Coming to (Terms with) Our Senses: Seeing, Hearing and Smelling the Gods

References

• Avrahami, Y. The Senses of Scripture: Sensory Perception in the Hebrew Bible. London: T&T Clark, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Baars, B. J., and N. M. Gage. Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L. Cognitive Science, Religion, and Theology: From Human Minds to Divine Minds. West Conshohocken: Templeton, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Bitel, L. “Seeing the Invisible God: Discerning the Supernatural in the History of Christian Visionary Experiences.” In Religion: Super Religion, edited by J. J. Kripal, 105–24. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bourguignon, E. Psychological Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Nature and Cultural Differences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. “Introduction: Smell and the Ancient Senses.” In Smell and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Bradley, 1–16. London: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824851613.003.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, J. “Natural Scenes Upset the Visual Applecart.” Trends in Cognitive Science 7, no. 1 (2003): 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00008-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynie, F. H. Brain Sense: The Science of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us. New York: Amacom, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Burge, T. The Origins of Objectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581405.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Cadbury, H. J. “The Odor of the Spirit at Pentecost.” Journal of Biblical Literature 47, no. 3–4 (1928): 237–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/3259582.
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña, E. “Altering Consciousness: Setting up the Stage.” In Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Vol 1, History, Culture, and the Humanities, edited by E. Cardeña and M. J. Winkelman, 1–21. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Cassaniti, J., and T. M. Luhrmann. “Encountering the Supernatural: A Phenomenological Account of Mind.” Religion and Society: Advances in Research 2 (2011): 37–53. https://doi.org/10.3167/arrs.2011.020103.
   Google Scholar
• Catani, M., and D. M. Stuss. “At the Forefront of Clinical Neuroscience.” Cortex 48 (2012): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, C. “The Sensory Orders of ‘Wild Children’.” In The Varieties of Sensory Experience: A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses, edited by D. Howes, 47–60. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Classen, C. “Sweet Colors, Fragrant Songs: Sensory Models of the Andes and the Amazon.” American Ethnologist 17 (1990): 722–35. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1990.17.4.02a00070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements, A. “Divine Scents and Presence.” In Smell and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Bradley, 46–59. London: Routledge, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Craffert, P. F. “Alternate States of Consciousness and Biblical Research: The Contribution of John J Pilch.” Biblical Theology Bulletin 47, no. 2 (2017): 100–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146107917697906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craffert, P. F. “‘I ‘Witnessed’ the Raising of the Dead’: Resurrection Accounts in a Neuroanthropological Perspective.” Neotestamentica 45, no. 1 (2011): 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. London: Vintage, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Degenaar, J. “Through the Inverting Glass: First-Person Observations on Spatial Vision and Imagery.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 13 (2014): 373–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-013-9305-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMaris, R. E. “Possession, Good and Bad—Ritual, Effects and Side-Effects: The Baptism of Jesus and Mark 1.9–11 from a Cross-Cultural Perspective.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 80 (2000): 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich, A. Introduction to Consciousness: Neuroscientific, Cognitive Science, and Philosophy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Doidge, N. The Brain That Chances Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science. London: Penguin, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/3738.
   Google Scholar
• ffytche, D. H., R. J. Howard, M. J. Brammer, A. D. P. Woodruff, and S. Williams. “The Anatomy of Conscious Vision: An FMRI Study of Visual Hallucinations.” Nature Neuroscience 1, no. 8 (1998): 738–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/3738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, W. J. How Brains Make Up Their Minds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Frith, C. Making Up the Mind: How the Brain Creates Our Mental World. Malden: Blackwell, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, J. O. S., E. D. Leshikar, B. P. Sutton, J. Chow Tan, S. K. Y. Sim, A. C. Hebrank, and D. C. Park. “Culture Differences in Neural Processing of Faces and Houses in the Ventral Visual Cortex.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, no. 2–3 (2010): 227–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodale, M A. “Perceiving the World and Grasping It: Dissociations between Conscious and Unconscious Visual Processing.” In The Cognitive Neurosciences III, edited by M S Gazzaniga, 1159–72. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Deborah A. “Fragrance in the Rabbinic World.” In Smell and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Bradley, 146–57. London: Routledge, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, R L. “Blindness, Recovery From.” In The Oxford Companion to the Mind, edited by R L Gregory, 94–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Harner, M. Cave and Cosmos: Shamanic Encounters with Another Reality. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, S. A. Scenting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press (Kindle Edition), 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, J. “Sight and Christianity: Early Christian Attitudes to Seeing.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by Michael Squire, 220–36. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., S. J. Heine, and A. Norenzayan. “The Weirdest People in the World?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2010): 61–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, J. A. “States of Consciousness: Normal and Abnormal Variation.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, edited by P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, and E. Thompson, 435–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816789.017.
   Google Scholar
• Houston, S, and K Taube. “An Archaeology of the Senses: Perception and Cultural Expression in Ancient Mesoamerica.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10, no. 2 (2000): 261–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095977430000010X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes, D. “Olfaction and Transition.” In The Varieties of Sensory Experience: A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses, edited by D Howes, 128–47. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Howes, D. “On the Odour of the Soul: Spatial Representation and Olfactory Classification in Eastern Indonesia and Western Melanesia.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 144, no. 1 (1988): 84–113. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003308.
   Google Scholar
• Howes, D, and C Classen. “Sounding Sensory Profiles.” In The Varieties of Sensory Experience: A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses, edited by D Howes, 257–88. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Howes, D, and C Classen. Ways of Sensing: Understanding the Senses in Society. London: Routledge, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, Jack. Why People Believe in Spirits, Gods and Magic. Newton Abbot: F&W Media, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, N. “Soet Geur Bevestig aan Burger Dat God Werklik Is.” Beeld, January 22, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, D. B., H. Matsunami, D. Rinberg, K. Scott, M. Wachowiak, and R. I. Wilson. “Receptors, Circuits, and Behaviors: New Directions in Chemical Senses.” Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 46 (2008): 11802–5. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3613-08.2008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellgren, A, F Lyden, and T. Norlander. “Sensory Isolation in Flotation Tanks: Altered States of Consciousness and Effects on Well-Being.” Qualitative Report 13, no. 4 (2008): 636–56.
   Google Scholar
• Krubitzer, L. “Lessons Form Evolution.” In The Future of the Brain: Essays by the World’s Leading Neuroscientists, edited by G. Marcus and J. Freeman, 186–93. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400851935-023.
   Google Scholar
• Lamme, V. A. F. “Why Visual Attention and Awareness Are Different.” Trends in Cognitive Science 7, no. 1 (2003): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00013-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin, C. D. Communing with the Gods: Consciousness, Culture and the Dreaming Brain. Brisbane: Daily Grail, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin, C. D. “Conceptual Systems Theory: A Neglected Perspective for the Anthropology of Consciousness.” Anthropology of Consciousness 28, no. 1 (2017): 31–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin, C. D. “The Properties of Neurognosis.” Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 19, no. 4 (1996): 363–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1061-7361(96)90004-1.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin, C. D., J. McManus, and E. G. d’Aquili. Brain, Symbol and Experience: Towards a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness. Boston: Shambhala, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin, C. D., and A. J. Rock. “Neurophenomenology: Enhancing the Experimental and Cross-Cultural Study of Brain and Experience.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology, edited by H. L. Friedman and G. Hartelius, 261–80. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2013. https://doi. org/10.1002/9781118591277.ch14.
   Google Scholar
• Lilly, J. C. The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and the Tank Isolation Technique. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Llinás, R. R. I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self. Westwood, MA: MIT, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Luhrmann, T. M. When God Talks Back: Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God. New York: Vintage Books, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, D. “Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review.” International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 31, no. 1 (2012): 97–156. doi: 10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, T. W. “Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?” Anthropology of Consciousness 12, no. 1–2 (2001): 37–70. https://doi.org/10.1525/ac.2001.12.1.37.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, L. E. “Synesthesia.” In Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence, edited by E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn, and S. Krippner, 121–49. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1037/10371-004.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, M. N. Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences: Brain-State Phenomena or Glimpses of Immortality? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571505.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D. B. The Corinthian Body. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• McClenon, J. “The Ritual Healing Theory: Therapeutic Suggestion and the Origin of Religion.” In Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion. Vo. 1, Evolution, Genes, and the Religious Brain, edited by P. M. McNamara, 135–58. Westport: Praeger, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• McGurk, H., and J. MacDonald. “Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices.” Nature 264 (1976): 746–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/264746a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh, J. “The Classification of Smells and the Order of the Senses in Indian Religious Traditions.” Numen 54, no. 4 (2007): 374–419. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852707X244289.
   Google Scholar
• Melzack, R. “From the Gate to the Neuromatrix.” Pain Supplement 6 (1999): S121–S126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00145-1.
   Google Scholar
• Melzack, R. “Phantom Limbs, the Self and the Brain: (The D.O. Hebb Memorial Lecture).” Canadian Psychology 30, no. 1 (1989): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutwa, V. C. Song of the Stars: The Lore of a Zulu Shaman. Barrytown: Station Hill Openings, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. “The Virgin of Zeitoun.” Worldview 16, no. 9 (1973): 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A. “Sight and the Philosophy of Vision in Classical Greece.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 54–67. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• O’Regan, J. K, and A. Noë. “A Sensorimotor Account of Vision and Visual Consciousness.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (2001): 939–1031. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01000115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, J. “Inner Vision: Seeing the Mind’s Eye.” Psyche 16, no. 1 (2010): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pilch, J. J. Flights of the Soul: Visions, Heavenly Journeys, and Peak Experiences in the Biblical World. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Platt, V. “Sight and the Gods: On the Desire to See Naked Nymphs.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 161–79. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Porath, N. “Seeing Sound: Consciousness and Therapeutic Acoustics in the Inter-Sensory Shamanic Epistemology of the Orang Sakai of Riau (Sumatra).” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14, no. 3 (2008): 647–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00522.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V. S. A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Imposter Poodles to Purple Numbers. New York: Pi Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V. S. The Tell-Tale Brain: Unlocking the Mystery of Human Nature. London: Windmill (Kindle edition), 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Rensink, R. A. “Seeing Seeing.” Psyche 16, no. 1 (2010): 68–78.
   Google Scholar
• Rothkrug, L. “The ‘Odour of Sanctity,’ and the Hebrew Origins of Christian Relic Veneration.” Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 8, no. 2 (1981): 95–142.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph, K. “Sight and the Presocratics: Approaches to Visual Perception in Early Greek Philosophy.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 36–53. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks, O. Hallucinations. New York: Picador, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks, O. The Mind’s Eye. London: Picador, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Shams, L, Y Kamitani, and S Shimojo. “Visual Illusion Induced by Sound.” Cognitive Brain Research 14 (2002): 147–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00069-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinn, R. L. “Perception and Belief.” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 34, no. 1 (1978): 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. M. “Sight in Retrospective: The Afterlife of Ancient Optics.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 249–62. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E., S. Duede, S. Hanrahan, T. Davis, P. House, and B. Greger. “Seeing Is Believing: Neural Representations of Visual Stimuli in Human Auditory Cortex Correlate with Illusory Auditory Perceptions.” PLoS One 8, no. 9 (2013): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solms, M. “A Neuropsychoanalytical Approach to the Hard Problem of Consciousness.” Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (2014): 173–85. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635214400032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire, M. “Introductory Reflections: Making Sense of Ancient Sight.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 1–35. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Stoerig, P. “The Neuroanatomy of Phenomenal Vision: A Psychological Perspective.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 929 (2001): 176–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05716.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffregen, T. A., and B. G. Bardy. “On Specification and the Senses.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 2 (2001): 195–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toner, J. “Smell and Christianity.” In Smell and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Bradley, 158–70. London: Routledge, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, S. “Sight and Death: Seeing the Dead Through Ancient Eyes.” In Sight and the Ancient Senses, edited by M. Squire, 143–60. London: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Vaitl, D., N. Birbaumer, J. Gruzelier, G. A. Jamieson, B. Kotchoubey, A. Kübler, D. Lehmann, W. H. R. Miltner, U. Ott, P. Pütz, G. Sammer, I. Strauch, U. Strehl, J. Wackermann, and T. Weiss. “Psychobiology of Altered States of Consciousness.” Psychological Bulletin 131, no. 1 (2005): 98–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela, F. J., and J. Shear. “First-Person Methodologies: What, Why, How?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 6, no. 2 (1999): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, F. P. “Interpreting the visio Dei in Matthew 5:8.” HTS Theologiese Studies/Theological Studies 68, no. 1 (2012): 1–7. http://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v68i1.905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, N. J. “Beyond Body Experiences: Phantom Limbs, Pain and the Locus of Sensation.” Cortex 45 (2009): 243–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2007.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, R. The World of Shamanism: New Views of an Ancient Tradition. Woodbury: Llewellyn, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler, B. E. Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wiebe, P. H. “Degrees of Hallucinatoriness and Christic Visions.” Archive for the Psychology of Religion 26, no. 1 (2004): 201–22. https://doi.org/10.1163/0084672053598058.
   Google Scholar
• Wiebe, P. H. Visions of Jesus: Direct Encounters from the New Testament to Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, B. E. “Hearing the Word and Seeing the Light: Voice and Vision in Acts.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 38, no. 4 (2016): 456–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X16637781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. “Shamanism and the Alteration of Consciousness.” In Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Vol 1: History, Culture, and the Humanities, edited by E. Cardeña and M. J. Winkelman, 159–80. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. “Spirits as Human Nature and the Foundational Structures of Consciousness.” In From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity’s Search for Spirits, edited by J. Houran, 59–96. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar