2,379
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Withering of traditional institutions? An institutional analysis of the decline of migratory pastoralism in the rangelands of the Kailash Sacred Landscape, western Himalayas

, , &
Pages 87-100 | Received 23 Nov 2015, Accepted 12 Dec 2016, Published online: 23 Dec 2016

References

  • Agrawal, A., and E. Ostrom. 2001. “Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal.” Politics and Society 29 (4): 485–514. doi:10.1177/0032329201029004002.
  • Atkinson, E. T. 1884[1996]. The Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol II, Part I. Dehra Dun: Natraj Publishers.
  • Ayers, C. 1962. The Theory of Economic Progress. 2nd ed. New York: Schoeken Books.
  • Banjade, M. R., and N. S. Paudel. 2008. “Mobile Pastoralism in Crisis: Challenges, Conflicts and Status of Pasture Tenure in Nepal Mountains.” Journal of Forest and Livelihood 7 (1): 49–57.
  • Bardhan, P. 2002. “Decentralization of Governance and Development.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (4): 185–205. doi:10.1257/089533002320951037.
  • Bauer, K. 2004. High Frontiers: Dolpo and the Changing World of Himalayan Pastoralists. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bergmann, C., M. Gerwin, M. Nüsser, and W. S. Sax. 2012. “State Policy and Local Performance: Pasture Use and Pastoral Practices in the Kumaon Himalaya.” In Pastoral Practices in High Asia, edited by H. Kreutzmann, 175–194. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Bhattacharya, N. 1998. “Pastoralists in a Colonial World.” In Nature, Culture, Imperialism: Essays on the Environmental History of South Asia, edited by D. Arnold and R. Guha, 49–85. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, C. W. 1984. The Goat Is Mine, the Load Is Yours: Morphogenesis of Bhotiya-Shauka, U. P., India. Dissertation, Lund University. Lund: Department of Social Anthropology, Lund University.
  • Cencetti, E. 2013. ‘Rangeland Ecosystem & Pastoralism in Tibet: A review of From ‘Retire Livestock, Restore Rangeland’ to the Compensation for Ecological Services: State Interventions into Rangeland Ecosystem and Pastoralism in Tibet, by Yönten Nyima.’ Accessed 11 May 2015. http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/3733
  • Chatterjee, B. B. 1976. “The Bhotias of Uttarakhand.” India International Centre Quarterly 3 (1): 3–16.
  • Chen, Y., and Z. Xiaoye. 2009. “How to Define Property Rights? A Social Documentation of the Privatisation of Collective Ownership.” Polish Sociological Review 3 (167): 351–372.
  • Cleaver, F. 2002. “Reinventing Institutions: Bricolage and the Social Embeddedness of Natural Resource Management.” The European Journal of Development Research 14 (2): 11–30. doi:10.1080/714000425.
  • Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
  • Dong, S., D. James Lassoie, E. S. Pariya, K. K. Shreshtha, and Y. Zhaoli. 2008. “Institutional Development for Sustainable Rangeland Resource and Ecosystem Management in Mountainous Areas of Northern Nepal.” Journal of Environmental Management 90: 994–1003. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.03.005.
  • Dong, S. L., Y. Shaoliang, and Z. L. Yan. 2016. “Maintaining the Human–Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Himalayas of South Asia and China.” In Building Resilience of Human-Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World, edited by S. Dong, K. A. S. Kassam, J. F. Tourrand, and R. B. Boone, 93–135. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Gerwin, M., and C. Bergmann. 2012. “Geopolitical Relations and Regional Restructuring: The Case of the Kumaon Himalaya, India.” Erdkunde 66 (2): 91–107. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2012.02.01.
  • Ghate, R. 2004. ‘Traditional and Non-Traditional Indigenous Informal Institutions in Orest Management.’ Paper presented at the EGDI and UNU-WIDER Conference on ‘Unlocking the Human Potential: Linking the Informal and Formal Sectors, Helsinki, Finland, 17–18 September.
  • Ghate, R. 2008. “A Tale of Three Villages: Practiced Forestry in India.” In Promise, Trust and Evolution: Managing the Commons of South Asia, edited by R. Ghate, N. Jodha, and P. Mukhopadhayay. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • GoI. 2007. Report of the Taskforce on Grasslands and Deserts. Government of India, New Delhi. Accessed 19 August2015. http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/tf11_grass.pdf
  • Goldstein, M. C. 1975. “A Report on Limi Panchayat, Humla District, Karnali Zone.” Contributions to Nepalese Studies 2 (2): 89–101.
  • Goldstein, M. C., and C. C. Beall. 1990. Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Goodall, S. K. 2004. “Rural to Urban Migration and Urbanization in Leh, Ladakh: A Case Study of Three Pastoral Communities.” Mountain Research and Development 24 (3): 220–227. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2004)024[0220:RMAUIL]2.0.CO;2.
  • Guha, R. 1989. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Gurung, K. 2008. ‘Sheep Transhumance in Humla: A Declining Practice.’ Accessed 12 May 2015. http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/new/files/kushal-paper_1336386349cmtX.doc
  • Hardin, G. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162 (3859): 1243–1248.
  • Haimendorf, Christoph von Furer. 1975. Himalayan Traders: Life in Highland Nepal. London: John Murray.
  • Herrera, P. M., J. Davies, and P. M. Baena. 2014. Governance of Rangelands: Collective Action for Sustainable Pastoralism. New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Hoon, V. 1996. Living on the Move: Bhotiyas of the Kumaon Himalaya. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
  • IGSNRR. 2010. Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative: Feasibility Assessment Report of China. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR.
  • Jiang, H. 2005. “Grassland Management and Views of Natures in China since 1949: Regional Policies and Local Changes in Uxin Ju, Inner Mongolia.” Geoforum 36: 641–653. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.10.006.
  • Köhler-Rollefson, I., J. Morton, and V. P. Sharma. 2003. ‘Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study for DFID, UK.’ Accessed 5 May 2015. http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/zc0181b.pdf
  • Kreutzmann, H. 2011. “Pastoral Practices on the Move: Recent Transformations in Mountain Pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau.” In Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in the Context of Climate and Global Change, edited by H. Kreutzmann, Y. Yong, and J. Richter. Bonn: GIZ, BMZ.
  • Lama, C. 2002. Kailash Mandala. Kathmandu: Humla Conservation and Development Association.
  • Leach, M., R. Mearns, and I. Scoones. 1999. “Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community-Based Natural Resource Management.” World Development 25 (2): 225–247. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00141-7.
  • Levine, N. 1988. The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, Domesticity, and Population on the Tibetan Border. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • McGinnis, M. D. 2011. “An Introduction to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop: A Simple Guide to a Complex Framework.” Policy Studies Journal 39 (1).Accessed 11 April 2015 doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00401.x.
  • Miller, D. J. 1998. “Nomads of the Tibetan Plateau Rangelands in Western China. Part One: Pastoral History.” Rangelands 20 (6): 24–29.
  • Miller, D. J. 2000. “Tough Times for Tibetan Nomads in Western China: Snowstorms, Settling Down, Fences and the Demise of Traditional Nomadic Pastoralism.” Nomadic Peoples. New Series 4 (1): 83–109. doi:10.3167/082279400782310674.
  • Mukherjee, P. 2003. ‘Community Forest Management in India: The Van Panchayats of Uttaranchal. Paper presented at the XII World Forestry Congress, Quebec.’ Accessed 21 May 2015. http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0108-C1.HTM
  • Namgay, K., J. E. Millar, R. S. Black, and T. Samdup. 2014. “Changes in Transhumant Agro-Pastoralism in Bhutan: A Disappearing Livelihood?” Human Ecology 42 (5): 779–792. doi:10.1007/s10745-014-9684-2.
  • Negi, C. S. 2007. “Declining Transhumance and Subtle Changes in Livelihood Patterns and Biodiversity from the Kumaon Himalaya.” Mountain Research and Development 27 (2): 114–118. doi:10.1659/mrd.0818.
  • Negi, C. S. 2010. Askote Conservation Landscape: Culture, Biodiversity, and Economy. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
  • Nelson, R. 2006. “Regulating Grassland Degradation in China: Shallow Rooted Laws?” Asia-Pacific Law and Policy Journal 7 (2): 385–417. Accessed 20 May 2015. http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_07.2_nelson.pdf.
  • Ning, W., and C. E. Richard. 1999. ‘The Privatisation Process of Rangeland and Its Impacts on the Pastoral Dynamics in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: The Case of Western Sichuan, China.’ People and Rangelands. Proceedings of VI International Rangelands Congress, Townsville, Australia.
  • North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oli, K. P., L. Zhandui, R. S. Rawal, R. P. Chaudhary, S. Peili, and R. Zomer. 2013. “‘The Role of Traditional Knowledge and Customary Arrangements in Conservation: Trans-Border Landscape Approaches in the Kailash Sacred Landscape of China, India and Nepal.’ Chap. 3.” In The Right to Responsibility: Revisiting and Engaging Development, Conservation, and the Law in Asia, edited by H. Jonas, H. Jonas, and S. M. Subramanian. Tokyo: UNU Press.
  • Oli, K. P., and R. Zomer, eds. 2011. Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative: Feasibility Assessment Report. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
  • Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. 2009. “A General Framework for Analysing the Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems.” Science 325 (5939): 419–422. doi:10.1126/science.1172133.
  • Ostrom, E. 2010. “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems.” American Economic Review 100 (3): 641–672. doi:10.1257/aer.100.3.641.
  • Ostrom, E., R. Gardner, and J. Walker. 1994. Rules, Games, and Common Pool Resources. Chicago: University of Michigan Press.
  • Pant, S. D. 1935. The Social Economy of the Himalayans: Based on a Survey in the Kumaon Himalayas. London: Allen Unwin.
  • Raipa, R. S. 1974. Shauka: Seemavarti Janajati (Samajik Evam Sanskritic Adhyayan). Nainital: Ankit Prakashan. (In Hindi).
  • Rawat, G. S., R. S. Rawal, R. P. Chaudhary, and S. Peili. 2013. “Strategies for the Management of High-Altitude Rangelands and Their Interfaces in the Kailash Sacred Landscape.” In High Altitude Rangelands and Their Interfaces in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, edited by W. Ning, G. S. Rawat, S. Joshi, M. Ismail, and E. Sharma, 25–36. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
  • Ribot, J. C., and N. L. Peluso. 2003. “A Theory of Access.” Rural Sociology 68 (2): 153–181. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x.
  • Roy, T. 2003. “Changes in Wool Production and Usage in Colonial India.” Modern Asian Studies 37 (2): 257–286. doi:10.1017/S0026749X03002014.
  • Sharma, L. N., O. R. Vetaas, R. P. Chaudhary, and I. E. Måren. 2014. “Pastoral Abandonment, Shrub Proliferation and Landscape Changes: A Case Study from Gorkha, Nepal.” Landscape Research 39 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1080/01426397.2013.773299.
  • Sherring, C. A. 1906. Western Tibet and the British Borderland: The Sacred Country of the Hindus and the Buddhists. London: Edwin Arnold.
  • The Economist. 2012: ‘Jan 18th. Nepal and Its Neighbours: Yam Yesterday, Yam Today.’ The Economist 18 January. Accessed 18 August 2015. http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/01/nepal-and-its-neighbours
  • TU. 2010. Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative: Feasibility Assessment Report of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University (TU).
  • Van Schendel, W. 2005. The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia. London: Anthem Press.
  • Van Spengen, W. 2000. Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geo-Historical Analysis of Trade and Traders. London: Routledge.
  • Wang, J., D. G. Brown, and A. Agrawal. 2013. “Climate Adaptation, Local Institutions, and Rural Livelihoods: A Comparative Study of Herder Communities in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China.” Global Environmental Change 23 (6): 1673–1683. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.014.
  • Wu, N., M. Ismail, S. Joshi, Y. Shao-Liang, R. M. Shrestha, and A. W. Jasra. 2014. “Livelihood Diversification as an Adaptation Approach to Change in the Pastoral Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region.” Journal of Mountain Science 11 (5): 1342–1355. doi:10.1007/s11629-014-3038-9.