2,126
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in the development of NEC

&
Article: e1000707 | Received 08 Oct 2014, Accepted 16 Dec 2014, Published online: 25 Feb 2015

References

  • Lin PW, Stoll BJ. Necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet 2006; 368(9543):1271-83; PMID:17027734; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69525-1
  • Neu J, Walker WA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364(3):255-64; PMID:21247316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1005408
  • Israel EJ. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, a disease of the immature intestinal mucosal barrier. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994; 396:27-32; PMID:8086678; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13238.x
  • Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the search for a unifying pathogenic theory leading to prevention. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43(2):409-32; PMID:8614608; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70413-2
  • Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, Korones SB, Papile LA, Stoll BJ, Verter J, Temprosa M, Wright LL, Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2001; 107(1):E1; PMID:11134465; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.1.e1
  • de Souza JC, da Motta UI, Ketzer CR, Prognostic factors of mortality in newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis submitted to exploratory laparotomy. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36(3):482-6; PMID:11227002; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpsu.2001.21603
  • Fitzgibbons SC, Ching Y, Yu D, Carpenter J, Kenny M, Weldon C, Lillehei C, Valim C, Horbar JD, Jaksic T. Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44(6):1072-5; discussion 1075-6; PMID:19524719; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013
  • Thyoka M, de Coppi P, Eaton S, Khoo K, Hall NJ, Curry J, Kiely E, Drake D, Cross K, Pierro A. Advanced necrotizing enterocolitis part 1: mortality. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22(1):8-12; PMID:22434227; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306263
  • Ganapathy V.,Hay JW, Kim JH. Costs of necrotizing enterocolitis and cost-effectiveness of exclusively human milk-based products in feeding extremely premature infants. Breastfeed Med 2011; 7(1):29-37; PMID:21718117
  • Bisquera JA, Cooper TR, Berseth CL, Impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on length of stay and hospital charges in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2002; 109(3):423-8; PMID:11875136; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.3.423
  • Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM, Mele L, Verter J, Steichen JJ, Simon NP, Wilson DC, Broyles S, Bauer CR, et al. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994. Pediatrics 2000; 105(6):1216-26; PMID: 10835060; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.6.1216
  • McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88(1):F11-4; PMID: 12496220; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fn.88.1.F11
  • Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet 1990; 336(8730):1519-23; PMID:1979363; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)93304-8
  • AlFaleh K, Anabrees J. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Evid Based Child Health 2014; 9(3):584-671; PMID:25236307; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ebch.1976
  • Grave GD, Nelson SA, Walker WA, Moss RL, Dvorak B, Hamilton FA, Higgins R, Raju TN. New therapies and preventive approaches for necrotizing enterocolitis: report of a research planning workshop. Pediatr Res 2007; 62(4):510-4; PMID:17667844; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318142580a
  • Patel RM, Lin PW. Developmental biology of gut-probiotic interaction. Gut Microbes 2010; 1(3):186-95; PMID:21327024; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.1.3.12484
  • Patel RM, Myers LS, Kurundkar AR, Maheshwari A, Nusrat A, Lin PW., Probiotic bacteria induce maturation of intestinal claudin 3 expression and barrier function. Am J Pathol 2012; 180(2):626-35; PMID: 22155109; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.025
  • Weaver LT, Laker MF, Nelson R. Intestinal permeability in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59(3):236-41; PMID:6424583; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.59.3.236
  • van Elburg RM, Fetter WP, Bunkers CM, Heymans HS. Intestinal permeability in relation to birth weight and gestational and postnatal age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88(1):F52-5; PMID: 12496227; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fn.88.1.F52
  • Bezerra JA, Thompson SH, Morse M, Koldovský O, Udall JN Jr. Intestinal permeability to intact lactose in newborns and adults. Biol Neonate 1990; 58(6):334-42; PMID:2288995; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000243288
  • Kuvaeva IB. Permeability of the gastronintestinal tract for macromolecules in health and disease. Hum Physiol 1979; 4(2):272-83; PMID:376430
  • Goldman AS. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract of infants by human milk. Interfaces and interactions. An evolutionary perspective. J Nutr 2000; 130(2S Suppl):426S-431S; PMID:10721920
  • Colome G, Sierra C, Blasco J, García MV, Valverde E, Sánchez E. Intestinal permeability in different feedings in infancy. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96(1):69-72; PMID:17187607; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00030.x
  • Weaver LT, Laker MF, Nelson R, Lucas A. Milk feeding and changes in intestinal permeability and morphology in the newborn. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1987; 6(3):351-8; PMID:3123630; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198705000-00008
  • Dvorak, B. Milk epidermal growth factor and gut protection. J Pediatr 2010; 156(2 Suppl):S31-5; PMID: 20105663; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.018
  • Henning SJ. Development of the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Nutr Soc 1986; 45(1):39-44; PMID: 3703862; http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PNS19860033
  • Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 2004; 118(2):229-41; PMID:15260992; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002
  • Hooper LV, Wong MH, Thelin A, Hansson L, Falk PG, Gordon JI. Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 2001; 291(5505):881-884; PMID:11157169; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5505.881
  • Piena-Spoel M, Albers MJ, ten Kate J, Tibboel D. Intestinal permeability in newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis and controls: does the sugar absorption test provide guidelines for the time to (re-)introduce enteral nutrition? J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36(4):587-92; PMID:11283883; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpsu.2001.22288
  • Cotten CM, Taylor S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, Ambalavanan N, Benjamin DK Jr; NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2009; 123(1):58-66; PMID:19117861; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3423
  • AlFaleh K, Anabrees J. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4:CD005496; PMID: 24723255
  • Madara JL. Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis Award lecture. Pathobiology of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Am J Pathol 1990; 137(6):1273-81; PMID:2260620
  • Xu J, Gordon JI. Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100(18):10452-9; PMID:12923294; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1734063100
  • Pinto D, Clevers H. Wnt control of stem cells and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. Exp Cell Res 2005; 306(2):357-63; PMID:15925592; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.02.022
  • Corfield AP, Carroll D, Myerscough N, Probert CS. Mucins in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Front Biosci 2001; 6:D1321-57; PMID: 11578958; http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/Corfield
  • Louis NA, Hamilton KE, Canny G, Shekels LL, Ho SB, Colgan SP. Selective induction of mucin-3 by hypoxia in intestinal epithelia. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99(6):1616-27; PMID:16823775; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.20947
  • Otte JM, Kiehne K, Herzig KH. Antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity of the human intestine. J Gastroenterol 2003; 38(8):717-26; PMID:14505124; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-003-1136-5
  • Ganz, T. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3(9):710-20; PMID:12949495; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1180
  • Salzman NH, Underwood MA, Bevins CL. Paneth cells, defensins, and the commensal microbiota: a hypothesis on intimate interplay at the intestinal mucosa. Semin Immunol 2007; 19(2):70-83; PMID: 17485224; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.002
  • Lin PW, A.N., Andrew S. Innate immunity and epithelial biology: special considerations in the neonatal gut, in gastroenterology and nutrition: neonatal questions and controversies, J. Neu, Editor. 2008, Saunders: Philadelphia. p. 51-72
  • Lin PW, Simon PO Jr, Gewirtz AT, Neish AS, Ouellette AJ, Madara JL, Lencer WI. Paneth cell cryptdins act in vitro as apical paracrine regulators of the innate inflammatory response. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(19):19902-7; PMID:14990585; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M311821200
  • Balda MS, Fallon MB, Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Structure, Regulation, and Pathophysiology of Tight Junctions in the Gastrointestinal-Tract. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1992; 65(6):725-735; PMID:1341075
  • Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM. Tight junctions. Curr Biol 2008; 18(20):R941-3; PMID:18957244; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.083
  • Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Architecture of tight junctions and principles of molecular composition. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2014; 36C:157-165; PMID:25171873; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.011
  • Laukoetter MG, M Bruewer, A Nusrat. Regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier by the apical junctional complex. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22(2):85-9; PMID:16462161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mog.0000203864.48255.4f
  • Nusrat A, Turner JR, Madara JL. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279(5):G851-7; PMID:11052980
  • Dalton JE, Cruickshank SM, Egan CE, Mears R, Newton DJ, Andrew EM, Lawrence B, Howell G, Else KJ, Gubbels MJ. et al. Intraepithelial gammadelta+ lymphocytes maintain the integrity of intestinal epithelial tight junctions in response to infection. Gastroenterology 2006; 131(3):818-29; PMID:16952551; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.003
  • Ismail AS, Severson KM, Vaishnava S, Behrendt CL, Yu X, Benjamin JL, Ruhn KA, Hou B, DeFranco AL, Yarovinsky F, et al. Gammadelta intraepithelial lymphocytes are essential mediators of host-microbial homeostasis at the intestinal mucosal surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108(21):8743-8; PMID:21555560; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019574108
  • Edelblum KL, Shen L, Weber CR, Marchiando AM, Clay BS, Wang Y, Prinz I, Malissen B, Sperling AI, Turner JR. Dynamic migration of gammadelta intraepithelial lymphocytes requires occludin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109(18):7097-102; PMID: 22511722; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112519109
  • Chen Y, Chou K, Fuchs E, Havran WL, Boismenu R. Protection of the intestinal mucosa by intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99(22):14338-43; PMID:12376619; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212290499
  • Roberts SJ, Smith AL, West AB, Wen L, Findly RC, Owen MJ, Hayday AC. T-cell alpha beta + and gamma delta + deficient mice display abnormal but distinct phenotypes toward a natural, widespread infection of the intestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93(21):11774-9; PMID:8876213; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.21.11774
  • Yang H, Antony PA, Wildhaber BE, Teitelbaum DH. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte gamma delta-T cell-derived keratinocyte growth factor modulates epithelial growth in the mouse. J Immunol 2004; 172(7):4151-8; PMID:15034027; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4151
  • Komano H, Fujiura Y, Kawaguchi M, Matsumoto S, Hashimoto Y, Obana S, Mombaerts P, Tonegawa S, Yamamoto H, Itohara S. Homeostatic regulation of intestinal epithelia by intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92(13):6147-51; PMID: 7597094; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.6147
  • Hecht G. Innate mechanisms of epithelial host defense: spotlight on intestine. Am J Physiol 1999; 277(3 Pt 1):C351-8; PMID:10484321
  • Lebenthal A, Lebenthal E. The ontogeny of the small intestinal epithelium. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23(5 Suppl):S3-6; PMID:10483884; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014860719902300502
  • Mallow EB, Harris A, Salzman N, Russell JP, DeBerardinis RJ, Ruchelli E, Bevins CL. Human enteric defensins. Gene structure and developmental expression. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(8):4038-45; PMID:8626737; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.8.4038
  • Rumbo M, Schiffrin EJ. Ontogeny of intestinal epithelium immune functions: developmental and environmental regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62(12):1288-96; PMID:15971104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5033-3
  • Salzman NH, Polin RA, Harris MC, Ruchelli E, Hebra A, Zirin-Butler S, Jawad A, Martin Porter E, Bevins CL. Enteric defensin expression in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 1998; 44(1):20-6; PMID:9667365; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199807000-00003
  • Weitkamp JH, Rosen MJ, Zhao Z, Koyama T, Geem D, Denning TL, Rock MT, Moore DJ, Halpern MD, Matta P, et al. Small intestinal intraepithelial TCRgammadelta+ T lymphocytes are present in the premature intestine but selectively reduced in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One 2014; 9(6):e99042; PMID:24905458; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099042
  • Buisine MP, Devisme L, Savidge TC, Gespach C, Gosselin B, Porchet N, Aubert JP. Mucin gene expression in human embryonic and fetal intestine. Gut 1998; 43(4):519-24; PMID:9824580; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.43.4.519
  • Bjarnason I. Intestinal permeability. Gut 1994; 35(1 Suppl):S18-22; PMID:8125384; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.1_Suppl.S18
  • Urao M, Okuyama H, Drongowski RA, Teitelbaum DH, Coran AG. Intestinal permeability to small- and large-molecular-weight substances in the newborn rabbit. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32(10):1424-8; PMID:9349760; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90553-4
  • Madsen K. Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Doyle J, Jewell L, De Simone C. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 2001; 121(3):580-91; PMID:11522742; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.27224
  • Stratiki Z, Costalos C, Sevastiadou S, Kastanidou O, Skouroliakou M, Giakoumatou A, Petrohilou V. The effect of a bifidobacter supplemented bovine milk on intestinal permeability of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83(9):575-9; PMID:17229535; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.12.002
  • Alfaleh K, Bassler D. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 23(1):CD005496
  • Martin CR, Walker WA. Probiotics: role in pathophysiology and prevention in necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32(2):127-37; PMID: 18346537; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2008.01.006
  • Qin HL, Shen TY, Gao ZG, Fan XB, Hang XM, Jiang YQ, Zhang HZ. Effect of lactobacillus on the gut microflora and barrier function of the rats with abdominal infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11(17):2591-6; PMID:15849817
  • Luyer MD, Buurman WA, Hadfoune M, Speelmans G, Knol J, Jacobs JA, Dejong CH, Vriesema AJ, Greve JW. Strain-specific effects of probiotics on gut barrier integrity following hemorrhagic shock. Infect Immun 2005; 73(6):3686-92; PMID:15908398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.6.3686-3692.2005
  • Khailova L, Dvorak K, Arganbright KM, Halpern MD, Kinouchi T, Yajima M, Dvorak B. Bifidobacterium bifidum improves intestinal integrity in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297(5):G940-9; PMID:20501441; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00141.2009
  • Prasad S, Mingrino R, Kaukinen K, Hayes KL, Powell RM, MacDonald TT, Collins JE. Inflammatory processes have differential effects on claudins 2, 3 and 4 in colonic epithelial cells. Lab Invest 2005; 85(9):1139-62; PMID:16007110; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3700316
  • Bruewer M, Luegering A, Kucharzik T, Parkos CA, Madara JL, Hopkins AM, Nusrat A. Proinflammatory cytokines disrupt epithelial barrier function by apoptosis-independent mechanisms. J Immunol 2003; 171(11):6164-72; PMID:14634132; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6164
  • Lapointe TK, Buret AG. Interleukin-18 facilitates neutrophil transmigration via myosin light chain kinase-dependent disruption of occludin, without altering epithelial permeability. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 302(3):G343-51; PMID:22135309; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00202.2011
  • Marchiando AM, Shen L, Graham WV, Edelblum KL, Duckworth CA, Guan Y, Montrose MH, Turner JR, Watson AJ. The epithelial barrier is maintained by in vivo tight junction expansion during pathologic intestinal epithelial shedding. Gastroenterology 2011; 140(4):1208-1218 e1-2; PMID:21237166; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.004
  • Fries W, Muja C, Crisafulli C, Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E. Dynamics of enterocyte tight junctions: effect of experimental colitis and two different anti-TNF strategies. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294(4):G938-47; PMID:18258792; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00469.2007
  • Halpern MD, Clark JA, Saunders TA, Doelle SM, Hosseini DM, Stagner AM, Dvorak B. Reduction of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis with anti-TNF-{alpha}. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G757-764; PMID:16269520; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00408.2005
  • Clark JA, Doelle SM, Halpern MD, Saunders TA, Holubec H, Dvorak K, Boitano SA, Dvorak B. Intestinal barrier failure during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: protective effect of EGF treatment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291(5):G938-49; PMID:16798726; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00090.2006
  • Rentea RM, Liedel JL, Welak SR, Cassidy LD, Mayer AN, Pritchard KA Jr, Oldham KT, Gourlay DM. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase administration in newborns is protective of gut barrier function in a neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47(6):1135-42; PMID:22703783; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.03.018
  • Hogberg N, Stenbäck A, Carlsson PO, Wanders A, Lilja HE. Genes regulating tight junctions and cell adhesion are altered in early experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48(11):2308-12; PMID:24210204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.06.027
  • Shiou SR, Yu Y, Chen S, Ciancio MJ, Petrof EO, Sun J, Claud EC. Erythropoietin protects intestinal epithelial barrier function and lowers the incidence of experimental neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(14):12123-32; PMID:21262973; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.154625
  • Bergmann KR, Liu SX, Tian R, Kushnir A, Turner JR, Li HL, Chou PM, Weber CR, De Plaen IG. Bifidobacteria stabilize claudins at tight junctions and prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction in mouse necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Pathol 2013; 182(5):1595-606; PMID:23470164; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.013
  • Anderson JM, CM Van. Itallie, Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1(2):a002584; PMID:20066090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a002584
  • Halpern MD, Holubec H, Dominguez JA, Meza YG, Williams CS, Ruth MC, McCuskey RS, Dvorak B. Hepatic inflammatory mediators contribute to intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284(4):G695-702; PMID:12529262
  • Khailova L, Dvorak K, Arganbright KM, Williams CS, Halpern MD, Dvorak B. Changes in hepatic cell junctions structure during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: effect of EGF treatment. Pediatr Res 2009; 66(2):140-4; PMID:19390485; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181aa3198
  • Raimondi F, Santoro P, Barone MV, Pappacoda S, Barretta ML, Nanayakkara M, Apicella C, Capasso L, Paludetto R. Bile acids modulate tight junction structure and barrier function of Caco-2 monolayers via EGFR activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294(4):G906-13; PMID:18239063; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2007
  • Halpern MD, Holubec H, Saunders TA, Dvorak K, Clark JA, Doelle SM, Ballatori N, Dvorak B. Bile acids induce ileal damage during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(2):359-72; PMID:16472592; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.023
  • Khailova L, Dvorak K, Arganbright KM, Halpern MD, Kinouchi T, Yajima M, Dvorak B. Bifidobacterium bifidum improves intestinal integrity in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2009; 297(5):G940-9; PMID:20501441
  • McElroy SJ, Prince LS, Weitkamp JH, Reese J, Slaughter JC, Polk DB. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-dependent depletion of mucus in immature small intestine: a potential role in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G656-G666; PMID:21737776; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00550.2010
  • Schaart MW, de Bruijn AC, Bouwman DM, de Krijger RR, van Goudoever JB, Tibboel D, Renes IB. Epithelial functions of the residual bowel after surgery for necrotising enterocolitis in human infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49(1):31-41; PMID:19458550; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318186d341
  • Martin NA, Mount Patrick SK, Estrada TE, Frisk HA, Rogan DT, Dvorak B, Halpern MD. Active transport of bile acids decreases mucin 2 in neonatal ileum: implications for development of necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One 2011; 6(12):e27191; PMID:22162748; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027191
  • Zhang BH, Yu HG, Sheng ZX, Luo HS, Yu JP. The therapeutic effect of recombinant human trefoil factor 3 on hypoxia-induced necrotizing enterocolitis in immature rat. Regul Pept 2003; 116(1-3):53-60; PMID:14599715; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-0115(03)00177-0
  • Coutinho HB, da Mota HC, Coutinho VB, Robalinho TI, Furtado AF, Walker E, King G, Mahida YR, Sewell HF, Wakelin D. Absence of lysozyme (muramidase) in the intestinal Paneth cells of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51(7):512-4; PMID:9797727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.51.7.512
  • Puiman PJ, Burger-Van Paassen N, Schaart MW, De Bruijn AC, De Krijger RR, Tibboel D, Van Goudoever JB, Renes IB. Paneth cell hyperplasia and metaplasia in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2011; 69(3):217-23; PMID:21372757; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182092a9a
  • Brown KS, Gong H, Frey MR, Pope B, Golden M, Martin K, Obey M, McElroy SJ. Tumor necrosis factor induces developmental stage-dependent structural changes in the immature small intestine. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:852378; PMID:25242872; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/852378
  • McElroy SJ, Underwood MA, Sherman MP. Paneth cells and necrotizing enterocolitis: a novel hypothesis for disease pathogenesis. Neonatology 2013; 103(1):10-20; PMID:23006982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342340
  • Zhang C, Sherman MP, Prince LS, Bader D, Weitkamp JH, Slaughter JC, McElroy SJ. Paneth cell ablation in the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae induces necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like injury in the small intestine of immature mice. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5(4):522-32; PMID:22328592; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.009001
  • Quigley M, W McGuire. Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4:CD002971; PMID:24752468
  • Kotler BM, Kerstetter JE, Insogna KL. Claudins, dietary milk proteins, and intestinal barrier regulation. Nutr Rev 2013; 71(1):60-5; PMID:23282252; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00549.x
  • Hirotani Y, Ikeda K, Kato R, Myotoku M, Umeda T, Ijiri Y, Tanaka K. Protective effects of lactoferrin against intestinal mucosal damage induced by lipopolysaccharide in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Yakugaku Zasshi 2008; 128(9):1363-8; PMID:18758152; http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.128.1363
  • Hering NA, Andres S, Fromm A, van Tol EA, Amasheh M, Mankertz J, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Transforming growth factor-beta, a whey protein component, strengthens the intestinal barrier by upregulating claudin-4 in HT-29/B6 cells. J Nutr 2011; 141(5):783-9; PMID:21430244; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.137588
  • Visser JT, Lammers K, Hoogendijk A, Boer MW, Brugman S, Beijer-Liefers S, Zandvoort A, Harmsen H, Welling G, Stellaard F, et al. Restoration of impaired intestinal barrier function by the hydrolysed casein diet contributes to the prevention of type 1 diabetes in the diabetes-prone BioBreeding rat. Diabetologia 2010; 53(12):2621-8; PMID:20853098; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1903-9
  • Wildhaber BE, Yang H, Spencer AU, Drongowski RA, Teitelbaum DH. Lack of enteral nutrition–effects on the intestinal immune system. J Surg Res 2005; 123(1):8-16; PMID:15652945; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2004.06.015
  • Yang H, Feng Y, Sun X, Teitelbaum DH. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: effect on intestinal barrier function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1165:338-46; PMID:19538325; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04026.x
  • Nose K, Yang H, Sun X, Nose S, Koga H, Feng Y, Miyasaka E, Teitelbaum DH. Glutamine prevents total parenteral nutrition-associated changes to intraepithelial lymphocyte phenotype and function: a potential mechanism for the preservation of epithelial barrier function. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30(2):67-80; PMID:20028208; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2009.0046
  • Liu Y, Tran DQ, Fatheree NY, Marc Rhoads J. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 differentially modulates effector memory T cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in a mouse model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307(2):G177-86; PMID:24852566; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00038.2014
  • Good M, Sodhi CP, Ozolek JA, Buck RH, Goehring KC, Thomas DL, Vikram A, Bibby K, Morowitz MJ, Firek B, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 decreases the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice and preterm piglets: evidence in mice for a role of TLR9. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306(11):G1021-32; PMID:24742987; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2013
  • Shiou SR, Yu Y, Guo Y, He SM, Mziray-Andrew CH, Hoenig J, Sun J, Petrof EO, Claud EC. Synergistic protection of combined probiotic conditioned media against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis-like intestinal injury. PLoS One 2013; 8(5):e65108; PMID:23717690; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065108
  • Wu SF, Chiu HY, Chen AC, Lin HY, Lin HC, Caplan M. Efficacy of different probiotic combinations on death and necrotizing enterocolitis in a premature rat model. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57(1):23-8; PMID:23535766; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182929210
  • Mirpuri J, Sotnikov I, Myers L, Denning TL, Yarovinsky F, Parkos CA, Denning PW, Louis NA. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) regulates IL-10 signaling in the developing murine colon through upregulation of the IL-10R2 receptor subunit. PLoS One 2012; 7(12):e51955; PMID:23272193; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051955
  • Ganguli K, Meng D, Rautava S, Lu L, Walker WA, Nanthakumar N. Probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis by modulating enterocyte genes that regulate innate immune-mediated inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304(2):G132-41; PMID:23139215; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00142.2012
  • Underwood MA, Kananurak A, Coursodon CF, Adkins-Reick CK, Chu H, Bennett SH, Wehkamp J, Castillo PA, Leonard BC, Tancredi DJ, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis: antimicrobial peptide and protein responses. Pediatr Res 2012; 71(5):546-51; PMID:22322385; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pr.2012.11
  • Cilieborg MS, Thymann T, Siggers R, Boye M, Bering SB, Jensen BB, Sangild PT. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis is increased following probiotic administration to preterm pigs. J Nutr 2011; 141(2):223-30; PMID:21178092; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.128561
  • Khailova L, Mount Patrick SK, Arganbright KM, Halpern MD, Kinouchi T, Dvorak B. Bifidobacterium bifidum reduces apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium in necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299(5):G1118-27; PMID:20705904; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00131.2010
  • D'Souza A, Fordjour L, Ahmad A, Cai C, Kumar D, Valencia G, Aranda JV, Beharry KD. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on messenger RNA expression of caveolin-1, NOS, and genes regulating oxidative stress in the terminal ileum of formula-fed neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2010; 67(5):526-31; PMID:20101198; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d4ff2b
  • Siggers RH, Siggers J, Boye M, Thymann T, Mølbak L, Leser T, Jensen BB, Sangild PT. Early administration of probiotics alters bacterial colonization and limits diet-induced gut dysfunction and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. J Nutr 2008; 138(8):1437-44; PMID:18641188
  • Lin PW, Myers LE, Ray L, Song SC, Nasr TR, Berardinelli AJ, Kundu K, Murthy N, Hansen JM, Neish AS. Lactobacillus rhamnosus blocks inflammatory signaling in vivo via reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47(8):1205-11; PMID:19660542; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.033
  • Lin PW, Nasr TR, Berardinelli AJ, Kumar A, Neish AS. The probiotic Lactobacillus GG may augment intestinal host defense by regulating apoptosis and promoting cytoprotective responses in the developing murine gut. Pediatr Res 2008; 64(5):511-6; PMID:18552706; http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181827c0f
  • Caplan MS. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol 2009; 29 Suppl 2:S2-6; PMID:19399005; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.21

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.