Clinical features of the first critical case of acute encephalitis caused by the avian influenza A (H5N6) virus

References

• Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, et al. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):472–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1916–1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang ZF, Mok CK, Peiris JS, et al. Human infection with a novel avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):487–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-number-of-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-to-who-2003-2022-1-april-2022.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Dong C, Liu S, et al. Emerging novel reassortant influenza A(H5N6) viruses in poultry and humans, China, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(5):1064–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro—documents/emergency/surveillance/avian-influenza/ai_20220610.pdf?Status = Master&sfvrsn = 22ea0816_10.
   Google Scholar
• Bi F, Jiang L, Huang L, et al. Genetic characterization of Two human cases infected with the avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses - guangxi zhuang autonomous region, China, 2021. China CDC Wkly. 2021;3(44):923–928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li J, Fang Y, Qiu X, et al. Human infection with avian-origin H5N6 influenza a virus after exposure to slaughtered poultry. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):807–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller S, Naccache SN, Samayoa E, et al. Laboratory validation of a clinical metagenomic sequencing assay for pathogen detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Genome Res. 2019;29(5):831–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WJ, Xue T, Wu XW, et al. Increase in viral yield in eggs and MDCK cells of reassortant H5N1 vaccine candidate viruses caused by insertion of 38 amino acids into the NA stalk. Vaccine. 2011;29(45):8032–8041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards S. OIE laboratory standards for avian influenza viruses. Dev Biol. (Basel). 2006;124:159–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu K, Gu M, Hu S, et al. Genetic and biological characterization of three poultry-origin H5N6 avian influenza viruses with all internal genes from genotype S H9N2 viruses. Arch Virol. 2018;163:947–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Gao H, Meng H, et al. Detection of pulmonary infectious pathogens from lung biopsy tissues by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Kang L, Shen Z, et al. Dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome variants in the feces during convalescence. J Genet Genomics. 2020;47(10):610–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114–2120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with burrows-wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Liu CM, Luo R, et al. MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de bruijn graph. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(10):1674–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, et al. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 2015;32(1):268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, et al. Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. J Virol Methods. 2001;97(1-2):13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, et al. Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol. 2001;146(12):2275–2289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Zhang Y, Shinya K, et al. Identification of amino acids in HA and PB2 critical for the transmission of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in a mammalian host. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(12):e1000709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Li Y, Li M, et al. Evolution and extensive reassortment of H5 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in China over the past decade. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):1793–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Ishaq M, Prudence M, et al. Single mutation at the amino acid position 627 of PB2 that leads to increased virulence of an H5N1 avian influenza virus during adaptation in mice can be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2. Virus Res. 2009;144(1-2):123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng X, Wang Z, Shi J, et al. Glycine at position 622 in PB1 contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. J Virol. 2016;90(4):1872–1879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulse-Post DJ, Franks J, Boyd K, et al. Molecular changes in the polymerase genes (PA and PB1) associated with high pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza virus in mallard ducks. J Virol. 2007;81(16):8515–8524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan S, Deng G, Song J, et al. Two amino acid residues in the matrix protein M1 contribute to the virulence difference of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice. Virology. 2009;384(1):28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nao N, Kajihara M, Manzoor R, et al. A single amino acid in the M1 protein responsible for the different pathogenic potentials of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao P, Tian G, Li Y, et al. A single-amino-acid substitution in the NS1 protein changes the pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice. J Virol. 2008;82(3):1146–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Jiang Y, Jiao P, et al. The NS1 gene contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. J Virol. 2006;80(22):11115–11123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Zhang K, Chen Q, et al. Three amino acid substitutions in the NS1 protein change the virus replication of H5N1 influenza virus in human cells. Virology. 2018;519:64–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo RL, Krug RM. Influenza a virus polymerase is an integral component of the CPSF30-NS1A protein complex in infected cells. J Virol. 2009;83(4):1611–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spesock A, Malur M, Hossain MJ, et al. The virulence of 1997 H5N1 influenza viruses in the mouse model is increased by correcting a defect in their NS1 proteins. J Virol. 2011;85(14):7048–7058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis LE, Koster F, Cawthon A. Neurologic aspects of influenza viruses. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:619–645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Studahl M. Influenza virus and CNS manifestations. J Clin Virol. 2003;28(3):225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabe N, Yamashita K, Taniguchi K, et al. Influenza surveillance system of Japan and acute encephalitis and encephalopathy in the influenza season. Pediatr Int. 2000;42(2):187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd T, Banyard AC, Lean FZX, et al. Encephalitis and death in wild mammals at a rehabilitation center after infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(11):2856–2863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang HM, Boltz D, Sturm-Ramirez K, et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(33):14063–14068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak GCK, Kwan MY, Mok CKP, et al. Influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a child With encephalitis complicated by obstructive hydrocephalus. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(1):136–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):686–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albaker A, Soder C, Top KA. Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza infection: case report and review of the literature. Paediatr Child Health. 2019;24(2):122–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima H, Togashi T, Yamanaka G, et al. Efficacy of plasma exchange and methylprednisolone pulse therapy on influenza-associated encephalopathy. J Infect. 2005;51(2):E53–E56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodama K, Kuno H, Koide M, et al. Virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome responsive to steroid pulse therapy and double filtration plasmapheresis. Clin Lab Haematol. 2000;22(3):179–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu W, Shi J, Cui P, et al. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1174–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar