325
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Elastic inclusions in ballasted tracks – a review and recommendations

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 253-280 | Received 05 Jul 2022, Accepted 16 Jan 2023, Published online: 30 Jan 2023

References

  • Indraratna B, Nimbalkar SS, Tennakoon N. The behaviour of ballasted track foundations: track drainage and geosynthetic reinforcement. GeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling & Design. 2010;2378–2387.
  • Esveld C. Modern railway track. Vol. 385. Netherlands: MRT Press; 2001.
  • Li D, Hyslip J, Sussmann T, et al. Railway geotechnics. London: CRC Press; 2015.
  • Mayuranga HGS, Navaratnarajah SK, Gimhani MMN. The effect of fouling materials on permeability behaviour of large size granular materials. In: Dissanayake R, Mendis P Weerasekera K, et al., editors. ICSBE 2020, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Vol. 174. Singapore: Springer; 2022. pp. 33–46.
  • Navaratnarajah SK, Indraratna B, Ngo NT. Influence of under sleeper pads on ballast behavior under cyclic loading: experimental and numerical studies. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2018;144(9):1–16.
  • Ngo NT Performance of geogrids stabilised fouled ballast in rail tracks [PhD Thesis]: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong; 2012.
  • Bian X, Li W, Qian Y, et al. Micromechanical particle interactions in railway ballast through DEM simulations of direct shear tests. Int J Geomech. 2019;19(5):1–19. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001403
  • Zhang Z, Xiao H, Wang M, et al. Research on dynamic mechanical behavior of ballast bed in windblown sand railway based on dimensional analysis. Constr Build Mater. 2021;287:123052.
  • Indraratna B, Nimbalkar S, Coop M, et al. A constitutive model for coal-fouled ballast capturing the effects of particle degradation. Comput Geotech. 2014;61:96–107.
  • Xiao H, Zhang Z, Chi Y, et al. Experimental study and discrete element analysis on dynamic mechanical behaviour of railway ballast bed in windblown sand areas. Constr Build Mater. 2021;304:124669.
  • Fathali M, Nejad FM, Esmaeili M. Influence of tire-derived aggregates on the properties of railway ballast material. J Mater Civ Eng. 2016;29(1):1–9.
  • Nimbalkar S, Indraratna B, Dash S, et al. Improved performance of railway ballast under impact loads using shock mats. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2012;138(3):281–294. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000598
  • Tutumluer E, Qian Y, Hashash YM, et al. Discrete element modelling of ballasted track deformation behaviour. Int J Rail Transp. 2013;1(1–2):57–73. DOI:10.1080/23248378.2013.788361
  • Navaratnarajah SK, Indraratna B. Use of rubber mats to improve the deformation and degradation behavior of rail ballast under cyclic loading. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2017;143(6):1–15.
  • Salim W Deformation and degradation aspects of ballast and constitutive modelling under cyclic loading [PhD Thesis]: University of Wollongong; 2004.
  • Ngo NT, Indraratna B, Rujikiatkamjorn C. DEM simulation of the behaviour of geogrid stabilised ballast fouled with coal. Comput Geotech. 2014;55:224–231.
  • Tutumluer E, Huang H, Bian X. Geogrid-aggregate interlock mechanism investigated through aggregate imaging-based discrete element modeling approach. Int J Geomech. 2012;12(4):391–398.
  • Indraratna B, Biabani MM, Nimbalkar S. Behavior of geocell-reinforced subballast subjected to cyclic loading in plane-strain condition. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2015;141(1):1–16.
  • Indraratna B, Ngo NT, Rujikiatkamjorn C. Behavior of geogrid-reinforced ballast under various levels of fouling. Geotext Geomembr. 2011;29(3):313–322.
  • Sadeghi J, Kian ART, Ghiasinejad H, et al. Effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement in improvement of mechanical behavior of sand-contaminated ballast. Geotext Geomembr. 2020;48(6):768–779. DOI:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.05.007
  • Navaratnarajah SK, Indraratna B, Nimbalkar S Performance of rail ballast stabilized with resilient rubber pads under cyclic and impact loading. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering. Colombo, Sri Lanka2015. p. 617–620.
  • Qian Y, Mishra D, Tutumluer E, et al. Characterization of geogrid reinforced ballast behavior at different levels of degradation through triaxial shear strength test and discrete element modeling. Geotext Geomembr. 2015;43(5):393–402. DOI:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.04.012
  • Ngo NT, Indraratna B, Rujikiatkamjorn C. Stabilization of track substructure with geo-inclusions-experimental evidence and DEM simulation. Int J Rail Transp. 2017;5(2):63–86.
  • Ngo T, Indraratna B, Ferreira F. Influence of synthetic inclusions on the degradation and deformation of ballast under heavy-haul cyclic loading. Int J Rail Transp. 2022;10(4):413–435.
  • Gong H, Song W, Huang B, et al. Direct shear properties of railway ballast mixed with tire derived aggregates: experimental and numerical investigations. Constr Build Mater. 2019;200:465–473.
  • Johansson A, Nielsen JCO, Bolmsvik R, et al. Under sleeper pads-influence on dynamic train-track interaction. Wear. 2008;265(9–10):1479–1487. DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2008.02.032
  • Lakuši S, Ahac M, Haladin I Experimental investigation of railway track with under sleeper pad. Proceedings of the 10th Slovenian road and transportation congress. Portorož, Slovenia. 2010. p. 386–393.
  • Sol-Sanchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez MC. The use of deconstructed tire rail pads in railroad tracks: impact of pad thickness. Mater Des. 2014;58:198–203.
  • Abadi T, Le Pen L, Zervos A, et al. Measuring the area and number of ballast particle contacts at sleeper/ballast and ballast/subgrade interfaces. Int J Railw Technol. 2015;4(2):45–72. DOI:10.4203/ijrt.4.2.3
  • Navaratnarajah SK Application of rubber inclusions to enhance the stability of ballasted rail track under cyclic loading [PhD Thesis]: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong; 2017.
  • Indraratna B, Sun Q, Grant J. Behaviour of subballast reinforced with used tyre and potential application in rail tracks. Transp Geotech. 2017;12:26–36.
  • Kennedy J, Woodward PK, Medero G, et al. Reducing railway track settlement using three-dimensional polyurethane polymer reinforcement of the ballast. Constr Build Mater. 2013;44:615–625.
  • Jayasuriya C, Indraratna B, Ngo TN. Experimental study to examine the role of under sleeper pads for improved performance of ballast under cyclic loading. Transp Geotech. 2019;19:61–73.
  • Sol-Sánchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez M, et al. Full-scale study of Neoballast section for its application in railway tracks: optimization of track design. Mater Struct. 2018;51(2):1–11. DOI:10.1617/s11527-018-1167-2
  • Sun Q, Indraratna B, Grant J. Numerical simulation of the dynamic response of ballasted track overlying a tire-reinforced capping layer. Front Built Environ. 2020;6:1–15.
  • Esmaeili M, Shamohammadi A, Farsi S. Effect of deconstructed tire under sleeper pad on railway ballast degradation under cyclic loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2020;136:1–12.
  • Esmaeili M, Aela P, Hosseini A. Experimental assessment of cyclic behavior of sand-fouled ballast mixed with tire derived aggregates. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2017;98:1–11.
  • Indraratna B, Salim W, Rujikiatkamjorn C. Advanced rail geotechnology: ballasted track. 1st ed. Rotterdam, Netherlands: CRC press; 2011.
  • Selig ET, Waters JM. Track geotechnology and substructure management. London: Thomas Telford; 1994.
  • Indraratna B, Nimbalkar S, Ngo NT, et al. Performance improvement of rail track substructure using artificial inclusions – experimental and numerical studies. Transp Geotech. 2016;8:69–85.
  • Lu M, McDowell G. The importance of modelling ballast particle shape in the discrete element method. Granul Matter. 2007;9(1–2):69–80.
  • Danesh A, Palassi M, Mirghasemi AA. Evaluating the influence of ballast degradation on its shear behaviour. Int J Rail Transp. 2018;6(3):145–162.
  • Bruno L, Horvat M, Raffaele L. Windblown sand along railway infrastructures: a review of challenges and mitigation measures. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn. 2018;177:340–365.
  • Z-H Z, Xiao H, Wang M, et al. Mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism of ballast bed with various fouling materials. J Cent South Univ. 2021;28(9):2857–2874.
  • Feldman F, Nissen D, editors Alternative testing method for the measurement of ballast fouling: percentage void contamination. CORE 2002, Cost Efficient Railways through Engineering, Conference on Railway Engineering, Wollongong, New South Wales; 2002.
  • Tennakoon NC Geotechnical study of engineering behaviour of fouled ballast [PhD Thesis]: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong; 2012.
  • Schmidt S, Shah S, Moaveni M, et al. Railway ballast permeability and cleaning considerations. Transp Res Rec. 2017;2607(1):24–32. DOI:10.3141/2607-05
  • Ho CL, Humphrey D, Hyslip JP, et al. Use of recycled tire rubber to modify track–substructure interaction. Transp Res Rec. 2013;2374(1):119–125. DOI:10.3141/2374-14
  • Nimbalkar S, Indraratna B. Improved performance of ballasted rail track using geosynthetics and rubber shockmat. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2016;142(8):1–13.
  • Nielsen JCO, Johansson A. Out-of-round railway wheels - a literature survey. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2000;214(2):79–91. DOI:10.1243/0954409001531351.
  • Ferreira F, Indraratna B. Deformation and degradation response of railway ballast under impact loading–effect of artificial inclusions. In Zhai, W, Wang, KC editors. ICRT 2017: railway Development, Operations, and Maintenance. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers; 2018. p. 1090–1101.
  • Alves Ribeiro C, Paixão A, Fortunato E, et al. Under sleeper pads in transition zones at railway underpasses: numerical modelling and experimental validation. Struct Infrastruct Eng. 2014;11(11):1432–1449. DOI:10.1080/15732479.2014.970203
  • Indraratna B, Sajjad MB, Ngo T, et al. Improved performance of ballasted tracks at transition zones: a review of experimental and modelling approaches. Transp Geotech. 2019;21:1–25.
  • Li D, Davis D. Transition of railroad bridge approaches. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2005;131(11):1392–1398.
  • Ngo TN, Indraratna B, Rujikiatkamjorn C. Improved performance of ballasted tracks under impact loading by recycled rubber mats. Transp Geotech. 2019;20:100239.
  • Ferreira P, López-Pita A. Numerical modeling of high-speed train/track system to assess track vibrations and settlement prediction. J Transp Eng. 2013;139(3):330–337.
  • Giannakos K Influence of rail pad stiffness on track stressing, life-cycle and noise emission. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies: Università Politecnica delle Marche; 2010. p. 1–11.
  • Grassie S, Cox S. The dynamic response of railway track with flexible sleepers to high frequency vertical excitation. Proc Inst Mech Eng D J Automob Eng. 1984;198(2):117–124.
  • Kaewunruen S, Remennikov AM. Sensitivity analysis of free vibration characteristics of an in situ railway concrete sleeper to variations of rail pad parameters. J Sound Vib. 2006;298(1–2):453–461.
  • Vincent N, Bouvet P, Thompson D, et al. Theoretical optimization of track components to reduce rolling noise. J Sound Vib. 1996;193(1):161–171. DOI:10.1006/jsvi.1996.0255
  • Witt S. The influence of under sleeper pads on railway track dynamics. Sweden: Linköping University; 2008.
  • Pålsson BA, Nielsen JC. Dynamic vehicle–track interaction in switches and crossings and the influence of rail pad stiffness–field measurements and validation of a simulation model. Veh Syst Dyn. 2015;53(6):734–755.
  • Sol-Sanchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez MC. The use of elastic elements in railway tracks: a state of the art review. Constr Build Mater. 2015;75:293–305.
  • Abadi T, Pen LL, Zervos A, et al. Effect of sleeper interventions on railway track performance. J Geotech Geoenviron. 2019;145(4):1–17. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002022
  • Safari Baghsorkhi M, Laryea S, McDowell G, et al. An investigation of railway sleeper sections and under sleeper pads using a box test apparatus. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2015;230(7):1722–1734. DOI:10.1177/0954409715613818
  • Sol-Sanchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez MC. Viability of using end-of-life tire pads as under sleeper pads in railway. Constr Build Mater. 2014;64:150–156.
  • Stahl W Improvement of balasted tracks using sleeper pads - investigations and experiences in Germany. Proceedings of the international conferences on the bearing capacity of roads, railways and airfields. Trondheim, Norway; 2005. p. 1–10.
  • Dahlberg T. Railway track stiffness variations - consequences and countermeasures. Int J Civil Eng. 2010;8(1):1–12.
  • Insa R, Salvador P, Inarejos J, et al. Analysis of the influence of under sleeper pads on the railway vehicle/track dynamic interaction in transition zones. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2012;226(4):409–420. DOI:10.1177/0954409711430174
  • Ngamkhanong C, Kaewunruen S. Effects of under sleeper pads on dynamic responses of railway prestressed concrete sleepers subjected to high intensity impact loads. Eng Struct. 2020;214:1–14.
  • Paixão A, Varandas JN, Fortunato E, et al. Numerical simulations to improve the use of under sleeper pads at transition zones to railway bridges. Eng Struct. 2018;164:169–182.
  • Kaewunruen S, Aikawa A, Remennikov AM. Vibration attenuation at rail joints through under sleeper pads. Procedia Eng. 2017;189:193–198.
  • Schneider P, Bolmsvik R, Nielsen JCO. In situ performance of a ballasted railway track with under sleeper pads. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2011;225(3):299–309.
  • Zakeri JA, Esmaeili M, Heydari-Noghabi H. A field investigation into the effect of under sleeper pads on the reduction of railway-induced ground-borne vibrations. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2015;230(3):999–1005.
  • Auer F, Potvin R, Godart P, et al. Under sleeper pads in track – the UIC project. European Railway Review. 2013;19(2):2–19.
  • Bolmsvik R. Influence of USP on track response - a literature survey. Sweden: Abetong Teknik ABVäxjö; 2005.
  • Loy H. Under sleeper pads: improving track quality while reducing operational costs. European Railway Review. 2008;4:46–51.
  • Hemsworth B. Reducing groundborne vibrations: state-of-the-art study. J Sound Vib. 2000;231(3):703–709.
  • Momoya Y, Takahashi T, Nakamura T. A study on the deformation characteristics of ballasted track at structural transition zone by multi-actuator moving loading test apparatus. Transp Geotech. 2016;6:123–134.
  • Alves Costa P, Calçada R, Silva Cardoso A. Ballast mats for the reduction of railway traffic vibrations. numerical study. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2012;42:137–150.
  • Auersch L. Dynamic axle loads on tracks with and without ballast mats: numerical results of three-dimensional vehicle-track-soil models. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2006;220(2):169–183.
  • Wettschureck R Ballast mats in tunnels-analytical model and measurements. INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings. Munich, Germany. Vol. 1985: Institute of Noise Control Engineering; 1985. p. 721–724.
  • Fontserè V, Pita AL, Manzo N, et al. NEOBALLAST: new high-performance and long-lasting ballast for sustainable railway infrastructures. Transp Res Proc. 2016;14:1847–1854.
  • Sol-Sanchez M, Thom N, Moreno-Navarro F, et al. A study into the use of crumb rubber in railway ballast. Constr Build Mater. 2015;75:19–24.
  • Sol-Sánchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Martínez-Montes G, et al. An alternative sustainable railway maintenance technique based on the use of rubber particles. J Clean Prod. 2017;142:3850–3858.
  • Indraratna B, Qi Y, Heitor A. Evaluating the properties of mixtures of steel furnace slag, coal wash, and rubber crumbs used as subballast. J Mater Civ Eng. 2018;30(1). DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002108
  • Qi Y, Indraratna B, Heitor A, et al. The influence of rubber crumbs on the energy absorbing property of waste mixtures. Geotechnics for transportation infrastructure. Singapore: Springer; 2019. pp. 271–281.
  • Qi Y, Indraratna B. Energy-based approach to assess the performance of a granular matrix consisting of recycled rubber, steel-furnace slag, and coal wash. J Mater Civ Eng. 2020;32(7):04020169.
  • Koohmishi M, Azarhoosh A. Hydraulic conductivity of fresh railway ballast mixed with crumb rubber considering size and percentage of crumb rubber as well as aggregate gradation. Constr Build Mater. 2020;241:118133.
  • Zhang F, Chang J, Feng H. Laboratory study on degradation of ballast mixed with crumb rubber under impact loads. Int J Rail Transp. 2022;1–23. DOI:10.1080/23248378.2022.2108151
  • Esmaeili M, Siahkouhi M. Tire‐derived aggregate layer performance in railway bridges as a novel impact absorber: numerical and field study. Struct Control Health Monit. 2019;26(10):1–20.
  • Farooq MA, Nimbalkar S, Fatahi B. Sustainable applications of tyre-derived aggregates for railway transportation infrastructure. Sustainability. 2022;14(18):11715.
  • Qi Y, Indraratna B. Influence of rubber inclusion on the dynamic response of rail track. J Mater Civ Eng. 2022;34(2):04021432.
  • Esmaeili M, Ataei S, Siahkouhi M. A case study of dynamic behaviour of short span concrete slab bridge reinforced by tire-derived aggregates as sub-ballast. Int J Rail Transp. 2020;8(1):80–98.
  • Indraratna B, Sun Q, Heitor A, et al. Performance of rubber tire-confined capping layer under cyclic loading for railroad conditions. J Mater Civ Eng. 2018;30(3):1–7. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002199
  • Boler H. On the shear strength of polyurethane coated railroad ballast. University of Illinois; 2012.
  • Dersch MS, Tutumluer E, Peeler CT, et al. Polyurethane coating of railroad ballast aggregate for improved performance. Joint Rail Conference. Urbana, Illinois, USA. 2010. p. 337–342.
  • Lee SH, Lee SJ, Park JG, et al. An experimental study on the characteristics of polyurethane-mixed coarse aggregates by large-scale triaxial test. Constr Build Mater. 2017;145:117–125.
  • Gundavaram D, Hussaini SKK. Performance evaluation of polyurethane-stabilized railroad ballast under direct shear conditions. Constr Build Mater. 2020;255:119304.
  • Jing G, Zhang X, Jia W. Lateral resistance of polyurethane-reinforced ballast with the application of new bonding schemes: laboratory tests and discrete element simulations. Constr Build Mater. 2019;221:627–636.
  • Keene A, Edil T, Tinjum J. Mitigating ballast fouling and enhancing rail freight capacity. Madison, Wisconsin: National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (US); 2012.
  • Keene A, Tinjum J, Edil T. Mechanical properties of polyurethane-stabilized ballast. Geotechnical Engineering Journal. 2014;45(1):66–73.
  • Woodward P, Kennedy J, Medero G, et al. Application of in situ polyurethane geocomposite beams to improve the passive shoulder resistance of railway track. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2012;226(3):294–304. DOI:10.1177/0954409711423460
  • Thomas S, Woodward P, Laghrouche O. Influence of stiffening ballasted track bed overlying a masonry arch bridge using a polyurethane polymer material. Constr Build Mater. 2015;92:111–117.
  • Ling X, Xiao H, Cui X. Analysis of mechanical properties of polyurethane-mixed ballast based on energy method. Constr Build Mater. 2018;182:10–19.
  • Ling X, Xiao H, Liu G, et al. Discrete element modeling of polyurethane-stabilized ballast under monotonic and cyclic triaxial loading. Constr Build Mater. 2020;255:119370.
  • Woodward PK, Thompson D, Banimahd M Geocomposite technology: reducing railway maintenance. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport. Vol. 160: Thomas Telford Ltd; 2007. p. 109–115.
  • Kruglikov A, Yavna V, Ermolov Y, et al. Strengthening of the railway ballast section shoulder with two-component polymeric binders. Transp Geotech. 2017;11:133–143.
  • Jing G, Qie L, Markine V, et al. Polyurethane reinforced ballasted track: review, innovation and challenge. Constr Build Mater. 2019;208:734–748.
  • Sol-Sánchez M, D’Angelo G. Review of the design and maintenance technologies used to decelerate the deterioration of ballasted railway tracks. Constr Build Mater. 2017;157:402–415.
  • Gundavaram D, Hussaini SKK. Polyurethane-based stabilization of railroad ballast–a critical review. Int J Rail Transp. 2019;7(3):219–240.
  • Woodward P, Kennedy J, Laghrouche O, et al. Study of railway track stiffness modification by polyurethane reinforcement of the ballast. Transp Geotech. 2014;1(4):214–224. DOI:10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.06.005
  • Zhai W, Wang K, Lin J. Modelling and experiment of railway ballast vibrations. J Sound Vib. 2004;270(4–5):673–683.
  • Indraratna B, Ngo T, Ferreira FB, et al. Laboratory examination of ballast deformation and degradation under impact loads with synthetic inclusions. Transp Geotech. 2020;25:100406.
  • Indraratna B, Lackenby J, Christie D. Effect of confining pressure on the degradation of ballast under cyclic loading. Geotechnique. 2005;55(4):325–328.
  • Selig ET, Li D. Track modulus: its meaning and factors influencing it. Transp Res Rec. 1994;(1470):1–8.
  • Pita AL, Teixeira PF, Robusté F. High speed and track deterioration: the role of vertical stiffness of the track. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit. 2004;218(1):31–40.
  • Germonpré M, Nielsen J, Degrande G, et al. Contributions of longitudinal track unevenness and track stiffness variation to railway induced vibration. J Sound Vib. 2018;437:292–307.
  • Lombaert G, Degrande G, François S. Ground-borne vibration due to railway traffic: a review of excitation mechanisms, prediction methods and mitigation measures. In: Nielsen J, Anderson D Gautier P-E, et al., editors. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Vol. 126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2015. pp. 253–287.
  • Wilson GP, Saurenman HJ, Nelson JT. Control of ground-borne noise and vibration. J Sound Vib. 1983;87(2):339–350.
  • Alves Costa P, Calçada R, Silva Cardoso A. Track–ground vibrations induced by railway traffic: in-situ measurements and validation of a 2.5D FEM-BEM model. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2012;32(1):111–128.
  • UIC. Recommendations for the use of under ballast mats. In: UIC Code 719-1. 1st ed. VII Way and Works. Paris, France: International Union of Railways. 2011.
  • Marsal R. Mechanical properties of rockfill, in embankment-dam engineering. Hirschfeld R Poulos S, editors. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 1973. pp. 109–200.
  • Arachchige CM, Indraratna B, Qi Y, et al. Geotechnical characteristics of a rubber intermixed ballast system. Acta Geotech. 2022;17(5):1847–1858. DOI:10.1007/s11440-021-01342-2
  • Guo Y, Markine V, Qiang W, et al. Effects of crumb rubber size and percentage on degradation reduction of railway ballast. Constr Build Mater. 2019;212:210–224.
  • Cai X, Zhong Y, Hao X, et al. Dynamic behavior of a polyurethane foam solidified ballasted track in a heavy haul railway tunnel. Adv Struct Eng. 2019;22(3):751–764. DOI:10.1177/1369433218799154
  • Wei K, Wang F, Wang P, et al. Effect of temperature-and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads on high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibrations. Veh Syst Dyn. 2017;55(3):351–370. DOI:10.1080/00423114.2016.1267371
  • Zhu S, Cai C, Luo Z, et al. A frequency and amplitude dependent model of rail pads for the dynamic analysis of train-track interaction. Sci China Technol Sci. 2015;58(2):191–201. DOI:10.1007/s11431-014-5686-y
  • Sainz-Aja JA, Carrascal IA, Ferreño D, et al. Influence of the operational conditions on static and dynamic stiffness of rail pads. Mech Mater. 2020;148:103505.
  • Setsobhonkul S, Kaewunruen S, Sussman JM. Lifecycle assessments of railway bridge transitions exposed to extreme climate events. Front Built Environ. 2017;3:35.
  • Simón D, Borreguero A, De Lucas A, et al. Recycling of polyurethanes from laboratory to industry, a journey towards the sustainability. Waste Manage. 2018;76:147–171.
  • Indraratna B, Qi Y, Malisetty RS, et al. Recycled materials in railroad substructure: an energy perspective. Railw Eng Sci. 2022;30(3):304–322. DOI:10.1007/s40534-021-00267-6
  • Indraratna B, Qi Y, Tawk M, et al. Advances in ground improvement using waste materials for transportation infrastructure. Proc Inst Civ Eng Ground Improv. 2022;175(1):3–22. DOI:10.1680/jgrim.20.00007
  • Mohajerani A, Burnett L, Smith JV, et al. Recycling waste rubber tyres in construction materials and associated environmental considerations: a review. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;155:104679.
  • Gualtieri M, Andrioletti M, Vismara C, et al. Toxicity of tire debris leachates. Environ Int. 2005;31(5):723–730. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.001
  • Azizian MF, Nelson PO, Thayumanavan P, et al. Environmental impact of highway construction and repair materials on surface and ground waters: case study: crumb rubber asphalt concrete. Waste Manage. 2003;23(8):719–728. DOI:10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00024-2
  • Imteaz M, Mohammadinia A, Arulrajah A. Environmental suitability, carbon footprint and cost savings of recycled plastic for railway applications. Int J Sustain Eng. 2021;14(4):725–734.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.