinasab, M. M., & Nayeri, T. D. (2017). The correlation of social support with mental health: A meta-analysis. Electronic Physician, 9(9), 5212. https://doi.org/10.19082/5212
  • Hefner, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2009). Social support and mental health among college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016918
  • International Wellbeing Group. (2013). Personal wellbeing index (5th ed.). Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing-index/index.php
  • Jeon, H. J., Kwon, K. A., Walsh, B., Burnham, M. M., & Choi, Y. J. (2019). Relations of early childhood education teachers’ depressive symptoms, job-related stress, and professional motivation to beliefs about children and teaching practices. Early Education and Development, 30(1), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1539822
  • Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2020). Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219871976
  • Kalpana, R. E. (2016). Perceived social support and psychological well-being: Testing the unique association and gender differences among young working adults. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.25215/0302.065
  • Ke, S., & Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2017). Examining how relatedness with parents, teachers, and classmates predict academic engagement among Indonesian adolescents. Philippine Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(1), 1–12.
  • Khan, A., Kamruzzaman, M., Rahman, N., Mahmood, M., & Uddin, A. (2021). Quality of life in the COVID-19 outbreak: Influence of psychological distress, government strategies, social distancing, and emotional recovery. Heliyon, 7(3), e06407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06407
  • Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Adini, B., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Antazo, B. G., Briones-Diato, A., Reinert, M., da Silva, J. D., Verdu, F. C., & Marciano, H. (2021). Distress and resilience in days of COVID-19: International study of samples from Israel, Brazil, and the Philippines. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(5), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971211026806
  • Klapporth, F., Federkeil, L., Heinschke, F., & Jungmann, T. (2020). Teachers’ experiences of stress and their coping strategies during COVID-19 induced distance teaching. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(4), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2020062805
  • Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118(3), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023477
  • Lau, L. L., Hung, N., Go, D. J., Ferma, J., Choi, M., Dodd, W., & Wei, X. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of COVID-19 among income-poor households in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Global Health, 10(1), 011007. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.011007
  • Lieberoth, A., Lin, S. Y., Stöckli, S., Han, H., Kowal, M., Gelpi, R., Chrona, S., Tran, T. P., Jeftić, A., Rasmussen, J., Cakal, H., Milfont, T. L., Lieberoth, A., Yamada, Y., Han, H., Rasmussen, J., Amin, R., Debove, S., Gelpí, R., … Dubrov, D., & Covidistress Global Survey Consortium. (2021). Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey. Royal Society Open Science, 8 (2), 200589. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200589
  • Lofty, N. A. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the “personal wellbeing index-adults” on adults with hearing impairment. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2020.39
  • Lyons, M. D., Huebner, E. S., Hills, K. J., & Shinkareva, S. V. (2012). The dual-factor model of mental health: Further study of the determinants of group differences. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 27(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573512443669
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers’ coping strategies during the COVID-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System, 94, 102352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352
  • Magalhães, E., & Calheiros, M. M. (2017). A dual-factor model of mental health and social support: Evidence with adolescents in residential care. Child and Youth Services Review, 79, 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.041
  • Major, B. C., Le Nguyen, K. D., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2018). Well-being correlates of perceived positivity resonance: Evidence from trait and episode-level assessments. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(12), 1631–1647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218771324
  • Mellor, D., Hayashi, Y., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Lake, L., Staples, M., … Cummins, R. (2009). Volunteering and its relationship with personal and neighborhood well-being. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(1), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008317971
  • Melrose, K. L., Brown, G. D., & Wood, A. M. (2015). When is received social support related to perceived support and well-being? When it is needed. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.047
  • Miranda, A. R., Rivadero, L., Serra, S. V., & Soria, E. A. (2020). Multidomain self-report assessment of fronto-executive complaints in Spanish-speaking adults. Psychology & Neuroscience, 13(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000187
  • Morelli, S., Lee, I., Arnn, M., & Zaki, J. (2015). Emotional and instrumental social support provision to predict well-being. Emotion, 15(4), 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000084
  • Morelli, M., Cattelino, E., Baiocco, R., Trumello, C., Babore, A., Candelori, C., & Chirumbolo, A. (2020). Parents and children during the COVID-19 lockdown: The influence of parenting distress and parenting self-efficacy on children’s emotional well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645
  • Muldong, V., Garcia, A., & Gozum, I. (2021). Providing psychosocial support for work-from-home educators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oxford University Press Public Health Emergency Collection, 43(2), e334–e335. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab039
  • Nasri, N. M., Husnin, H., Mahmud, S. N. D., & Halim, L. (2020). Mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: A snapshot from Malaysia into the coping strategies for pre-service teachers’ education. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1802582
  • National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2019). Professional standards and competencies for early childhood educators. https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/standards_and_competencies_ps.pdf
  • Oakland, T., Callueng, C., & Harris, J. G. (2012). The impact of test‐taking behaviors on WISC–IV Spanish domain scores in its standardization sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 30(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911423358
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Santxo, N. B., Mondragon, N. I., & Santamaria, M. D. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 620718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35–40.
  • Petersen, K. J., Humphrey, N., & Qualter, P. (2020). Latent class analysis of mental health in middle childhood: Evidence for the dual-factor model. School Mental Health, 12(4), 786–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09384-9
  • Petrakova, A. V., Kanonire, T. V., Kulikova, A. A., & Orel, E. (2020). Characteristics of teacher stress during distance learning imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Voprosy Obrazovaniya/Educational Studies Moscow, 1, 93–114.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research. Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12 4 , 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
  • Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, Y. Y., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9101.88.5.879
  • Portero, C. F., & Oliva, A. (2007). Social support, psychological well-being, and health among the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 33(12), 1053–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701700458
  • Quezada, R. L., Talbot, C., & Quezada-Parker, K. B. (2020). From bricks and mortar to remote teaching: A teacher education programmes’s response to Covid 19. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1801330
  • Rabacal, J. S., Oducado, R. M. F., & Tamdang, K. A. (2020). COVID-19 impact on the quality of life of teachers: A cross-sectional study. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(4), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.4.478
  • Raposa, E., Laws, H., & Ansell, E. (2015). Prosocial behavior mitigates the negative effects of stress in everyday life. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615611073
  • Rawal, D. (2021). Work life balance among female school teachers [K-12] delivering online curriculum in Noida [India] during COVID: Empirical study. Management in Education, . https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020621994303
  • Renshaw, T. L., Eklund, K. R., Bolognino, S. J., & Adodo, I. (2016). Bidimensional emotional health in college students: A comparison of categorical and continuous analytic approaches. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9558-6
  • Rivera-Riquelme, M., Piqueras, J. A., & Cuijpers, P. (2019). The Revised Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) as an ultra-brief screening measure of bidimensional mental health in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 274, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.045
  • Robosa, J., Paras, N., Perante, L., Alvez, T., & Tus, J. (2021). The experiences and challenges faced of the public school teachers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study in the Philippines. International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 7(1), 10–6084. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14028833.v1
  • Semerci, A. B., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2020). Social support as a predictor of quality of life: Turkish validation of two-way social support scale. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 25(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1853184
  • Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Obst, P. (2011). The development of the 2-way social support scale: A measure of giving and receiving emotional and instrumental support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(5), 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.594124
  • Silver, H. C., & Zinsser, K. M. (2020). The interplay among early childhood teachers’ social and emotional well-being, mental health consultation, and preschool expulsion. Early Education and Development, 31(7), 1133–1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1785267
  • Sippel, L., Pietrzak, R., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Southwick, S. (2015). How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual. Ecology and Society, 20(4 10). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07832-200410
  • Sokal, L., Trudel, L., & Babb, J. (2021). I’ve had it! Factors associated with burnout and low organizational commitment in Canadian teachers during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2(2), 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100023
  • Stallman, H. M., Ohan, J. L., & Chiera, B. (2018). The role of social support, being present and self-kindness in university student well-being. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(4), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1343458
  • Suldo, S. M., Thalji-Raitano, A., Kiefer, S. M., & Ferron, J. M. (2016). Conceptualizing high school students’ health through a dual-factor model. School Psychology Review, 45(4), 434–457. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR45-4.434-457
  • Superio, D. L., Anderson, K. L., Oducado, R. M. F., Luceño, M. T., Palcullo, V. E. V., & Bendalian, M. V. T. (2021). The information-seeking behavior and levels of knowledge, precaution, and fear of college students in Iloilo, Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102414
  • Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 25(6–7), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
  • Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
  • United Nations. (2020). Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-education-during-covid-19-and-beyond
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.). Education: From disruption to recovery. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on households in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/media/2061/file/Finalreport:TheImpactoftheCOVID-19CrisisonHouseholdsintheNationalCapitalRegionofthePhilippines.pdf
  • Utz, S., & Breuer, J. (2017). The relationship between use of social network sites, online social support, and well-being: Results from a six-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 29(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000222
  • Väisänen, S., Pietarinen, J. P., Pyhältö, K., Toom, A., & Tiina, S. (2016). Social support as a contributor to student teachers’ experienced well-being. Research Papers in Education, 32(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2015.1129643
  • Vedder, P., Boekaerts, M., & Seegers, G. (2005). Perceived social support and well being in school; The role of students’ ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-4313-4
  • Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41
  • Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C. A., Miller, J. K., Uusberg, A., Lerner, J. S., … Isager, P. M. (2021). A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(8), 1089–1110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x
  • Weiland, A. (2021). Teacher well-being: Voices in the field. Teaching and Teacher Education, 99, 103250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103250
  • Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y
  • World Health Organization. (2014). Mental health: A state of well-being. https://www.who.int/home/cms-decommissioning
  • Yamada, Y., Ćepulić, D. B., Coll-Martín, T., Debove, S., Gautreau, G., Han, H., Rasmussen, J., Tran, T. P., Travaglino, G. A., & Lieberoth, A. (2021). COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. Scientific Data, 8(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00784-9
  • Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.