References
- Rothman AL. Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:532–543. doi: 10.1038/nri3014
- Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, et al. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001760
- Maximova OA, Pletnev AG. Flaviviruses and the central nervous system: revisiting neuropathological concepts. Annu Rev Virol. 2018;5:255–272. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043439
- Holmes EC. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of emerging infectious diseases. Br Med Bull. 1998;54:533–543. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011708
- Mustafa MS, Rasotgi V, Jain S, et al. Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): a new public health dilemma in dengue control. Med J Armed Forces India. 2015;71:67–70. doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011
- Lee TH, Lee LK, Lye DC, et al. Current management of severe dengue infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15:67–78. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1248405
- Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, et al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. 2013;496:504–507. doi: 10.1038/nature12060
- Fernando S, Wijewickrama A, Gomes L, et al. Patterns and causes of liver involvement in acute dengue infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:319. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1656-2
- Diamond MS, Pierson TC. Molecular Insight into dengue virus pathogenesis and its implications for disease control. Cell. 2015;162:488–492. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.005
- Furuta T, Murao LA, Lan NTP, et al. Association of mast cell-derived VEGF and proteases in dengue shock syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1505. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001505
- Srikiatkhachorn A, Ajariyakhajorn C, Endy TP, et al. Virus-induced decline in soluble vascular endothelial growth receptor 2 is associated with plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever. J Virol. 2007;81:1592–1600. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01642-06
- Srikiatkhachorn A. Plasma leakage in dengue haemorrhagic fever. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102:1042–109. doi: 10.1160/TH09-03-0208
- Jeewandara C, Gomes L, Wickramasinghe N, et al. Platelet activating factor contributes to vascular leak in acute dengue infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003459
- Gomes L, Fernando S, Fernando RH, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate in acute dengue infection. PLoS One. 2014;9:e113394. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113394
- Jeewandara C, Gomes L, Udari S, et al. Secretory phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of acute dengue infection. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2016;5:7–15. doi: 10.1002/iid3.135
- Beatty PR, Puerta-Guardo H, Killingbeck SS, et al. Dengue virus NS1 triggers endothelial permeability and vascular leak that is prevented by NS1 vaccination. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:304ra141. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3787
- Chen HR, Chuang YC, Lin YS, et al. Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 induces vascular leakage through macrophage migration inhibitory factor and autophagy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004828. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004828
- Modhiran N, Watterson D, Muller DA, et al. Dengue virus NS1 protein activates cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and disrupts endothelial cell monolayer integrity. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:304ra142. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3863
- Malavige GN, Ogg GS. Pathogenesis of vascular leak in dengue virus infection. Immunology. 2017;151:261–269. doi: 10.1111/imm.12748
- Lardo S, Soesatyo MH, Juffrie J, et al. The autoimmune mechanism in dengue hemorrhagic fever. Acta Med Indones. 2018;50:70–79.
- Halstead SB. Observations related to pathogensis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. VI. hypotheses and discussion. Yale J Biol Med. 1970;42:350–362.
- Tirado SM, Yoon KJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease. Viral Immunol. 2003;16:69–86. doi: 10.1089/088282403763635465
- Kouri GP, Guzman MG, Bravo JR, et al. Dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: lessons from the Cuban epidemic, 1981. Bull World Health Organ. 1989;67:375–80.
- Libraty DH, Endy TP, Houng HH, et al. Differing influences of virus burden and immune activation on disease severity in secondary dengue-3 virus infections. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1213–1221. doi: 10.1086/340365
- Laoprasopwattana K, Libraty D, Endy T, et al. Dengue virus (DV) enhancing antibody activity in preillness plasma does not predict subsequent disease severity or viremia in secondary DV infection. J Infect Dis . 2005;192:510–519. doi: 10.1086/431520
- Raekiansyah M, Espada-Murao LA, Okamoto K, et al. Dengue virus neither directly mediates hyperpermeability nor enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced permeability in vitro. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2014;67:86–94. doi: 10.7883/yoken.67.86
- Libraty DH, Young P, Pickering D, et al. High circulating levels of the dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 early in dengue illness correlate with the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis . 2002;186:1165–1168. doi: 10.1086/343813
- Hunt NH, Golenser J, Chan-Ling T, et al. Immunopathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Int J Parasitol. 2006;36:569–582. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.02.016
- Steinberg BE, Goldenberg NM, Lee WL. Do viral infections mimic bacterial sepsis? The role of microvascular permeability: a review of mechanisms and methods. Antiviral Res. 2012;93:2–15. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.019
- Rey FA, Stiasny K, Vaney MC, et al. The bright and the dark side of human antibody responses to flaviviruses: lessons for vaccine design. EMBO Rep. 2018;19:206–224. doi: 10.15252/embr.201745302
- Zompi S, Harris E. Original antigenic sin in dengue revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S. 2013;A110:8761–8762. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306333110
- Livingston PG, Toomey S, Kurane I, et al. Modulation of the functions of dengue virus-specific human CD8+ cytotoxic T cell clone by IL-2, IL-7 and IFN gamma. Immunol Invest. 1995;24:619–29. doi: 10.3109/08820139509066862
- Gagnon SJ, Ennis FA, Rothman AL. Bystander target cell lysis and cytokine production by dengue virus-specific human CD4(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones. J Virol. 1999;73:3623–3629.
- Mongkolsapaya J, Dejnirattisai W, Xu X-n, et al. Original antigenic sin and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Nat Med. 2003;9:921–927. doi: 10.1038/nm887
- McElroy AK, Akondy RS, Davis CW, et al. Human Ebola virus infection results in substantial immune activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S. 2015;A112:4719–4724. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502619112
- Mongkolsapaya J, Duangchinda T, Dejnirattisai W, et al. T cell responses in dengue hemorrhagic fever: are cross-reactive T cells suboptimal? J Immunol . 2006;176:3821–3829. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3821
- Mangada MM, Endy T, Nisalak A, et al. Dengue-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained prior to secondary dengue virus infections in Thai schoolchildren. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1697–1703. doi: 10.1086/340822
- Mangada MM, Rothman AL. Altered cytokine responses of dengue-specific CD4+ T cells to heterologous serotypes. J Immunol. 2005;175:2676–2683. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2676
- Hofmann S, et al. The tumour necrosis factor-alpha induced vascular permeability is associated with a reduction of VE-cadherin expression. Eur J Med Res. 2002;7:171–176.
- Sawant DA, Tharakan B, Wilson RL, et al. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced microvascular endothelial cell hyperpermeability by recombinant B-cell lymphoma-extra large. J Surg Res. 2013;184:628–637. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.079
- Friedl J, Puhlmann M, Bartlett DL, et al. Induction of permeability across endothelial cell monolayers by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) occurs via a tissue factor-dependent mechanism: relationship between the procoagulant and permeability effects of TNF. Blood. 2002;100:1334–1339. doi: 10.1182/blood.V100.4.1334.h81602001334_1334_1339
- Green S, Vaughn D, Kalayanarooj S, et al. Early immune activation in acute dengue illness is related to development of plasma leakage and disease severity. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:755–762. doi: 10.1086/314680
- Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, et al. Elevated plasma interleukin-10 levels in acute dengue correlate with disease severity. J Med Virol. 1999;59:329–334. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199911)59:3<329::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-G
- Kurane I, Innis BL, Nimmannitya S, et al. Activation of T lymphocytes in dengue virus infections. high levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, soluble CD4, soluble CD8, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma in sera of children with dengue. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:1473–180. doi: 10.1172/JCI115457
- Aloia AL, Abraham AM, Bonder CS, et al. Dengue virus-induced Inflammation of the endothelium and the potential roles of Sphingosine Kinase-1 and MicroRNAs. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:509306.
- Patro ARK, Mohanty S, Prusty BK, et al. Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in dengue. Viruses. 2019;11.
- Zhou W, Fong M, Min Y, et al. Cancer-secreted miR-105 destroys vascular endothelial barriers to promote metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2014;25:501–515. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.007
- Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9:654–659. doi: 10.1038/ncb1596
- Chahar HS, Bao X, Casola A. Exosomes and their role in the life cycle and pathogenesis of RNA viruses. Viruses. 2015;7:3204–3225. doi: 10.3390/v7062770
- Zhang W, Jiang X, Bao J, et al. Exosomes in pathogen infections: a bridge to deliver molecules and link functions. Front Immunol. 2018;9:90. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00090
- Kowal J, Arras G, Colombo M, et al. Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:E968–E977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1521230113
- Zijlstra A, Di Vizio D. Size matters in nanoscale communication. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20:228–230. doi: 10.1038/s41556-018-0049-8
- Zhang X, Yuan X, Shi H, et al. Exosomes in cancer: small particle, big player. J Hematol Oncol. 2015;8:83. doi: 10.1186/s13045-015-0181-x
- Martins ST, Kuczera D, Lotvall J, et al. Characterization of dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles during dengue virus infection. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:Article 1792.
- Vora A, Zhou W, Londono-Renteria B, et al. Arthropod EVs mediate dengue virus transmission through interaction with a tetraspanin domain containing glycoprotein Tsp29Fb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S. 2018;A115:E6604–E6613. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720125115
- Reyes-Ruiz JM, Osuna-Ramos JF, De Jesús-González LA, et al. Isolation and characterization of exosomes released from mosquito cells infected with dengue virus. Virus Res. 2019;266:1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.015
- Wu YW, Mettling C, Wu S-R, et al. Autophagy-associated dengue vesicles promote viral transmission avoiding antibody neutralization. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32243. doi: 10.1038/srep32243
- Bargeron Clark K, Hsiao HM, Noisakran S, et al. Role of microparticles in dengue virus infection and its impact on medical intervention strategies. Yale J Biol Med. 2012;85:3–18.
- Yu IM, Zhang W, Holdaway HA, et al. Structure of the immature dengue virus at low pH primes proteolytic maturation. Science. 2008;319:1834–1837. doi: 10.1126/science.1153264
- Sung PS, Huang TF, Hsieh SL. Extracellular vesicles from CLEC2-activated platelets enhance dengue virus-induced lethality via CLEC5A/TLR2. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2402. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10360-4
- Zarbock A, Polanowska-Grabowska RK, Ley K. Platelet-neutrophil-interactions: linking hemostasis and inflammation. Blood Rev. 2007;21:99–111. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.06.001
- Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:34–45. doi: 10.1038/nri3345
- Zhu X, He Z, Yuan J, et al. IFITM3-containing exosome as a novel mediator for anti-viral response in dengue virus infection. Cell Microbiol. 2015;17:105–118. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12339
- Chan YK, Huang IC, Farzan M. IFITM proteins restrict antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection. PLoS One. 2012;7:e34508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034508
- Shahen M, Guo Z, Shar AH, et al. Dengue virus causes changes of MicroRNA-genes regulatory network revealing potential targets for antiviral drugs. BMC Syst Biol. 2018;12:2. doi: 10.1186/s12918-017-0518-x
- Alvarez-Diaz DA, Gutiérrez-Díaz AA, Orozco-García E, et al. Dengue virus potentially promotes migratory responses on endothelial cells by enhancing pro-migratory soluble factors and miRNAs. Virus Res. 2019;259:68–76. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.018
- Jiang L, Sun Q. The expression profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell miRNA is altered by antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with dengue virus serotype 3. Virol J. 2018;15:50. doi: 10.1186/s12985-018-0963-1
- Diosa-Toro M, Echavarría-Consuegra L, Flipse J, et al. MicroRNA profiling of human primary macrophages exposed to dengue virus identifies miRNA-3614-5p as antiviral and regulator of ADAR1 expression. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005981. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005981
- Tambyah PA, Ching CS, Sepramaniam S, et al. microRNA expression in blood of dengue patients. Ann Clin Biochem. 2016;53:466–476. doi: 10.1177/0004563215604001
- Kakumani PK, Ponia SS, Sood V, et al. Role of RNA interference (RNAi) in dengue virus replication and identification of NS4B as an RNAi suppressor. J Virol. 2013;87:8870–8883. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02774-12
- Mishra R, Singh SK. HIV-1 Tat C modulates expression of miRNA-101 to suppress VE-cadherin in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurosci. 2013;33:5992–6000. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4796-12.2013
- Kumar V, Mansfield J, Fan R, et al. miR-130a and miR-212 disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier through modulation of PPARgamma and occludin expression in chronic simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Rhesus Macaques. J Immunol. 2018;200:2677–2689. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701148
- Nazli A, Chan O, Dobson-Belaire WN, et al. Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier integrity allowing microbial translocation. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000852. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000852
- Basu A, Chaturvedi UC. Vascular endothelium: the battlefield of dengue viruses. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008;53:287–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00420.x
- Zhuang Y, Peng H, Mastej V, et al. MicroRNA regulation of endothelial junction proteins and clinical consequence. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:5078627.
- Mishra R, Chhatbar C, Singh SK. HIV-1 Tat C-mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-3 by microRNA 32 in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:131.
- Ritu Mishra V, Banerjea AC. Dengue NS5 modulates expression of miR-590 to regulate Ubiquitin specific peptidase 42 in human microglia. FASEB Bioadvances. 2019;1(4):265–278. doi: 10.1096/fba.2018-00047
- Buck AH, Coakley G, Simbari F, et al. Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5488. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6488
- Kouwaki T, Fukushima Y, Daito T, et al. Extracellular vesicles Including exosomes regulate innate immune responses to Hepatitis B virus infection. Front Immunol. 2016;7:335. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335
- Guduric-Fuchs J, O’Connor A, Camp B, et al. Selective extracellular vesicle-mediated export of an overlapping set of microRNAs from multiple cell types. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:357. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-357
- Goldie BJ, Dun Matthew D, Minjie L, et al. Activity-associated miRNA are packaged in Map1b-enriched exosomes released from depolarized neurons. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:9195–9208. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku594
- van Balkom BW, Eisele AS, Pegtel DM. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of small RNAs in human endothelial cells and exosomes provides insights into localized RNA processing, degradation and sorting. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015;4:26760. doi: 10.3402/jev.v4.26760
- Pigati L, Yaddanapudi SCS, Iyengar R, et al. Selective release of microRNA species from normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013515
- Squadrito ML, Baer C, Burdet F, et al. Endogenous RNAs modulate microRNA sorting to exosomes and transfer to acceptor cells. Cell Rep. 2014;8:1432–1446. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.035