References
- Altmann, G. T. M., & Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 73, 247–264. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00059-1
- Ambridge, B., Pine, J. M., Rowland, C. F., Jones, R. L., & Clark, V. (2009). A semantics-based approach to the “no negative evidence problem.” Cognitive Science, 33, 1301–1316. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01055.x
- Arnold, J. E. (1998). Reference form and discourse patterns (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 2950.
- Arnold, J. E. (2001). The effect of thematic roles on pronoun use and frequency of reference continuation. Discourse Processes, 31, 137–162. doi:10.1207/S15326950DP3102_02
- Arnold, J. E., Brown-Schmidt, S., & Trueswell, J. (2007). Children’s use of gender and order-of-mention during pronoun comprehension. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 527–565. doi:10.1080/01690960600845950
- Au, T. K. (1986). A verb is worth a thousand words: The causes and consequences of interpersonal events implicit in language. Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 104–122. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(86)90024-0
- Bittner, D., & Dery, J. E. (2014). Emergence of implicit causality in German-learning children. Paper presented at the International Association for the Study of Child Language (IASCL), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Bott, O., & Solstad, T. (2014). From verbs to discourse: A novel account of implicit causality. In B. Hemforth, B. Mertins, & C. Fabricius-Hansen (Eds.), Psycholinguistic approaches to meaning and understanding across languages (pp. 213–251). Cham: Springer International.
- Brown, R., & Fish, D. (1983a). Are there universal schemas of psychological causality? Archives de Psychologie, 51, 145–153.
- Brown, R., & Fish, D. (1983b). The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition, 14, 237–273. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90006-9
- Caramazza, A., Grober, E., Garvey, C., & Yates, J. (1977). Comprehension of anaphoric pronouns. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 601–609. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80022-4
- Corrigan, R. (2001). Implicit causality in language: Event participants and their interactions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 285–320. doi:10.1177/0261927X01020003002
- Corrigan, R. (2002). The influence of evaluation and potency on perceivers’ causal attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 363–382. doi:10.1002/ejsp.96
- Corrigan, R. (2003). Preschoolers’ and adults’ attributions of who causes interpersonal events. Infant and Child Development, 12, 305–328. doi:10.1002/icd.291
- Cozijn, R., Commandeur, E., Vonk, W., & Noordman, L. G. M. (2011). The time course of the use of implicit causality information in the processing of pronouns: A visual world paradigm study. Journal of Memory and Language, 64, 381–403. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.01.001
- Crawley, R. A., Stevenson, R. J., & Kleinman, D. (1990). The use of heuristic strategies in the interpretation of pronouns. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 19, 245–264.
- Crinean, M., & Garnham, A. (2006). Implicit causality, implicit consequentiality and semantic roles. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21, 636–648. doi:10.1080/01690960500199763
- Croft, W. (2012). Verbs: Aspect and argument structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ehrlich, K. (1980). Comprehension of pronouns. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 247–255. doi:10.1080/14640748008401161
- Evans, G. (1980). Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 11, 337–362.
- Featherstone, C. R., & Sturt, P. (2010). Because there was a cause for concern: An investigation into a word-specific prediction account of the implicit-causality effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 3–15. doi:10.1080/17470210903134344
- Ferstl, E. C., Garnham, A., & Manouilidou, C. (2011). Implicit causality bias in English: A corpus of 300 verbs. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 124–135. doi:10.3758/s13428-010-0023-2
- Fletcher, C. R. (1984). Markedness and topic continuity in discourse processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 487–493. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90309-8
- Frank, M. C., & Goodman, N. D. (2012). Pragmatic reasoning in language games. Science, 336, 998.
- Garnham, A., Traxler, M., Oakhill, J., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (1996). The locus of implicit causality effects in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 517–543. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0028
- Garnsey, S. M., Pearlmutter, N. J., Myers, E., & Lotocky, M. A. (1997). The contributions of verb bias and plausibility to the comprehension of temporarily ambiguous sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 58–93. doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2512
- Garvey, C., & Caramazza, A. (1974). Implicit causality in verbs. Linguistic Inquiry, 5, 459–464.
- Garvey, C., Caramazza, A., & Yates, J. (1974). Factors influencing assignment of pronoun antecedents. Cognition, 3, 227–243. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(74)90010-9
- Goikoetxea, E., Pascual, G., & Acha, J. (2008). Normative study of the implicit causality of 100 interpersonal verbs in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 760–772. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.760
- Goldberg, A. E. (2006). Constructions at work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Goodman, N. D., & Stuhlmuller, A. (2013). Knowledge and implicature: Modeling language understanding as social cognition. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5, 173–184.
- Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Gundel, J. K., Hedberg, N., & Zacharski, R. (1993). Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69, 274–307.
- Haldane, J. B. S. (1955). The estimation and significance of the logarithm of a ratio of frequencies. Annals of Human Genetics, 20, 309–311.
- Hartshorne, J. K. (2014). What is implicit causality? Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 29, 804–824. doi:10.1080/01690965.2013.796396
- Hartshorne, J. K., O’Donnell, T. J., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2015). The most probable message. Manuscript in preparation.
- Hartshorne, J. K., & Snedeker, J. (2013). Verb argument structure predicts implicit causality: The advantages of finer-grained semantics. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 1474–1508. doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.689305
- Hartshorne, J. K., Sudo, Y., & Uruwashi, M. (2013). Are implicit causality pronoun resolution biases consistent across languages and cultures? Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie), 60, 179–196. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000187
- Hobbs, J. R., Stickel, M. E., Appelt, D. E., Martin, P. (1993). Interpretation as abduction. Artificial Intelligence, 63, 69–142. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90015-4
- Huang, Y. T., & Snedeker, J. (2011). Logic and conversation revisited: Evidence for a division between semantic and pragmatic content in real-time language comprehension. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 1161–1172. doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.508641
- Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic structures. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
- Jaeger, T. F. (2008). Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 434–446.
- Kehler, A. (2002). Coherence, reference, and the theory of grammar. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
- Kehler, A., Kertz, L., Rohde, H., & Elman, J. L. (2008). Coherence and coreference revisited. Journal of Semantics, 25, 1–44. doi:10.1093/jos/ffm018
- Kipper, K., Korhonen, A., Ryant, N., & Palmer, M. (2006). Extending VerbNet with novel verb classes. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2006), Genoa, Italy, June.
- Koornneef, A. W., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2012). Establishing coherence relations in discourse: The influence of implicit causality and connectives on pronoun resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 1169–1206. doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.699076
- Koornneef, A. W., & Van Berkum, J. J. A. (2006). On the use of verb-based implicit causality in sentence comprehension: Evidence from self-paced reading and eye tracking. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 445–465. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.003
- Koornneef, A. W. & Sanders, T. J. M. (2013). Establishing coherence relations in discourse: The influence of implicit causality and connectives on pronoun resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 1169–1206.
- Kutas, M., DeLong, K. A., & Smith, N. J. (2011). A look at what lies ahead: Prediction and predictability in language processing. In M. Bar (Ed.), Predictions in the brain: Using our past to generate a future (pp. 190–207). Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (2005). Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Levy, R. (2008). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 106, 1126–1177. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006
- Lombrozo, T. (2010). Causal-explanatory pluralism: How intentions, functions, and mechanisms influence causal ascriptions. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 303–332. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.05.002
- Mannetti, L., & De Grada, E. (1991). Interpersonal verbs: Implicit causality of action verbs and contextual factors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 429–443. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420210506.
- McDonald, J., & MacWhinney, B. (1995). The time course of anaphor resolution: Effects of implicit verb causality and gender. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 543–566.
- McKoon, G., Greene, S. B., & Ratcliff, R. (1993). Discourse models, pronoun resolution, and the implicit causality of verbs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1040–1052. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1040
- McRae, K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., and Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Modeling the influence of thematic fit (and other constraints) in on-line sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 38, 283–312. doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2543
- Pickering, M. J., & Majid, A. (2007). What are implicit causality and consequentiality? Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 780–788. doi:10.1080/01690960601119876
- Pinker, S. (1989). Learnability and cognition. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Pyykkönen, P., & Järvikivi, J. (2010). Activation and persistence of implicit causality information in spoken language comprehension. Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie), 57, 5–16. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000002
- Rigalleau, F., Guerry, M., & Granjon, L. (2014). The effect of connectives on the selection of arguments: Implicit consequentiality bias for the connective ‘but’. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 43, 465–484.
- Rudolph, U., & Forsterling, F. (1997). The psychological causality implicit in verbs: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 192–218. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.192
- Saffran, J. R., Alsin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274, 1926–1928.
- Sagi, E., & Rips, L. J. ( in press). Identity, causality, and pronoun ambiguity. Topics in Cognitive Science.
- Schuler, K. K. (2005). “VerbNet: A broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon” by Karin Kipper Schuler. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- Semin, G. R., & Fiedler, K. (1991). The linguistic category model, its bases, applications and range. European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 1–30. doi:10.1080/14792779143000006.
- Snedeker, J. (2009). Children’s sentence processing. In E. Bavin (Ed.), The handbook of child language (pp. 331–338). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
- Song, H.-J., & Fisher, C. (2005). Who“s ‘she’? Discourse prominence influences preschoolers” comprehension of pronouns. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 29–57. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.012
- Song, H.-J., & Fisher, C. (2007). Discourse prominence effects on 2.5-year-old children's interpretations of pronouns. Lingua, 117, 1959–1987. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2006.11.011
- Stevenson, R. J., Crawley, R. A., & Kleinman, D. (1994). Thematic roles, focus and the representation of events. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 519–548. doi:10.1080/01690969408402130
- Stevenson, R., Knott, A., Oberlander, J., & McDonald, S. (2000). Interpreting pronouns and connectives: Interactions among focusing, thematic roles and coherence relations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 225–262. doi:10.1080/016909600386048
- Stewart, A. J., Pickering, M. J., & Sanford, A. J. (1998). Implicit consequentiality. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1–9.
- Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632–1634. doi:10.1126/science.7777863
- Tenenbaum, J. B., Kemp, C., Griffiths, T. L., & Goodman, N. D. (2011). How to grow a mind: Statistics, structure, and abstraction. Science, 331, 1279–1285. doi:10.1126/science.1192788
- Tenny, C., & Pustejovsky, J. (2000). A history of events in linguistic structure. In C. Tenny & J. Pustejovsky (Eds.), Events as grammatical objects (pp. 3–37). Palo Alto, CA: CSLI Publications.
- Van Berkum, J. J. A. (2008). Understanding sentences in context: What brain waves can tell us. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 376–380. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00609.x
- Van Dijk, T., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- van Rij, J., van Rijn, H., & Hendriks, P. (2013). How WM load influences linguistic processing in adults: A computational model of pronoun interpretation in discourse. Topics in Cognitive Science. doi:10.1111/tops.12029
- White, P. A. (1989). A theory of causal processing. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 431–454. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1989.tb02334.x