Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance

References

• WHO. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
   Google Scholar
• Cutler DM, Summers LH. The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus. JAMA. 2020;324(15):1495–1496. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.19759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet C, Coulombier D, Kaiser R, et al. Epidemic intelligence: a new framework for strengthening disease surveillance in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(12):212–214. doi:10.2807/esm.11.12.00665-en
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milbank C, Vira B. Wildmeat consumption and zoonotic spillover: contextualising disease emergence and policy responses. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(5):e439–e448. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00064-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll D, Daszak P, Wolfe ND, et al. The global virome project. Science. 2018;359(6378):872–874. doi:10.1126/science.aap7463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassileva M, Malusa E, Eichler-Lobermann B, et al. Aspegillus terreus: from soil to industry and back. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 25;8(11):1655. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhrman JA. Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects. Nature. 1999;399(6736):541–548. doi:10.1038/21119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prussin AJ, Garcia EB, Marr LC. Total concentrations of virus and bacteria in indoor and outdoor Air. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2015;2(4):84–88. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson KE, Fuhrmann JJ, Wommack KE, et al. Viruses in soil ecosystems: An unknown quantity within an unexplored territory. Annu Rev Virol. 2017;4(1):201–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He WT, Hou X, Zhao J, et al. Virome characterization of game animals in China reveals a spectrum of emerging pathogens. Cell. 2022;185(7):1117–1129.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piret J, Boivin G. Pandemics throughout history. Front Microbiol. 2021 Jan 15;11:631736. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monto AS, Fukuda K. Lessons from influenza pandemics of the last 100 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(5):951–957. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdle WR. Influenza A virus recycling revisited. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(10):820–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tognotti E. Lessons from the history of quarantine, from plague to influenza A. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):254–259. doi:10.3201/eid1902.120312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Baranovich T, Marathe BM, et al. Risk assessment of H2N2 influenza viruses from the avian reservoir. J Virol. 2014;88(2):1175–1188. doi:10.1128/JVI.02526-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendel I, Rubbenstroth D, Doedt J, et al. The avian-origin PB1 gene segment facilitated replication and transmissibility of the H3N2/1968 pandemic influenza virus. J Virol. 2015;89(8):4170–4179. doi:10.1128/JVI.03194-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novel Swine-Origin Influenza AVIT, Dawood FS, Jain S, et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(25):2605–2615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0903810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CR, Sah P, Moghadas SM, et al. Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(13):7504–7509. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002616117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam M, Sultana ZZ, Iqbal A, et al. Effect of in-house crowding on childhood hospital admissions for acute respiratory infection: A matched case-control study in Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:639–645. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng VC, Wong SC, Au AK, et al. Explosive outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is associated with vertical transmission in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. Build Environ. 2022;221:109323. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, et al. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(8):502–510. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye ZW, Yuan S, Yuen KS, et al. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1686–1697. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SS, Yuen KY. Zoonotic potential of emerging animal diseases. Br Med J. 2005;331(7527):1260. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(39):14040–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506735102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, et al. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science. 1998;279(5349):393–396. doi:10.1126/science.279.5349.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero J, Fa JE, Real R, et al. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):14291), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14727-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilori EA, Frank C, Dan-Nwafor CC, et al. Increase in Lassa fever cases in Nigeria, January-march 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(5):1026–1027. doi:10.3201/eid2505.181247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainard J, Hooper L, Pond K, et al. Risk factors for transmission of Ebola or Marburg virus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(1):102–116. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson MC, Stanberry LR. Climate change and vectorborne diseases. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(21):1969–1978. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2200092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar S, Yip CC, Wu S, et al. Transmission of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Infection to Humans in Hong Kong: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis. Hepatology. 2021 Jan;73(1):10–22. doi:10.1002/hep.31138
   Google Scholar
• Tsiamis C, Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Marketos S. Earthquakes and plague during Byzantine times: can lessons from the past improve epidemic preparedness. Acta Med Hist Adriat. 2013;11(1):55–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martini M, Gazzaniga V, Bragazzi NL, et al. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918. J Prev Med Hyg. 2019;60(1):E64–E67. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sumner SA, Turner EL, Thielman NM. Association between earthquake events and cholera outbreaks: a cross-country 15-year longitudinal analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):567–572. doi:10.1017/S1049023X13008984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder JC. Typhus fever in the second world War. Calif Med. 1947 Jan;66(1):3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldo V, Bertoncello C, Cocchio S, Fonzo M, Pillon P, Buja A, Baldovin T. The new pandemic influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus: is it really “new”? J Prev Med Hyg. 2016;57(1):E19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Romero Starke K, Reissig D, Petereit-Haack G, et al. The isolated effect of age on the risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(12):e006434. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng VC, Lau SK, Woo PC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(4):660–694. doi:10.1128/CMR.00023-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JF, Lau SK, To KK, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(2):465–522. doi:10.1128/CMR.00102-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, et al. Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):507–535. doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse H, Lung DC, Wong SC, et al. Emergence of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus variant with novel genomic architecture in Hong Kong. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(9):1696–1699. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen LL, Chu AW, Zhang RR, et al. Serum neutralisation of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron sublineage BA.2. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3(6):e404), doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00060-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen LL, Chua GT, Lu L, et al. Omicron variant susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies induced in children by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):543–547. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2035195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Huang J, Yu Y, et al. Human airway and nasal organoids reveal escalating replicative fitness of SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(17):e2300376120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2300376120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Chen LL, Ip JD, et al. Omicron sublineage recombinant XBB evades neutralising antibodies in recipients of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines. Lancet Microbe. 2023 Mar;4(3):e131. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00335-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng VC, To KK, Tse H, et al. Two years after pandemic influenza A/2009/H1N1: what have we learned? Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(2):223–263. doi:10.1128/CMR.05012-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Zeng X, Cui P, et al. Alarming situation of emerging H5 and H7 avian influenza and effective control strategies. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):2155072), doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2155072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiris JS, Yu WC, Leung CW, et al. Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease. Lancet. 2004;363(9409):617–619. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15595-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SS, Yuen KY. Avian influenza virus infections in humans. Chest. 2006;129(1):156–168. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, et al. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in Eastern Asia. Nature. 2004;430(6996):209–213. doi:10.1038/nature02746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiu Lai K, Wing Yiu Ng G, Fai Wong K, et al. Human H7N9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2013;2(8):e48. doi:10.1038/emi.2013.48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A. J Virol. 2015;89(6):3076–3092. doi:10.1128/JVI.02420-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo PC, Lau SK, Tsang CC, et al. Coronavirus HKU15 in respiratory tract of pigs and first discovery of coronavirus quasispecies in 5'-untranslated region. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(6):e53. doi:10.1038/emi.2017.37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH, Bai R, Teng JL, Tsang CC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(7):3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11.
   Google Scholar
• Lednicky JA, Tagliamonte MS, White SK, et al. Isolation of a novel recombinant canine coronavirus from a visitor to Haiti: further evidence of transmission of coronaviruses of zoonotic origin to humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e1184–e1187. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlasova AN, Diaz A, Damtie D, et al. Novel canine coronavirus isolated from a hospitalized patient with pneumonia in east Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(3):446–454. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JW, Lee KJ, Lee KH, et al. Hospital outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome, daejeon, South Korea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):898–905. doi:10.3201/eid2306.160120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Launch of the Global Arbovirus Initiative 2022 [cited 2023 25th April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2022/03/31/default-calendar/global-arbovirus-initiative
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Launch of the WHO Global Arbovirus Initiative meeting report. 2022 [cited 2023 25th April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2022/03/31/default-calendar/global-arbovirus-initiative
   Google Scholar
• Chun J. Influenza, including its infection among pigs. Natl Med J China. 1919;4(5):34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, et al. Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Cote d’Ivoire. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(Suppl 1):S120–S126. doi:10.1086/514296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(24):1807–1814. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106143442401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werid GM, Zhang H, Ibrahim YM, et al. Development of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of four potential zoonotic swine RNA viruses. Vet Sci. 2022;9(4). doi:10.3390/vetsci9040176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hao X, Liu R, He Y, et al. Multiplex PCR methods for detection of several viruses associated with canine respiratory and enteric diseases. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213295. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu CY. Viral pathogen discovery. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(4):468–478. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RR, Montoya V, Gardy JL, et al. Metagenomics for pathogen detection in public health. Genome Med. 2013;5(9):81), doi:10.1186/gm485
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chrzastek K, Lee DH, Smith D, et al. Use of Sequence-Independent, Single-Primer-Amplification (SISPA) for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of avian RNA viruses. Virology. 2017;509:159–166. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmann A, Uddin S, Krause E, et al. Utility of a sequence-independent, single-primer-amplification (SISPA) and nanopore sequencing approach for detection and characterization of tick-borne viral pathogens. Viruses. 2021;13(2):203. doi:10.3390/v13020203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving AT, Ahn M, Goh G, et al. Lessons from the host defences of bats, a unique viral reservoir. Nature. 2021;589(7842):363–370. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03128-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer H, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Pangolins lack IFIH1/MDA5, a cytoplasmic RNA sensor that initiates innate immune defense Upon coronavirus infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:939. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):467–471. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01182-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1916–1925. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, et al. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science. 2003;302(5643):276–278. doi:10.1126/science.1087139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Li C, Sachs N, et al. Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(26):6822–6827. doi:10.1073/pnas.1806308115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu MC, Li C, Liu X, et al. Human nasal organoids model SARS-CoV-2 upper respiratory infection and recapitulate the differential infectivity of emerging variants. mBio. 2022 Aug 30;13(4):e0194422. doi:10.1128/mbio.01944-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Li C, Liu X, et al. Infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(7):1077–1083. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0912-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Li C, Liu X, et al. Human intestinal organoids recapitulate enteric infections of enterovirus and coronavirus. Stem Cell Rep. 2021;16(3):493–504. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi A, Sparks R, Karimi S, et al. Automated monitoring of tweets for early detection of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230322. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautret P, Steffen R. Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is the evidence? Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:46–52. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon-Rousseau A, Piednoir E, Cattoir V, et al. Hajj-associated infections. Med Mal Infect. 2016;46(7):346–354. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2016.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inigo Martinez J, Gil Montalban E, Jimenez Bueno S, et al. Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(27):2200471. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mello VM, Lago BV, Sousa PSF, et al. Hepatitis A strain linked to the European outbreaks during Gay events between 2016 and 2017, identified in a Brazilian homosexual couple in 2017. Viruses. 2019;11(3):281. doi:10.3390/v11030281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurtz N, Papa A, Hukic M, et al. Survey of laboratory-acquired infections around the world in biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(8):1247–1258. doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2657-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breman JG. Smallpox. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(12 Suppl 2):S379–S386. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakajima K, Desselberger U, Palese P. Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950. Nature. 1978;274(5669):334–339. doi:10.1038/274334a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer SM, Burke DS. Historical perspective – emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(3):279–285. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0904322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang WN, Zhao T, Liu ZJ, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome–retrospect and lessons of 2004 outbreak in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2006;19(6):445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrauder A, Schweiger B, Buchholz U, et al. Laboratory exposure to influenza A H2N2, Germany, 2004-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1997–1998. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Wang M, Tian Y, et al. A systematic analysis of and recommendations for public health events involving brucellosis from 2006 to 2019 in China. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1859–1866. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2092894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, et al. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):1293–1302. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00320-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolfes MA, Flannery B, Chung JR, et al. Effects of influenza vaccination in the United States during the 2017-2018 influenza season. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(11):1845–1853. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey RM, Harris JB, Ahuka-Mundeke S, et al. Immunogenicity of fractional-dose vaccine during a yellow fever outbreak – Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(5):444–454. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1710430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehorn J, Yacoub S. Global warming and arboviral infections. Clin Med (Lond). 2019 Mar;19(2):149–152. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3(7):e543–e552. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo PC, Lau SK, Li KS, et al. Genetic relatedness of the novel human group C betacoronavirus to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2012;1(11):e35. doi:10.1038/emi.2012.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo PC, Wang M, Lau SK, et al. Comparative analysis of twelve genomes of three novel group 2c and group 2d coronaviruses reveals unique group and subgroup features. J Virol. 2007;81(4):1574–1585. doi:10.1128/JVI.02182-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar