8,931
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Aetiology of severe community acquired pneumonia in adults identified by combined detection methods: a multi-centre prospective study in China

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 556-566 | Received 17 Dec 2021, Accepted 24 Jan 2022, Published online: 10 Feb 2022

References

  • Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095–2128.
  • Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 30;373(5):415–427.
  • Cilloniz C, Ferrer M, Liapikou A, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2018 Mar;51(3):1702215.
  • Ferrer M, Travierso C, Cilloniz C, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Characteristics and prognostic factors in ventilated and non-ventilated patients. PLoS one. 2018;13(1):e0191721.
  • Mongardon N, Max A, Bougle A, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of severe pneumococcal pneumonia admitted to intensive care unit: a multicenter study. Critical Care (London, England). 2012 Aug 15;16(4):R155.
  • Lenz H, Norby GO, Dahl V, et al. Five-year mortality in patients treated for severe community-acquired pneumonia - a retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017 Apr;61(4):418–426.
  • Khawaja A, Zubairi AB, Durrani FK, et al. Etiology and outcome of severe community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 20;13:94.
  • Quah J, Jiang B, Tan PC, et al. Impact of microbial aetiology on mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 4;18(1):451.
  • Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and infectious diseases society of america. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45–e67.
  • Murdoch DR. How recent advances in molecular tests could impact the diagnosis of pneumonia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016;16(5):533–540.
  • Cilloniz C, Liapikou A, Torres A. Advances in molecular diagnostic tests for pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020 May;26(3):241–248.
  • Cao B, Huang Y, She DY, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese thoracic society, Chinese medical association. Clin Respir J. 2018 Apr;12(4):1320–1360.
  • Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367–416.
  • Qu JX, Gu L, Pu ZH, et al. Viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adolescents and adults with mild or moderate severity and its relation to age and severity. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Feb 22;15:89.
  • Langelier C, Zinter MS, Kalantar K, et al. Metagenomic sequencing detects respiratory pathogens in hematopoietic cellular transplant patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Feb 15;197(4):524–528.
  • Schlaberg R, Chiu CY, Miller S, et al. Validation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing tests for universal pathogen detection. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017 Jun;141(6):776–786.
  • Miao Q, Ma Y, Wang Q, et al. Microbiological diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing when applied to clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 13;67(suppl_2):S231–S240.
  • Shuangshuang L, Junping Y, Saini Y, et al. Spatiotemporal variability of heat waves and influencing factors in the Qinling-Huaihe region, 1960–2016. Progr Geogr; 37(4):504–514.
  • Yang MA, Fan X, Sun B, et al. Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. Science. 2020 Jul 17;369(6501):282–288.
  • Hu F, Wang M, Zhu D, et al. CHINET efforts to control antimicrobial resistance in China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020 Jun;21:76–77.
  • Lion T. Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jul;27(3):441–462.
  • Carr MJ, Kajon AE, Lu X, et al. Deaths associated with human adenovirus-14p1 infections, Europe, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Aug;17(8):1402–1408.
  • Zhou F, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al. Disease severity and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia caused by non-influenza respiratory viruses in adults: a multicentre prospective registry study from the CAP-China network. Eur Respir J. 2019 Aug;54(2):1802406.
  • Martin-Loeches I, Schultz MJ, Vincent JL, et al. Increased incidence of co-infection in critically ill patients with influenza. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):48–58.
  • Krech T, Wegmann T, Martin H, et al. [Etiology of atypical pneumonias. A serological study on 1494 patients]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1986 Jan 4;116(1):2–7.
  • Hogerwerf L, De Gier B, Baan B, et al. Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Nov;145(15):3096–3105.
  • Lagae S, Kalmar I, Laroucau K, et al. Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans. J Med Microbiol. 2014 Mar;63(Pt 3):399–407.
  • Rybarczyk J, Versteele C, Lernout T, et al. Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg. 2020 Feb;75(1):42–48.
  • Xiao Q, Shen W, Zou Y, et al. Sixteen cases of severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci in South China investigated via metagenomic next-generation sequencing. J Med Microbiol. 2021 Nov;70(11):001456.
  • Li N, Li S, Tan W, et al. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the family outbreak of psittacosis: the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China under COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021 Dec;10(1):1418–1428.
  • Cilloniz C, Torres A, Niederman M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia related to intracellular pathogens. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Sep;42(9):1374–1386.
  • Knittler MR, Sachse K. Chlamydia psittaci: update on an underestimated zoonotic agent. Pathog Dis. 2015 Feb;73(1):1–15.
  • Lee JS, Primack BA, Mor MK, et al. Processes of care and outcomes for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2011 Dec;124(12):1175.e9–17.
  • Choi KW, Chau TN, Tsang O, et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors in 267 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Nov 4;139(9):715–723.
  • Hong KH, Choi JP, Hong SH, et al. Predictors of mortality in Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Thorax. 2018 Mar;73(3):286–289.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054–1062.
  • Butcher SK, Lord JM. Stress responses and innate immunity: aging as a contributory factor. Aging Cell. 2004 Aug;3(4):151–160.
  • Storci G, Bonifazi F, Garagnani P, et al. The role of extracellular DNA in COVID-19: clues from inflamm-aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2020 Dec 13;66:101234.
  • Jensen AV, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Egelund GB, et al. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):2091–2098.
  • Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, et al. Sex-Based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Immunol. 2017 May 15;198(10):4046–4053.
  • Feng Y, Ling Y, Bai T, et al. COVID-19 with different severities: A multicenter study of clinical features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Jun 1;201(11):1380–1388.
  • Petrakis V, Panagopoulos P, Papazoglou D, et al. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension as major risk factors of mortality from COVID-19 pneumonia. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020 Dec 9.
  • Wong P, Pamer EG. CD8 T cell responses to infectious pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:29–70.
  • Smith LK, Boukhaled GM, Condotta SA, et al. Interleukin-10 directly inhibits CD8(+) T cell function by enhancing N-glycan branching to decrease antigen sensitivity. Immunity. 2018 Feb 20;48(2):299–312.e5.
  • Metlay JP, Waterer GW. Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18;173(4):304–305.