Antioxidant Activity and the Polyphenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Five High Altitude Medicinal Plants Used in Bhutanese Sowa rigpa Medicine

References

• Nile, S.H., Park, S.W. (2014). HPTLC analysis, antioxidant and antigout activity of Indian plants. Indian J. Pharm. Res., 13(2): 531–539.
   Google Scholar
• Shebis, Y., Iluz, D., Kinel-Tahan, Y., Dubinsky, Z., Yehoshua, Y. (2013). Natural antioxidants: Function and sources. Food Nutr. Sci., 4: 643–649. doi: 10.4236/fns.2013.46083
   Google Scholar
• Kratchnova, M., Denev, P., Ciz, M., Lojek, A., Mihailov, A. (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of medicinal plants containing polyphenol compounds. Comparison of two extraction systems. Acta. Biochimica. Polonica., 57: 229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid, A.A., Aiyelaagbe, O.O., Usman, L.A., Ameen, O.M., Lawal, A. (2010). Antioxidants: Its Medicinal and Pharmacological Applications. African J. Pure Appl. Chem., 4(8): 142–151.
   Google Scholar
• Devasagayam, T., Tilak, J., Boloor, K., Sane, K.S. (2004). Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J. Assoc. Physicians India., 15: 794–803.
   Google Scholar
• Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., Berset, C. (1995). Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 28(1): 25–30. doi: 10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Ramirez, L.A., Rodriguez-Garcia. I., et al. (2014). Potential of medicinal plants as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in food industry: a hypothesis. J. Food Sci., 79: 129–137. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katalinic, V., Milos, M., Kulisic, T., Jukic, M. (2006). Screening of 70 medicinal plants extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols. Food Chem., 94: 550–557. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajhashemi, V., Vaseghi, G., Pourfarzam, M., Abdollahi, A. (2010). Are antioxidants helpful for disease prevention? Res. Pharm. Sci., 5: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Namgay, K., Gayleg, K., Dorji, Y. (2016). Medicinal plants of Dagala region in Bhutan: their diversity, distribution, uses and economic potential. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 12: 28. doi: 10.1186/s13002-016-0098-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Pyne, S.G., Keller, P.A. (2011a). Ethnobotanical authentication and identification of khro-sman (Lower Elevation Medicinal Plants) of Bhutan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 134: 813–823. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formulary of Traditional Medicine of Bhutan. (1983). Thimphu: Ministry of Social Services.
   Google Scholar
• Das, N.G., Rabha, B., Talukdar, P.K., Goswami, D., Diman, S. (2016). Preliminary in vitro antiplasmodial activity of Aristolochia griffithii and Thalictrum foliolosum DC extracts against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Res. Notes., 9(51): 01–05.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ropivia, J., Derbre, S., Rouger, C., Pagniez, F., Pape, P.L., Richomme, P. (2010). Isoquino-lines from the roots of Thalictrum flavum L. and their evaluation as antiparasitic compounds. Molecules., 15: 6476–6484. doi: 10.3390/molecules15096476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Samten, Ugyen. (2009). High altitude medicinal plants of Bhutan: An Illustrated Guide for Practical Use. Pharmaceutical and Research Unit, Institute of Traditional Medicine Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan, 01–156.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, D., Khan, M.M., Saeed, R. (2015). Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants and antibacterial potential of methanolic, hexanic and aqueous extracts from Adiantun caudatum leaves. Antioxidant, 4: 394–409. doi: 10.3390/antiox4020394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A., Alkarkhi, A.F.M., Hena, S., Siddique, B.M., Dur, K.W. (2010). Optimization of soxhlet extraction of Herba Leoonuri using fractional design of experiment. Int. J. Chem, 2: 198–205.
   Google Scholar
• Giannopolitis, C.N., Reis, S.K. (1997). Superoxide dismutase I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol., 59(2): 309–314. doi: 10.1104/pp.59.2.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, M., Shimizu, S. (1987). Chlorophyll metabolism in higher plants. VII. Chlorophylls degradation in senescing tobacco leaves: phenolic-dependent peroxidative degradation. Canadian J. Bot., 65: 729–735. doi: 10.1139/b87-097
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, G., Schaal, L.A. (1957). Chlorogenic acid and ortho-dihydroxy phenols in scab resistant Russet Burbank and scab susceptible triumph potato tubers of different maturities. Phytopathology., 47: 253–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djeridane, A., Yousti, M., Nadjemi, B., Boutassouna. D., Stocker, P., Vidal, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem., 97: 654–660. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benezie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP Assay. Anal. Biochem., 239: 70–76. doi: 10.1006/abio.1996.0292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anokwuru, C.P., Anyasor, G.N., Ajibaye, O., Fakoya, O., Okebugwu, P. (2011). Effect of extraction solvents on phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activities of three Nigerian medicinal plants. Nat. Sci., 9(7): 53–61.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana, B., Anwar, F., Ashraf, M. (2009). Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules., 14: 2167–2180. doi: 10.3390/molecules14062167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, N.S., Navanesan, S., Sinniah, S.K., Wahab, N.A., Sim, K.S. (2012). Phenolic content, antioxidant effect and cytotoxic activity of Leea indica leaves. BMC Complement Altern Med., 12: 1–7. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheladji, M., Bekhechi, C., Beddou, F., DIB, H., Bendimerad, N. (2014). Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Nepeta nepetalla aqueous and methanolic extracts from Algeria. J. Appl. Pharm.Sci., 4(02): 012–016.
   Google Scholar
• Wintola, O.A., Afolayan, A.J. (2011). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the whole leaf extract of Aloe ferox Mill. Pharmacogn. Mag., 7: 325–333. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.90414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rani, P., Unni, K.M., Karthikeyan, J. (2004). Evaluation of antioxidant properties of berries. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 19(2): 103–110. doi: 10.1007/BF02894266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M. (2006). Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact., 160: 1–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Giacomin, P.R., Pearson, M.S., Smout, M.J., Loukas, A. (2016). Identification of lead chemotherapeutic agents from medicinal plants against blood flukes and whipworms. Sci. Rep., 6: 32101. doi: 10.1038/srep32101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Navarro, S., Shepherd, C., Keller, P.A., Pyne, S.G., Loukas, A. (2015). Diterpenoid alkaloids of Aconitum laciniatum and mitigation of inflammation by 14-O-acetylneoline in a murine model of ulcerative colitis. Sci. Rep., 5: 12845. doi: 10.1038/srep12845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Pearson, M.S., Giacomin, P.R., Becker, L., Sotillo, J., Pickering, D., Smout, M.J., Loukas, A. (2016). Compounds derived from the Bhutanese daisy, Ajania nubigena, demonstrate dual anthelmintic activity against Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris muris. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10(8): 1–18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Keller, P.A., Pyne, S.G., Taweechotipatr, M. (2013). Inhibition of TNF-α production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytic cells by the crude extracts of seven Bhutanese medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 148: 1013–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Samten. (2015). GC-FID coupled GC-MS analysis of the essential oil and the recorded biological activities of Meconopsis simplicifolia. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 5(6): 365–372. doi: 10.1080/22311866.2015.1137228
   Google Scholar
• Wangchuk, P., Sastraruji, T., Taweechotipatr, M., Keller, P.A., Pyne, S.G., (2016). Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of two isoquinoline alkaloids-Scoulerine and Cheilanthifoline. Nat. Prod. Commun., 11(12): 1801–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar