Radical right populism and the backlash against gender equality: the case of the Lega (Nord)

References

• Agnew, J. 1995. “The Rhetoric of Regionalism: The Northern League in Italian Politics, 1983-94.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (2): 156–172. doi:10.2307/622429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, P., K. Celis, S. Childs, I. Engeli, E. Evans, and L. Mügge. 2018. “Contemporary Crises in European Politics: Gender Equality under Threat.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 1 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1332/251510818X15395099754994.
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, T. 2015. “Gender and the Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Agendas.” Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 37–60. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman, T., and A. Hagelund. 2007. “‘Women and Children First!’ Anti-immigration Parties and Gender in Norway and the Netherlands.” Patterns of Prejudice 41 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1080/00313220701265569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D., A. Giovannini, and A. Seddone. 2018. “‘No Regionalism Please, We are Leghisti  !’ the Transformation of the Italian Lega Nord under the Leadership of Matteo Salvini.” Regional & Federal Studies 28 (5): 645–671. doi:10.1080/13597566.2018.1512977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D., and D. McDonnell. 2015. Populist in Power. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Avanza, M. 2008. “Un Parti Qui «l’a Dure». Les Femmes Padanes Dans La Ligue Du Nord.” In Le Sexe Du Militantisme, edited by O. Fillieule and P. Roux, 143–165. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
   Google Scholar
• Bellé, E. 2015. “È Già Politica. Gli Intrecci Tra Genere, Identità Politica E Ideologia in Due Sezioni Locali Della Lega Nord.” In Genere E Partecipazione Politica, edited by S. Magaraggia and G. Vingelli, 63–87. Milano: Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Bobba, G., and D. McDonnell. 2016. “Different Types of Right-wing Populist Discourse in Government and Opposition: The Case of Italy.” South European Society and Politics 21 (3): 281–299. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1211239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosco, A., and S. Verney. 2016. “From Electoral Epidemic to Government Epidemic: The Next Level of the Crisis in Southern Europe.” South European Society and Politics 21 (4): 383–406. doi:10.1080/13608746.2017.1303866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunazzo, M., and M. Gilbert. 2017. “Insurgents against Brussels: Euroscepticism and the Right-wing Populist Turn of the Lega Nord since 2013.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 22 (5): 624–641. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2017.1389524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulli, G., and F. Tronconi. 2011. “The Lega Nord.” In From Protest to Power. Autonomist Parties and the Challenges of Representation, edited by A. Elias and F. Tronconi, 51–74. Wien: Braumüller.
   Google Scholar
• Buss, D., and D. Herman. 2003. Globalizing Family Values: The Christian Right in International Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cento Bull, A. 2010. “Addressing Contradictory Needs: The Lega Nord and Italian Immigration Policy.” Patterns of Prejudice 44 (5): 411–431. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2010.527441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cento Bull, A. 2011. “Breaking up the Post-war Consensus: The Ideology of the Lega Nord in the Early 1990s.” The Italianist 31 (1): 112–122. doi:10.1179/026143411X12966456896862.
   Google Scholar
• Cento Bull, A., and M. Gilbert. 2001. The Lega Nord and the Northern Question in Italian Politics. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Conniff, M. 2012. Populism in Latin America. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corbetta, P., P. Colloca, N. Cavazza, and M. Roccato. 2018. “Lega and Five-star Movement Voters: Exploring the Role of Cultural, Economic and Political Bewilderment.” Contemporary Italian Politics 10 (3): 279–293. doi:10.1080/23248823.2018.1524678.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. 2017. Human Rights in Europe: From Crisis to Renewal? Commissioner for Human Rights. 2017. France: November.
   Google Scholar
• D’Alimonte, R., A. Di Virgilio, and N. Maggini. 2013. “I Risultati Elettorali: Bipolarismo Addio?.” Voto Amaro. Disincanto E Crisi Economica Nelle Elezioni Del 2013 edited by ITANES, 17–32. Bologna: Il Mulino.
   Google Scholar
• De Giorgi, E., and F. Tronconi. 2018. “The Center-right in a Search for Unity and the Re-emergence of the Neo-fascist Right.” Contemporary Italian Politics 10 (4): 330–345. doi:10.1080/23248823.2018.1544350.
   Google Scholar
• De la Torre, C., and C. J. Arnson, eds. 2013. Latin American Populism in the Twenty-first Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Lange, S. L., and L. M. Mügge. 2015. “Gender and Right-wing Populism in the Low Countries: Ideological Variations across Parties and Time.” Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 61–80. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donà, A. 2020a. “What’s Gender Got to Do with Populism?.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 27 (3): 285–292. May 2020. doi:10.1177/1350506820929222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donà, A. 2020b. “Who Is Afraid of ‘Gender’? Gender and Politics Research between Institutionalization and Contestation in Italy.” Italian Political Science 14 (3): 206–216.
   Google Scholar
• Donà, A. 2021. “Somewhere over the Rainbow: Italy and the Regulation of Same-sex Unions.” Modern Italy 1–14. doi:10.1017/mit.2021.28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIGE 2019 “Gender Equality Index 2019 in Brief: Still Far from the Finish Line. Report.” 11 October 2019, available at: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2019-brief-still-far-finish-line
   Google Scholar
• Erzeel, S., and E. R. Rashkova. 2017. “Still Men’s Parties? Gender and the Radical Right in Comparative Perspective.” West European Politics 40 (4): 812–820. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1286181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2018. “Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights. Study, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs.” Brussels, European Union, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union PE 604.955– June 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Garbagnoli, S. 2014. “‘L’ideologia Del Genere’: L’irresistibile Ascesa Di Un’invenzione Vaticana Contro La Denaturalizzazione Dell’ordine Sessuale.” About Gender 3 (16): 250–263.
   Google Scholar
• Garbagnoli, S. 2017. “Italy as Lighthouse: Anti-gender Protests between the ‘Anthropological Question’ and National Identity.” In Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe. Mobilizing against Equality, edited by R. Kuhar and D. Paternotte, 151–173. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Garzia, D. 2019. “The Italian Election of 2018 and the First Populist Government of Western Europe.” West European Politics 42 (3): 670–680. doi:10.1080/01402382.2018.1535381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guadagnini, M., and A. Donà. 2007. “Women’s Policy Machinery in Italy between European Pressures and Domestic Constraints.” In Changing State Feminism, edited by J. Outshoorn and J. Kantola, 165–181. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• ILGA. 2020. “Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People Covering the Period of January to December 2019, Report.” February 2020, available at: https://www.ilga-europe.org/rainboweurope/2020
   Google Scholar
• Ivaldi, G., M. E. Lanzone, and D. Woods. 2017. “Varieties of Populism across a Left-Right Spectrum: The Case of the Front National, the Northern League, Podemos and Five Star Movement.” Swiss Political Science Review 23 (4): 354–376. doi:10.1111/spsr.12278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köttig, M., R. Bitzan, and A. Petö, eds. 2017. Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Kovats, E., and M. Poim, eds. 2015. Gender as Symbolic Glue. The Position and Role of Conservative and Far Right Parties in the Anti-gender Mobilizations in Europe. Budapest: Foundation for European Progressive Studies and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/11382.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H., and T. Pappas, eds. 2015. European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession. Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krizsán, A., and C. Roggeband. 2018. “Towards a Conceptual Framework for Struggles over Democracy in Backsliding States: Gender Equality Policy in Central Eastern Europe.” Politics and Governance 6 (3): 90–100. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i3.1414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krizsán, A., and B. Siim. 2018. “Gender Equality and Family in European Populist Radical Right Agendas.” In Gender and Generational Divisions in EU Citizenship, edited by T. Knihn and M. Naldini, 39–59. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhar, R., and D. Paternotte, eds. 2017. Anti-gender Campaigns in Europe. Mobilizing against Equality. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Lavizzari, A., and M. Prearo. 2019. “The Anti-gender Movement in Italy: Catholic Participation between Electoral and Protest Politics.” European Societies 21 (3): 422–442. doi:10.1080/14616696.2018.1536801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridis, G., G. Campani, and A. Benveniste, eds. 2016. The Rise of the Far Right in Europe. Populist Shifts and ‘Othering’. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Lega – Salvini Premier. 2018. Elezioni 2018 Programma Di Governo. La Rivoluzione Del Buonsenso.
   Google Scholar
• Maggini, N., and V. Emanuele. 2014. “Il Bacino Elettorale Della Lega: Geografia, Caratteristiche Socio-politiche E Atteggiamenti. Osservatorio Politico.” 9 December 2014, available at: https://cise.luiss.it/cise/2014/12/09/il-bacino-elettorale-della-lega-geografia-caratteristiche-socio-politiche-e-atteggiamenti/
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, S., E. Ajanovic, and B. Sauer. 2014. “Intersections and Inconsistencies. Framing Gender in Right-wing Populist Discourses in Austria.” NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 22 (4): 250–266. doi:10.1080/08038740.2014.964309.
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell, D. 2006. “A Weekend in Padania: Regionalist Populism and the Lega Nord.” Politics 26 (2): 126–132. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2006.00259.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meny, Y., and Y. Surel, eds. 2002. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Meret, S., and B. Siim. 2013. “Gender, Populism and Politics of Belonging: Discourses of Right-wing Populist Parties in Denmark, Norway and Austria.” In Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere, edited by B. Siim and M. Mokre, 78–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39 (4): 541–563. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. 2019. The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2015. “Vox Populi or Vox Masculini ? Populism and Gender in Northern Europe and South America.” Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 16–36. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lega Nord. 2013. Programma Elezioni Politiche 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Norocel, O. C. 2011. “Heteronormative Constructions of Romanianness: A Genealogy of Gendered Metaphors in Romanian Radical-Right Populism 2000–2009.” Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 19 (1–2): 453–470.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., and R. Inglehart. 2018. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and the Rise of Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ozzano, L. 2019. “Religion, Cleavages, and Right-wing Populist Parties: The Italian Case.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1080/15570274.2019.1570761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passarelli, G. 2013. “Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe: The Case of the Italian Northern League.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2013.730273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passarelli, G. 2015. “Populism and the Lega Nord.” In The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics, edited by E. Jones and G. Pasquino, 224–239. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Passarelli, G., and D. Tuorto. 2018. La Lega Di Salvini. Estrema Destra Di Governo. Bologna: Il Mulino.
   Google Scholar
• Pavan, E. 2020. “We are Family . The Conflict between Conservative Movements and Feminists.” Contemporary Italian Politics 12 (2): 243–257. doi:10.1080/23248823.2020.1744892.
   Google Scholar
• Pirro, A. L., and P. Taggart. 2018. “The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: A Framework for Analysis.” Politics 38 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1177/0263395718770579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggeband, C. M., and A. Krizsán. 2019. “Democratic Backsliding and Backlash against Women’s Rights: Understanding the Current Challenges for Feminist Politics. UN Women, Background Paper for Expert Group Meeting. Sixty-fourth Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW 64) ‘Beijing +25: Current Context, Emerging Issues and Prospects for Gender Equality and Women’s Rights’.” New York, 25-26 September 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira Kaltwasser, C., and P. Taggart. 2016. “Dealing with Populists in Government: A Framework for Analysis.” Democratization 23 (2): 201–220. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1058785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri, G., and A. Seddone. 2018. “The Democratic Party between Change and Settlement. Chronicle of a Particular Year.” Contemporary Italian Politics 10 (4): 315–329. doi:10.1080/23248823.2018.1544346.
   Google Scholar
• Schwörer, J. 2018. “Rechtspopulistische Parteien Als Verteidiger Christlicher Identität? Das Fallbeispiel Der Italienischen Lega Nord.” Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik 2 (2): 387–413. doi:10.1007/s41682-018-0025-y.
   Google Scholar
• Scrinzi, F. 2017. “Caring for the Elderly in the Family or in the Nation? Gender, Women and Migrant Care Labour in the Lega Nord.” West European Politics 40 (4): 869–886. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1287447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, N., A. Zaslove, L. M. Mügge, and S. de Lange. 2015. “Special Issue on Gender and Populist Radical-right Politics: An Introduction.” Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 3–15. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. 2000. Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verloo, M. 2005. “Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Europe. A Critical Frame Analysis.” The Greek Review of Social Research 117 (B): 11–32.
   Google Scholar
• Verloo, M., ed. 2018. Varieties of Opposition to Gender Equality in Europe. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Verloo, M., and E. Lombardo. 2007. “Contested Gender Equality and Policy Variety in Europe: Introducing a Critical Frame Analysis Approach.” In Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality. A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe, edited by M. Verloo, 21–51. Budapest: CEU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verloo, M., and D. Paternotte. 2018. “The Feminist Project under Threat in Europe.” Politics and Governance 6 (3): 1–5. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i3.1736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. 2015. The Politics of Fear: What Right Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, D. 2009. “Pockets of Resistance to Globalization: The Case of the Lega Nord.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (2): 161–177. doi:10.1080/00313220902793906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuval-Davis, N. 1997. Gender and Nation. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar