Recent advances on biodegradable polymeric carrier-based mucosal immunization: an overview

References

• Ogra PL. Mucosal immunity: some historical perspective on host-pathogen interactions and implications for mucosal vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003;81:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artis D. Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:411–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C, Eriksson K, et al. Mucosal immunisation and adjuvants: a brief overview of recent advances and challenges. Vaccine. 2003;21:S89–S95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simecka JW. Mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract and oral tolerance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;34:235–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Magistris MT. Mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens and its advantages in pediatrics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58:52–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A. Mucosal dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:381–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T. Structure and function of intestinal mucosal epithelium. In: Pearay L. Ogra, Jiri Mestecky, Michael E. Lamm, et al., editors. Handbook of Mucosal Immunology. 1994; p. 11–26.
   Google Scholar
• Corr SC, Gahan CC, Hill C. M-cells: origin, morphology and role in mucosal immunity and microbial pathogenesis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008;52:2–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regoli M, Bertelli E, Borghesi C, et al. Three‐dimensional (3D‐) reconstruction of M cells in rabbit Peyer’s patches: definition of the intraepithelial compartment of the follicle‐associated epithelium. Anat Rec. 1995;243:19–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen RL, Ermak TH, editors. Structural specializations for antigen uptake and processing in the digestive tract. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1990;12:139–152.
   Google Scholar
• Lee Y-R, Lee Y-H, Kim K-H, et al. Induction of potent antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response by PLGA-nanoparticles containing antigen and TLR agonist. Immune Netw. 2013;13:30–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerelchuluun T, Lee Y-H, Lee Y-R, et al. Dendritic cells process antigens encapsulated in a biodegradable polymer, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), via an alternate class I MHC processing pathway. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30:1440–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosalia RA, Cruz LJ, van Duikeren S, et al. CD40-targeted dendritic cell delivery of PLGA-nanoparticle vaccines induce potent anti-tumor responses. Biomaterials. 2015;40:88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hagan DT, MacKichan ML, Singh M. Recent developments in adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases. Biomol Eng. 2001;18:69–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lycke N. Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: potential and limitations. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12:592–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot V, Rochereau N, Genin C, et al. New insights in mucosal vaccine development. Vaccine. 2012;30:142–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neutra MR, Kozlowski PA. Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:148–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent J, Po A, Scott E. Design and delivery of non-parenteral vaccines. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998;23:257–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Singh D, Sharma S, et al. Surface modified nanoparticulate carrier constructs for oral mucosal vaccine delivery. CDD. 2014;11:729–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghuvanshi RS, Katare YK, Lalwani K, et al. Improved immune response from biodegradable polymer particles entrapping tetanus toxoid by use of different immunization protocol and adjuvants. Int J Pharm. 2002;245:109–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbert AK, Fritzsche U, Kissel T. Biodegradable microspheres containing influenza A vaccine: immune response in mice. Vaccine. 1999;17:1065–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaoka R, Inoue Y, Tabata Y, et al. Size effect on the antibody production induced by biodegradable microspheres containing antigen. Vaccine. 1996;14:1251–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghuvanshi OS, Panda AK, Rajeev S. Formulation and characterization of immunoreactive tetanus toxoid biodegradable polymer particles. Drug Deliv. 2001;8:99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle E. Targeted delivery of drugs to the gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2001;18:341–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepson MA, Clark MA, Hirst BH. M cell targeting by lectins: a strategy for mucosal vaccination and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:511–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein IJ. What should be called a lectin? Nature 1980;285:66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones G. The potential use of receptor-mediated endocytosis for oral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1996;20:83–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calis S, Jeyanthi R, Tsai T, et al. Adsorption of salmon calcitonin to PLGA microspheres. Pharm Res. 1995;12:1072–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periti P, Mazzei T, Mini E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of depot leuprorelin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41:485–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada H, Toguchi H. Biodegradable microspheres in drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1995;12:1–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audran R, Peter K, Dannull J, et al. Encapsulation of peptides in biodegradable microspheres prolongs their MHC class-I presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages in vitro. Vaccine. 2003;21:1250–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas Suresh P , PN. Gupta Implication of nanoparticle/microparticles in mucosal vaccine delivery. Exp Rev Vaccines. 2007;6:401–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews GP, Laverty TP, Jones DS. Mucoadhesive polymeric platforms for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;71:505–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojaei AH, Li X. Mechanisms of buccal mucoadhesion of novel copolymers of acrylic acid and polyethylene glycol monomethylether monomethacrylate. J Control Release. 1997;47:151–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart JD. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1556–1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Goyal AK, Khatri K, et al. Biodegradable polymer based particulate carrier (s) for the delivery of proteins and peptides. AIAAMC. 2008;7:240–251.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Goyal AK, Tiwari S, et al. Recent advances in mucosal delivery of vaccines: role of mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymeric carriers. Exp Opin Therap Pat. 2010;20:661–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilium L. Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharm Res. 1998;15:1326–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Lubben IM, Verhoef JC, Borchard G, et al. Chitosan and its derivatives in mucosal drug and vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;14:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He P, Davis SS, Illum L. In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres. Int J Pharm. 1998;166:75–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Li Y-j, Zhao H-y, et al. Bioadhesive polysaccharide in protein delivery system: chitosan nanoparticles improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in vivo. Int J Pharm. 2002;249:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafaghodi M, Tabasi SS, Jaafari M. Formulation, characterization and release studies of alginate microspheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid. J Biomater Sci. 2006;17:909–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L, Chatfield SN. Vaccine compositions including chitosan for intranasal administration and use thereof. US 7,332,3183; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sava G, Zorzin L. Polysaccharide double-layer microcapsules as carriers for biologically active substance oral administration. US 2006228422; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez MA, Janes K, Csaba N. Nanoparticles of chitosan and polyethylene glycol as a system for the administration of biologically-active molecules. US 20080095810; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Balthasar S, Michaelis K, Dinauer N, et al. Preparation and characterisation of antibody modified gelatin nanoparticles as drug carrier system for uptake in lymphocytes. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2723–2732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen D, Yang C, Bodo M, et al. Recombinant collagen and gelatin for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003;55:1547–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawter JR. Inventor. Mucosal Therapeutics Llc, assignee. Mucoadhesive tetracycline formulations. United States patent application US 12/122,232. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Singh M, Briones M, O’Hagan DT. A novel bioadhesive intranasal delivery system for inactivated influenza vaccines. J Control Release. 2001;70:267–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D, Pavesio A. Use of hyaluronic acid polymers for mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens and adjuvants. US Patent No. 6,824,793;2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar N. Polyanhydrides: an overview, 54 ADV. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:889–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrianov AK, Payne LG. Protein release from polyphosphazene matrices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;31:185–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrianov AK, Decollibus DP, Gillis HA, et al. Immunostimulating polyphosphazene compounds for intradermal immunization. US 2009041810; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Choe YS, et al. Pullulan is a slowly digested carbohydrate in humans. J Nutr. 2003;133:1051–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni Y, Yates KM. Inventors. Carrington Laboratories, Inc., assignee. Delivery of physiological agents with in-situ gels comprising anionic polysaccharides. United States patent US Patent No. 7,494,669. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Varner S, Beeley N, Chudzik S, Burkstrand M. Inventors; Varner Signe E, Beeley Nathan RF, Chudzik Stephen J, Burkstrand Michael J, assignee. In vivo formed matrices including natural biodegradale polysaccharides and ophthalmic uses thereof. United States patent application US 11/524,925. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D, Singh M, Gupta RK. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles for the development of single-dose controlled-release vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;32:225–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado A, Lavelle E, Hartshorne M, et al. PLG microparticles stabilised using enteric coating polymers as oral vaccine delivery systems. Vaccine. 1999;17:2927–2938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokoll KK, Chong P, Klein MH. Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery system. US 20050163745; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Reid RH, Boedeker EC, van Hamont JE, Setterstrom JA. Vaccines against diseases caused by enteropathogenic organisms using antigens encapsulated within biodegradable-biocompatible microspheres. Google US 20030161889; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Langer R, Peppas NA. Advances in biomaterials, drug delivery, and bionanotechnology. AIChE J. 2003;49:2990–3006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandfils C, Jerome R, Nihant N, Teyssie P. Biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles designed for proteinaceous drugs absorption and delivery. US 5,962,566; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D. Immunogenic compositions containing microparticles comprising adsorbed toxoid and polysaccharide-containing antigens. US 20050118275A1; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lherm C, Muller RH, Puisieux F, et al. Alkylcyanoacrylate drug carriers: II. Cytotoxicity of cyanoacrylate nanoparticles with different alkyl chain length. Int J Pharm. 1992;84:13–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couvreur P, Roland M, Speiser P. Inventors; Biodegradable submicroscopic particles containing a biologically active substance and compositions containing them. United States patent US 4,329,332. 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Fallouh NA, Roblot-Treupel L, Fessi H, et al. Development of a new process for the manufacture of polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules. Int J Pharm. 1986; 28:125–132.
   Google Scholar
• Bobo JS, Quintero JA, Jonn JY, et al. Inventors; Closure Medical Corporation, assignee. Biocompatible polymers and adhesives: compositions, methods of making and uses related thereto. United States patent US 7,255,874. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber JD. Adjuvant composition for mucosal and injection delivered vaccines. US 6,676,958; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• See JR, See DM. Method for inducing a systemic immune response to an antigen. US 6,015,576; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Gupta RK, Deshpande MC, et al. Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for injectable delivery of vaccine antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:391–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpar HO, Somavarapu S, Atuah K, et al. Biodegradable mucoadhesive particulates for nasal and pulmonary antigen and DNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:411–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso MJ, Gupta RK, Min C, et al. Biodegradable microspheres as controlled-release tetanus toxoid delivery systems. Vaccine. 1994;12:299–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuper CF, Koornstra PJ, Hameleers DM, et al. The role of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Immunol Today. 1992;13:219–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobson P, Barnfield C, Barnes A, et al. Mucosal immunization with DNA vaccines. Methods. 2003;31:217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Patel GB, Yan H, et al. Recent advances in the development of novel mucosal adjuvants and antigen delivery systems. Human Vaccines. 2010;6:706–714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle E, Grant G, Pusztai A, et al. The identification of plant lectins with mucosal adjuvant activity. Immunology. 2001;102:77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr C-M. Lectin-mediated drug delivery: the second generation of bioadhesives. J Control Release 2000;65:19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasir JK, Tambwekar K, Garg S. Bioadhesive microspheres as a controlled drug delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2003;255:13–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwoke MI, Agu RU, Verbeke N, et al. Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery: background, applications, trends and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1640–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal AH, Young E. Lectin compositions and methods for modulating an immune response to an antigen. US 20040241137; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kido H, Mizuno D. Antigen-drug vehicle enabling switch from selective production of IgA antibody to production of both of IgA and IgG antibodies and transnasal/mucosal vaccine using the same. US 20090130131; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Vyas SP, Gupta PN. Implication of nanoparticles/microparticles in mucosal vaccine delivery. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007;6:401–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee M, Foon KA, Chatterjee SK. Monoclonal antibody 1A7 and use for the treatment of melanoma and small cell carcinoma. US 7,517,967; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Koff W. Antigen-Antibody Complexes as HIV-1 Vaccines. WO09058989; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Fox BS. Antibody therapy for modulating function of intestinal receptors and methods of treating diabetes and obesity. WO09020748; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson B, Poole S, Wilson M. Bacterial modulins: a novel class of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology by inducing cytokine synthesis. Microbiol Rev. 1996;60:316–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young VB, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK. The invasin protein of Yersinia enterocolitica: internalization of invasin-bearing bacteria by eukaryotic cells is associated with reorganization of the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 1992;116:197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark MA, Hirst BH, Jepson MA. Lectin-mediated mucosal delivery of drugs and microparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000;43:207–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin JC, Bacon AD. Influenza vaccine composition with chitosan adjuvant. US 6,534,065; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• del Guidice G, Baudner B. Mucosal vaccines with chitosan adjuvant and meningococcal antigens. US 20060051378; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Garg N, Mangal S, Khambete H, et al. Mucosal delivery of vaccines: role of mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymers. DDF. 2010;4:114–128.
   Google Scholar
• Illum LC, Steven N. Vaccine composition including chitosan for intranasal administration and use thereof. US 7,323,183; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kjems J, Howard K, Alan B, et al. Dehydrating chitosan nanoparticle. WO09006905; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Alonso FJ, Janes K, Csaba N. Nanoparticles of chitosan and polyethylene glycol as a system for administration of biologically active molecules. US 2008095810; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez A, Jose M, Kevin J. Nanoparticles of chitosan and polyetyleneglycol as a system for administration of biologically active molecules. US 20080095810; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Guidice GD, Banden B. Mucosal vaccines with chitosan adjuvant and meningococcal antigens. US 20060051378; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Del GG, Barbara B. Mucosal vaccines with chitosan adjuvant and meningococcal antigens. US 20060051378; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Del G, Giuseppe CS, Barbara CS, O’Hagan DT. Mucosal vaccines with chitosan adjuvant and meningococcal antigens. EP1506008; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Rao KK. Polymerized solid lipid nanoparticles for oral or mucosal delivery of therapeutics protein and peptides. US 20080311214; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Jeong S, Young KI, Chan P. Vaccine compositions using antigens encapsulated within alginate microsphere for oral administration and preparation process thereof. WO01000233; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Mohapatra S, Lee DW. Controlled and sustained generally transfer mediated by thiol modified polymers. WO2007086923; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Scott TL, Brown LR, Riske FJ, et al. Inventors; Epic Therapeutics, Inc., assignee. Sustained release microspheres. United States patent US 6,458,387. 2002.
   Google Scholar
• del Guidice G, Baudner B. Inventors; Novartis Ag, University Leiden, assignee. Mucosal vaccines with chitosan adjuvant and meningococcal antigens. United States patent US 8,926,992. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hargis BM, Pumford NR, Morgan M, et al. Inventors; The Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas, assignee. Novel mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems. United States patent application US 14/439,536. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hargis BM, Pumford NR, Morgan M, et al. Inventors; The Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas, assignee. Novel Mucosal Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. United States patent US 20,170,143,823. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hilgers L. Polyanionic polymers as adjuvant for mucosal immunization. US 2003021793; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• King M. Use of charged dextran as a mucoactive agent and methods and pharmaceutical compositions relating thereof. US 20040224922; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Erlanger , Bernard F. Methods relating to immunilogical dextran protein conjugate. US 6,287,568; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Singh M, O’Hagan D. Use of bioadhesive and adjuvants for mucosal delivery of antigens. US 2005281843; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan DT. Immunologenic compositions containing microparticles comprising absorbed toxoid and polysaccharides containing antigens. US 20050118275A1; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D, Singh M, Klinman DM. Immunogenic compositions containing anthrax antigen, biodegradable polymer microparticles and polynucleotide containing immunological adjuvant; US 2008037784; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber JD. Inventor. Advanced Bioadjuvants, Llc, assignee. Adjuvant composition for mucosal and injection delivered vaccines. United States patent US 6,676,958. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• McCluskie MJ, Davis HL. Inventors; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, assignee. Methods and products for inducing mucosal immunity. United States patent US 8,574,599. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JR, Bielinska A, Myc A. Inventors; The Regents of the University of Michigan, assignee. Nanoemulsion vaccines. United States patent application US 11/929,295. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Chang RC, Kivirikko KI, Neff TB, et al. Inventors; FibroGen, Inc., assignee. Recombinant gelatins. United States patent US 6,992,172. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Langer RS, Elisseeff JH, Anseth K, Sims D. Inventors; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University Technology Corporation, The General Hospital Corporation, assignee. Semi-interpenetrating or interpenetrating polymer networks for drug delivery and tissue engineering. United States patent US 6,224,893. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Berkland CJ, Shi L. Inventors; The University of Kansas, assignee. Nanoclusters for delivery of therapeutics. United States patent US 7,651,770. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan DT, Singh M, Klinman DM. Inventors. Immunogenic compositions containing anthrax antigen, biodegradable polymer microparticles, and polynucleotide-containing immunological adjuvant. United States patent US 9,107,813. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wu C, Ghayur T, Dixon RW, Salfeld JG. Inventors; Abbott Laboratories, assignee. Dual variable domain immunoglobulin and uses thereof. United States patent US 7,612,181. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D, Van Nest G, Ott GS, et al. Inventors; Novartis Vaccines, Diagnostics, Inc., assignee. Use of microparticles with adsorbed antigen to stimulate immune responses. United States patent US 7,597,908. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JR Jr, Bielinska AU, Mank N, et al. Inventors; The Reagents of the University of Michigan, assignee. Immunogenic compositions comprising nanoemulsion and hepatitis b virus immunogen and methods of using the same. United States patent US 9,415,006. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Orlowski M. Inventor; Eurocor GmbH, assignee. Coated expandable system. United States patent application US 12/527,741. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Parmely M, Medhekar J. Therapeutics alkaline protease composition and use in facilitating the transport of antigens across the gastrointestinal mucosal lining. US 20090068174; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan D, Lavelle EC. Plant lectins as mucosal adjuvants. US 20050169938; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Newell M, Karen NE, Villobos-Menvey E. Composition of UCP inhibitors, Fas antibody a fatty acid metabolism inhibitor and a glucose metabolism inhibitor. US 7,510,710; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Sorio C. Antibody and method for identification of dendritic cells. US 20090131346; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Sims JE, O’Neal LF. Methods for treating disease with an IL-IR antibody. US 20090022733; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Readett D, Robot J. Jungnelius. Anti-Ctla-4 antibody and Cpg-Motif containing synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide combination therapy for cancer treatment. US 20090117132; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Wu C, Ghayur T, Dixon RW, Salfeld JG. Inventors; Abbott Laboratories, assignee. Dual variable domain immunoglobulin and uses thereof. United States patent US 8,258,268. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Allan CB. Stabilized high concentration Anti-Integrin alphavbeta3 antibody formulation. US 20090053238; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Fox BS. Antibody therapy for modulating function of intestinal receptors. W009058989; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Gillies SD, Lan Y, Holden S. Enhancement of antibody-cytokine fusion protein mediated immune response by combinated treatment with immunocytokine uptake enhancing agents. US 7,517,526; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand J A. Engineered antibody-stress protein fusions. US 8,143,387. 2012.
   Google Scholar