Counseling advocacy: seeking justice for black birth equity

References

• Abdullah, M. (2012). Womanist mothering: Loving and raising the revolution. Western Journal of Black Studies, 36(1), 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Adler, N. E. (2009). Health disparities through a psychological lens. American Psychologist, 64(8), 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.64.8.663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, H. (2019). Understanding the influence of sociocultural factors in treatment of perinatal mental health conditions in African-American women. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/capstone_projects
   Google Scholar
• Alang, S. M. (2016). Mental health care among blacks in America: Confronting racism and constructing solutions. Health Service Research, 54(2), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13115
   Google Scholar
• Alegría, M., NeMoyer, A., Falgas, I., Wang, Y., & Alvarez, K. (2019). Social determinants of mental health: Where we are and where we need to go. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(11), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0969-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018a). ACOG committee opinion No. 729: Importance of social determinants of health and cultural awareness in the delivery of reproductive health care. Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, 131(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002459
   Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018b). ACOG committee opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care, 132(3), 784–785. https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000002849
   Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018c). ACOG committee opinion No. 757: Screening for perinatal depression. 13(5), 1314–1316. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002928
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2017). Mental Health Disparities: African Americans. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/education/mental-healthfacts
   Google Scholar
• Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs (2021). Perinatal Health. http://www.amchp.org/programsandtopics/womens-health/Perinatal-Health/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Association, A. C. (2014). 2014 ACA code of ethics. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2014-code-of-ethics-finaladdress.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Author Blinded 2019
   Google Scholar
• Author Blinded 2020
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. K., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar, A. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in depression: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 54, 603–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S128584
   Google Scholar
• Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015). “More than skin deep”: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carillo, J. E., & Ananeh-Firempong II, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118(4), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/118.4.293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carriilo, J. E., & Park, E. R. (2005). Cultural competence and health care disparities: Key perspectives and trends. Health Affairs, 24(2), 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black Mamas Matter Alliance. (2021). https://blackmamasmatter.org/
   Google Scholar
• Black Women Birthing Justice. (2021). What is birthing justice. https://www.blackwomenbirthingjustice.org/what-is-birth-justice
   Google Scholar
• Bloch, J. R., Ryan, J. G., & Kensey, M. O. (2012). Maternal psychosocial determinants of fetal and infant health and the national children’s study. JOGNN, 41(6), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01418.x
   Google Scholar
• Brach, C., & Fraserirector, I. (2000). Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? A review and conceptual model. Medical Care Research and Review, 57(1_suppl), 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1077558700057001S09
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bray, B. (2019). New maternal mental health certification available to counselors. American Counseling Association. https://ct.counseling.org/2019/04/new-maternal-mental-healthcertification-available-to-counselors/
   Google Scholar
• Burt, I., Russell, V. E., & Brooks, M. (2016). The invisible client: Ramifications of neglecting the impact of race and culture in professional counseling. American Counseling Association, 38, 1–10. https://www.counseling.org/docs/
   Google Scholar
• Byatt, N., Biebel, K., Lundquist, R., Moore Simas, T., Debordes-Jackson, G., Allison, J., & Ziedonis, D. (2012). Patient, provider, and system-level barriers and facilitators to addressing perinatal depression. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 30(5), 436–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2012.743000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrington, C. H. (2006). Clinical depression in Black women: Diagnoses, treatment, and research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(7), 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020). Healthy people publications. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/publications.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a) InfantMortality. CDC Website. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). Maternal and Child. CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/pregnancy-mortalitysurveillance-system.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chang, J. J., Tabet, M., Elder, K., Kiel, D. W., & Flick, L. H. (2016). Racial/ethnic differences in the correlates of mental health services use among pregnant women with depressive symptoms. Maternal Child Health Journal, 20(9), 1911–1922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. H., & Lin, H. C. (2011). Prenatal care and adverse pregnancy out-comes among women with depression: A nationwide population-based study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rusch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thorniscroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker, A. D. (2004). Counseling Black women: Issues, challenges and intervention strategies. VISTAS: Perspectives on counseling. American Counseling Association and Counseling Outfitters/CAPS Press, 129-136.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, J. W., Jr, David, R. J., & Handler, A. (2004). Very low birth weight in African American infants: The role of maternal exposure to interpersonal racial 445 discrimination. American Journal of Public Health, 94(12), 2132–2138. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J. W., Jr, Rankin, K. M., & David, R. J. (2011). African American women’s lifetime upward economic mobility and preterm birth: The effect of fetal programming. American Journal of Public Health, 101(4), 714–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). (2016). 2016 CACREP Standards. https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J. L. (1996). Perinatal mental disorder: A cultural approach. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269609037813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, S. J. (2019). Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. U.S. Preventative Service Task Force, 321(6), 580587. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0007
   Google Scholar
• Davis, N. L., Snoots, A. N., & Goodman, D. A. (2019). Pregnancy-related deaths: Data from 14 U.S. maternal mortality review committees, 2008-2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/erase-mm/MMRData-Brief_2019-h.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Day-Vines, N. L., Bryan, J., & Griffin, D. (2013). The broaching attitudes andbehavior survey (BABS): An exploratory assessment of its dimensionality. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(4), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00037.x
   Google Scholar
• Day-Vines, N. L., Woods, S. M., Grothaus, T., Craigen, L., Holman, A., Dotson-Blake, K., & Douglass, M. J. (2007). Broaching the subjects of race, ethnicity, and culture during the counseling process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(4), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00608.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel Schetter, C., & Tanner, L. (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: Implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel Schetter, C. (2009). Stress processes in pregnancy and PTB. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01637.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edge, D. (2010). Falling through the net — Black and minority ethnic women and perinatal mental healthcare: Health professionals’ views. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ely, D. M., & Driscoll, A. K. (2020). Infant mortality in the United States, 2018: Data from the period linked birth/infant death file. National Vital Statistics Reports, 69(7), 1–18. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/NVSR-69-7-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ertel, K. A., James-Todd, T., Kleinman, K., Krieger, N., Gillman, M., Wright, R., & Rich-Edwards, J. (2012). Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(12), 840–846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Diego, M., Hernandez-Reif, M., Deeds, O., Holder, V., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2009). Depressed pregnant Black women have a greater incidence of prematurity and low birth weight outcomes. Infant Behavior & Development, 32(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella, K. (2005). Race, genes and preterm delivery. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(11), 1516–1526. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16334498/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flynn, H. A., Henshaw, E., O’Mahen, H., & Forman, J. (2010). Patient perspectives on improving the depression referral processes in obstetrics settings: A qualitative study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin, A. R., Grote, N., Conner, K. O., & Fentress, T. (2018). Racial discrimination and preterm birth among African American women: The important role of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 11(4), 91–109. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=jhdrp
   Google Scholar
• Giurgescu, C., Kavanaugh, K., Norr, K. F., Dancy, B. L., Twigg, N., McFarlin, B. L., & White- Traut, R. C. (2013). Stressors, resources, and stress responses in pregnant AAW: A mixed-methods pilot study. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 27(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/jpn.0b013e31828363c3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman, C., Le, H., Robertson, H. A., Arbit, R., Danielson, A., Patchen, L., Scott, R., & Biel, M. G. (2020). Black women’s preferences for embedding mental health services in an obstetrics setting. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 5(4), 352–364. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.04.02
   Google Scholar
• Grote, N. K., Katon, W. J., Lohr, M. J., Carson, K., Curran, M., Galvin, E., Russo, J. E., & Gregory, M. (2014). Culturally relevant treatment services for perinatal depression in socio-economically disadvantaged women: The design of the momcare study. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 39(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2014.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grote, N. K., Swartz, H. A., Geibel, S. L., Zuckoff, A., Houck, P. R., & Frank, E. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of culturally relevant, brief interpersonal psychotherapy for perinatal depression. Psychiatric Services, 60(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.3.313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, N., Robakis, T. M., & Butwick, A., C. (2018). Prevalence of depression among Women of reproductive age in the United States. HHS Public Access, 131(4), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002535
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., & Osterman, M. J. K. (2021). Births: Provisional data for 2020. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr012-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hardeman, R. R., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2019). Applying a critical race lens to relationship‐centered care in pregnancy and childbirth: An antidote to structural racism. Birth Issues in Perinatal Care, 47(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. J. (1992). A cultural model for assessing the growth and development of the African-American female. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 20(4), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1992.tb00574.x
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L. M., Forson-Dare, Z., & Gallagher, P. G. (2021). Critical disparities in perinatal health—Understanding risks and changing the outcomes. Journal of Perinatology, 41(1), 181–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00913-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heun-Johnson, H., Seabury, S. A., Menchine, M., Claudius, I., Axeen, S., & Lakshmanan, A. (2019). Association between maternal serious mental illness and adverse birth outcomes. Journal of Perinatology, 39(5), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0346-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicken, M. T., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Durkee, M., & Jackson, J. S. (2019). Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, A., Downes, C., Carroll, M., Gill, A., and Monahan, M. (2017). There is more to perinatal mental health care than depression: public health nurses’ reported engagement and competence in perinatal mental health care Journal of Clinical Nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, V. K., & Ferré, C. D. (2001). Foreword: The social context of pregnancy for African American women: Implications for the study and prevention of adverse perinatal outcomes. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 5(2), 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011360813893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogue, C. J. R., Hoffman, S., & Hatch, M. C. (2001). Stress and preterm delivery: A conceptual framework. Pediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(s2), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00006.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard, L. M., & Khalifeh, H. (2020). Perinatal mental health: A review of progress and challenges. World Psychiatry, 19(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyert, D. L. (2021). Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2019. National Center for Health Statistics. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:103855
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, F. M., Rowley, D. L., & Owens, T. C. (2012). Contextualized stress, global stress, and depression in well-educated, pregnant, African American women. Women’s Health Issues, 22(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2012.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesse, D. E., Dolbier, C. L., & Blanchard, A. (2008). Barriers to seeking help and treatment suggestions for prenatal depressive symptoms: Focus groups with rural low-income women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840701748664
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jesse, D. E., Gaynes, B. N., Feldhousen, E. B., Newton, E. R., Bunch, S., & Hollon, S. D. (2015). Performance of a culturally tailored cognitive behavioral intervention integrated in a public health setting to reduce risk of antepartum depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 60(5), 578–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L. V., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2015). Conquering the Black girl blues. Social Work, 60(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swv032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, K. S., Blake, S. M., Milligan, R. A., Sharps, P. W., White, D. B., Rodan, M. F., & Murray, K. B. (2008). The design, implementation and acceptability of an integrated intervention to address multiple behavioral and psychosocial risk factors among pregnant African American women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-8-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keefe, R. H., Rouland, R. S., & Brownstein-Evans, C. (2016). Addressing access barriers to services to mothers at risk for perinatal mood disorders: A social work perspective. Social Work in Health Care, 55(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2015.1101045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, B. R., & Jenkins, C. C. (2018). African American women and depression: Promoting the need for culturally competent treatment. BRK Global Healthcare Journal, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1176/2Fappi.ps.62.6.619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy, B. R., & Rhodes, C. (2018). African American women and depression: Promoting the need for culturally competent treatment. BRK Global Healthcare Journal, 2(1), 1–26. http://doi.org/10.35455/brk123456
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy, B. R. (2021). Depression and African Americans: Developing a culturally competent minority depression and ways of coping scale. Public Health Open Access, 5(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000168
   Google Scholar
• Kiely, M., El-Mohandes, A. E., Gantz, M. G., Chowdhury, D., Thornberry, J. S., & El Khorazaty, M. N. (2011). Understanding the association of biomedical, psychosocial and behavioral risks with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Maternal Child Health Journal, 15(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0856-z
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D. R., Sockol, L. E., Sammel, M. D., Kelly, C., Moseley, M., & Epperson, C. N. (2013). Elevated risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 16(6), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0371-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari, C. L., Paul, R., Dormitorio, B., Ospina, F., James, A., Lenz, D., Baker, K., Curtis, A., & Wiley, J. (2016). The interplay of race, socioeconomic status and neighborhood residence upon birth outcomes in a high black infant mortality community. SSM - Population Health, 2(December 2016), 859–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozhimannil, K. B., Trinacty, C. M., Busch, A. B., Huskamp, H. A., & Adams, A. S. (2011). Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum depression care among low-income women. Psychiatric Services, 62(6), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.1176/2Fappi.ps.62.6.619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey, K. K., Parnell, R., Mouzon, D. M., Matusko, N., Head, D., Abelson, J. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2015). The mental health of US Black women: The roles of social context and severe intimate partner violence. BMJ Open, 5(e008415), e008415. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lancaster, C. A., Gold, K. J., Flynn, H. A., Yoo, H., Marcus, S. M., & Davis, M. M. (2010). Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: A systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara-Cinisomo, S., Clark, C. T., & Wood, J. (2018). Increasing diagnosis and treatment of perinatal depression in Latinas and Black women: Addressing stigma is not enough. Women’s Health Issues, 28(3), 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M. J. K., & Driscoll, A. K. (2021). Births: Final data for 2019. National Vital and Statistics Reports, 70(2), 1–51. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer-Brody, S., & Stuebe, A. (2014). The long-term psychiatric and medical prognosis of perinatal mental illness. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, D., Strobino, D., & Trabert, B. (2010). Effects of social and psychosocial factors on risk of preterm birth in AAW. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 24(6), 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01148.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misri, S., Abizadeh, J., Sanders, S., & Swift, E. (2015). Perinatal generalized anxiety disorder: Assessment and treatment. Journal of Woman’s Health, 24(9), 762–770. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.5150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., Trepkal, M. J., Pierre-Victor, D., Bahelahl, R., & Avent, T. (2016). Racial/ethnic disparities in antenatal depression in the United States: A systematic review. Maternal Child Health Journal, 20(9), 1780–1797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-1989-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nast, I., Bolten, M., Meinlschmidt, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2013). How to measure prenatal stress? A systematic review of psychometric instruments to assess psychosocial stress during pregnancy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 27(4), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Birth Equity Collaborative. (2020). Birth equity. https://birthequity.org/
   Google Scholar
• Nuru-Jeter, A., Dominguez, T. P., Hammond, W. P., Leu, J., Skaff, M., & Egerter, S. (2009). It’s the skin you’re in”: African American women talk about their experiences of racism. An exploratory to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0357-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara, M. W., & Wisner, K. L. (2014). Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology. Best Practices in Res Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology, 28(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Mahen, H. A., & Flynn, H. A. (2008). Preferences and perceived barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period. Journal of Women’s Health, 17(8), 1301–1309. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2007.0631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perzichilli, T. (2020). The historical roots of racial disparities in the mental health system. American Counseling Association. https://ct.counseling.org/2020/05/the-historical-rootsof-racial-disparities-in-the-mental-health-system/
   Google Scholar
• Pickering, T. (1997). The effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and the intermediary role of the sympathetic nervous system. Journal of Human Hypertension, 11, 9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L., Carter, R. T., & Ray, K. V. (2013). Racism-related Stress, general life stress, and psychological functioning among Black American women. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 41(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00025.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postpartum Support International (PSI). (2015). Perinatal support international perinatal mood and anxiety disorders fact sheet. https://www.postpartum.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/PSI-PMD-FACT-SHEET.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Postpartum Support International. (2021). PSI directory. https://psidirectory.com/
   Google Scholar
• Prather, C., Fuller, T. R., Jeffries, W. L., Marshall, K. J., Howell, V., Belyue-Umole, A., & Winifred King, W. (2018). Racism, African American women, and their sexual and reproductive health: A review of historical and contemporary evidence and implications for health equity. Health Equity, 2(1), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2017.0045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Public Health Service. (1980). Promoting health/preventing disease: Objectives for the nation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/5293
   Google Scholar
• Raheem, M. A., & Hart, K. A. (2019). Counseling individuals of African descent. American Counseling Association. https://ct.counseling.org/category/knowledge-share/
   Google Scholar
• Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-mcmillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2015). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies. American Counseling Association. https://www.counseling.org/docs/defaultsource/competencies/multicultural-and-social-justice-counseling-competencies.pdf?sfvrsn=8573422c_20
   Google Scholar
• Ridley, C. R. (2005). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, L., & Lobel, M. (2011). Explaining racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Unique sources of stress for Black American women. Social Science & Medicine, 72(6), 977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salameh, T. N., Hall, L. A., Crawford, T. N., Staten, R. R., & Hall, M. T. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health treatment among a national sample of pregnant women with mental health and/or substance use disorders in the United States. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 121(June 2019), 74–80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.03.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sister Song.(2021). Reproductive Justice. https://www.sistersong.net/reproductive-justice
   Google Scholar
• Song, D. (2000). Ethnic mental health service utilization among low -income pregnant and postpartum women [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania], Proquest. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9965572
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, N. R., Heath, N. M., Lillis, T. A., McMinn, K., Tirone, T., & Sha’ini, M. (2018). Examining the effectiveness of a coordinated Perinatal mental health care model using an intersectional feminist perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 41, 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9973-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, R., & Kuo, B. C. H. (2019). Black American psychological help-seeking intention: An integrated literature review with recommendations for clinical practice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,29, (4), 325–337. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/int0000131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. J., Speight, S. L., & Witherspoon, K. M. (2008). Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toporek, R. L., & Daniels, J. (2018). ACA Advocacy Competencies (updated). American Counseling Association. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/aca-advocacy-competencies-updated-may-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=f410212c_4
   Google Scholar
• United States House of Representatives [USHR]. (2018). H.R.1318. The Preventing Maternal Deaths Act of 2018. 115th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1318
   Google Scholar
• United States House of Representatives [USHR]. (2020a). H.R.4995: The Maternal Health Equity Improvement Act of 2020 H.R.1318. 116th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4995
   Google Scholar
• United States House of Representatives [USHR]. (2020b). H.R.4996. The Helping Medicaid Offer Maternity Services (MOMS) Act of 2020. 116th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4996
   Google Scholar
• Vianna, P., Bauer, M. E., Dornfeld, D., & Chies, J. A. B. (2011). Distress conditions during pregnancy may lead to preeclampsia by increasing cortisol levels and altering lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Medical Hypotheses, 77(2), 188–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite, R., & Killian, P. (2008). Health beliefs about depression among Black women. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 44(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00173.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, S., Maxson, P., Truong, T., & Swamy, G. (2018). Psychosocial stress and preterm birth. The Impact of Parity and Race. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(10), 1430–1435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2523-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). International statistical classification of diseases.
   Google Scholar
• Yehudah, S., & Lorelle, S. (2020). Black birth outcomes and implications for counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, & Research, 47(2), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2020.1790255
   Google Scholar