Symptom and performance validation in patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment

References

• Armistead-Jehle, P., Gervais, R. O., & Green, P. (2012). Memory Complaints Inventory results as a function of symptom validity test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(1), 101–113. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockhaus, R., & Merten, T. (2004). Neuropsychologische Diagnostik suboptimalen Leistungsverhaltens mit dem Word Memory Test [Neuropsychological assessment of suboptimal performance: The Word Memory Test]. Der Nervenarzt, 75, 882–887. doi: 10.1007/s00115-003-1592-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2014). Dementia does not preclude very reliable responding on the MMPI-2 RF: A case report. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(6), 1019–1029. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.930182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A., & Bush, S. S. (2018). Validity assessment in rehabilitation psychology and settings. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A., Bush, S. S., & Iverson, G. L. (2013). Providing feedback on symptom validity, mental health, and treatment in mild traumatic brain injury. In D. A. Carone & S. S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 101–118). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cima, M., Hollnack, S., Kremer, K., Knauer, E., Schellbach-Matties, R., Klein, B., & Merckelbach, H. (2003). “Strukturierter Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome”. Die deutsche Version des “Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology: SIMS” [The German version of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology]. Der Nervenarzt, 74(11), 977–986. doi: 10.1007/s00115-002-1438-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csukly, G., Sirály, E., Fodor, Z., Horváth, A., Salacz, P., Hidasi, Z., … Szabó, Á. (2016). The differentiation of amnestic type MCI from the non-amnestic types by structural MRI. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8, 52.doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Ponds, R. W. H. M., & Merten, T. (2013). Symptom validity and neuropsychological assessment: A survey of practices and beliefs of neuropsychologists in six European countries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(8), 771–783. doi:10.1093/arclin/act073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Peters, M. J. V., & Merckelbach, H. (2011). Cognitive underperformance and symptom over-reporting in a mixed psychiatric sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(5), 812–828. doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.583280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., van Twillert, B., van de Sande, P., van Os, Y., & Ponds, R. W. H. M. (2016). Poor symptom and performance validity in regularly referred hospital outpatients: Link with standard clinical measures, and role of incentives. Psychiatry Research, 239, 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. J. (2018). Performance validity in older adults: Observed versus predicted false positive rates in relation to number of tests administered. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 40(10), 1013–1021. doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1472221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, A. C., Victor, T. L., Boone, K. B., Philpott, L. M., & Hess, R. A. (2009). Dementia and effort test performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(1), 133–152. doi:10.1080/13854040701819050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., & Wetter, S. R. (2007). Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(5), 589–604. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufouil, C., Fuhrer, R., & AlpéRovitch, A. (2005). Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: Consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 616–621. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53209.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2017). Invalid before impaired: An emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6–7), 1029–1046. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feher, E. P., Larrabee, G. J., Sudilovsky, A., & Crook, T. H. (1994). Memory self-report in Alzheimer’s disease and in age-associated memory impairment. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(1), 58–65. doi:10.1177/089198879400700111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental-State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2003). Green’s Word Memory Test. User’s manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2004). Green's Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for microsoft windows. User's Manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green's Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2007). The pervasive influence of effort on neuropsychological tests. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 18(1), 43–68. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2006.11.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, P., Montijo, J., & Brockhaus, R. (2011). High specificity of the Word Memory Test and Medical Symptom Validity Test in groups with severe verbal memory impairment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 86–94. doi:10.1080/09084282.2010.523389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6(3), 218–224. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.6.3.218
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, D. E. (2002). The unexamined lie is a lie worth fibbing. Neuropsychological malingering and the Word Memory Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(7), 709–714. doi:10.1093/arclin/17.7.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., & Millis, S. R. (2009). American academy of clinical neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093–1129. doi: 10.1080/13854040903155063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner, M. D., van Kirk, K. K., Dismuke, C. E., Turner, T. H., & Muzzy, W. (2014). Inadequate effort on neuropsychological evaluation is associated with increased healthcare utilization. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(5), 703–713. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.925143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., van Boxtel, M., Breteler, M., Ceccaldi, M., Chetelat, G., … Glodzik, L. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 10, 844–852. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobelt, A., Göbber, J., Bassler, M., & Petermann, F. (2012). Beschwerdenvalidität im Rahmen stationärer psychosomatischer Rehabilitation [Symptom validity in psychosomatic rehabilitation]. Die Rehabilitation, 51, 349–355. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1323686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppara, A., Wagner, M., Lange, C., Ernst, A., Wiese, B., König, H. H., … Werle, J. (2015). Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 1, 194–205. doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2015.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Lehrner, J., Coutinho, G., Mattos, P., Moser, D., Pflüger, M., Gleiss, A., … Stögmann, E. (2017). Semantic memory and depressive symptoms in patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(7), 1123–1135. doi:10.1017/S1041610217000394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrner, J., Maly, J., Gleiß, A., Auff, E., & Dal-Bianco, P. (2007). Demenzdiagnostik mit Hilfe der Vienna Neuropsychologischen Testbatterie (VNTB): Standardisierung, Normierung und Validierung [Assessment of dementia using the Vienna Neuropsychological Test Battery: Standardization, norms, and validation]. Psychologie in Österreich, 4, 358–365.
   Google Scholar
• Loring, D. W., Goldstein, F. C., Chen, C., Drane, D. L., Lah, J. J., Zhao, L., & Larrabee, G. J. (2016). False-positive error rates for Reliable Digit Span and Auditory Verbal Learning Test performance validity measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 313–331. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P. K., Schroeder, R. W., & Odland, A. P. (2015). Neuropsychologists’ validity testing beliefs and practices: A survey of North American professionals. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(6), 741–776. doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1087597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, C., Crawford, S., & Evans, J. J. (2019). Effort testing in dementia assessment: A systematic review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(1), 114–131. doi:10.1093/arclin/acy012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., … Mohs, R. C. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7, 263–269. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten, T., Giger, P., Merckelbach, H., & Stevens, A. (2019). Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) – deutsche Version. Manual [Manual of the German version of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Merten, T., Merckelbach, H., Giger, P., & Stevens, A. (2016). The Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI): a new instrument for the assessment of symptom overreporting. Psychological Injury and Law, 9(2), 102–111. doi:10.1007/s12207-016-9257-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten, T., Thies, E., Schneider, K., & Stevens, A. (2009). Symptom validity testing in claimants with alleged posttraumatic stress disorder: Comparing the Morel Emotional Numbing Test, the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, and the Word Memory Test. Psychological Injury and Law, 2(3–4), 284–293. doi:10.1007/s12207-009-9057-0
   Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(8), 1094–1102. doi:10.1076/jcen.24.8.1094.8379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256(3), 183–194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C., & Morris, J. C. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Archives of Neurology, 62(7), 1160–1163. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.7.1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusswald, G., Moser, D., Gleiß, A., Janzek-Hawlat, S., Auff, E., Dal-Bianco, P., & Lehrner, J. (2013). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in patients attending a memory outpatient clinic - comparison of two modes of mild cognitive impairment classification. Results of the Vienna Conversion to Dementia Study. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 9, 366–376.. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben, M., Mitchell, A. J., Howlett, S. J., Crimlisk, H. L., & Grünewald, R. A. (2005). Functional symptoms in neurology: Questions and answers. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique [The psychological examination in cases of trauma-induced encephalopathy]. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286–340.
   Google Scholar
• Rienstra, A., Groot, P. F. C., Spaan, P. E. J., Majoie, C. B. L. M., Nederveen, A. J., Walstra, G. J. M., … Schmand, B. (2013). Symptom validity testing in memory clinics: Hippocampal-memory associations and relevance for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 59–70. doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.751361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienstra, A., Klein Twennaar, M., & Schmand, B. (2013). Neuropsychological characterization of patients with the WMT dementia profile. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 463–475. doi:10.1093/arclin/act026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohling, M. L., Green, P., Allen, L. M., & Iverson, G. L. (2002). Depressive symptoms and neurocognitive test scores in patients passing symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(3), 205–222. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00109-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roor, J. J., Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., & Ponds, R. W. H. M. (2016). A case of misdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: The utility of symptom validity testing in an outpatient memory clinic. Applied Neuropsychology, 23(3), 172–178. doi:10.1080/23279095.2015.1030018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman, N., Oyebode, J. R., Jones, C. A., & Bentham, P. (2011). An investigation into the validity of effort tests in a working age dementia population. Aging and Mental Health, 15, 47–57. doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.508770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco, A. C., Swirsky-Sacchetti, T., Chute, D. L., Mandel, S., Platek, S. M., & Zillmer, E. A. (2008). Distinguishing between neuropsychological malingering and exaggerated psychiatric symptoms in a neuropsychological setting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 547–564. doi:10.1080/13854040701336444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, H., Wittchen, H.-U., Zaudig, M., & Houben, I. (2003). Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen - Textrevision - DSM-IV-TR [German text version of the DSM-IV-TR]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Schmand, B., Jonker, C., Hooijer, C., & Lindeboom, J. (1996). Subjective memory complaints may announce dementia. Neurology, 46(1), 121–125. doi: 10.1212/WNL.46.1.121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingering neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(4), 545–561. doi:10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-Y;FT545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. P., & Burger, G. K. (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of American Academy Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, A., Friedel, E., Mehren, G., & Merten, T. (2008). Malingering and uncooperativeness in psychiatric and psychological assessment: Prevalence and effects in a German sample of claimants. Psychiatry Research, 157(1–3), 191–200. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. T. (2004). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(3), 455–464. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00078-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). North Tonawanda, NY. Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1997). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 260–268. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Egmond, J., Kummeling, I., & Balkom, T. (2005). Secondary gain as hidden motive for getting psychiatric treatment. European Psychiatry, 20, 416–421. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Impelen, A., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., & Merten, T. (2014). The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1336–1365. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.984763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, J., Morris, J., Swier-Vosnos, A., & Pliskin, N. (2014). Effects of severity of dementia on a symptom validity measure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(7), 1197–1208. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.960454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, G. P., & Feldman, M. D. (2016). Factitious disorder: A systematic review of 455 cases in the professional literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 41, 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenisek, R., Millis, S. R., Banks, S. J., & Miller, J. B. (2016). Prevalence of below-criterion Reliable Digit Span scores in a clinical sample of older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(5), 426–431. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar