References
- Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2013). Working memory across the lifespan: A cross-sectional suppapproach. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 84–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2012.748027
- Andre, J., Picchioni, M., Zhang, R., & Toulopoulou, T. (2015). Working memory circuit as a function of increasing age in healthy adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Neuroimage: Clinical, 11(12), 940–948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.12.002
- Archer, J. A., Lee, A., Qiu, A., & Chen, S. A. (2018). Working memory, age and education: A lifespan fMRI study. PLOS One, 13(3), e0194878. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194878
- Baddeley, A. (2010). Working memory. Current Biology, 20(4), R136–R140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
- Baddeley, A. D. (1996). Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 49A, 5–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/027249896392784
- Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47–89.
- Basso, A., Capitani, E., & Laiacona, M. (1987). Raven’s coloured progressive matrices: Normative values on 305 adult normal controls. Functional Neurology, 2(2), 189–194.
- Bender, A. R., & Raz, N. (2012). Age-related differences in recognition memory for items and associations: Contribution of individual differences in working memory and metamemory. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 691–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026714
- Bianchini, F., Di Vita, A., Palermo, L., Piccardi, L., Blundo, C., & Guariglia, C. (2014). A selective egocentric topographical working memory deficit in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 29(8), 749–754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317514536597
- Blasiman, N. B., & Was, C. A. (2018). Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 188–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472
- Boccia, M., Di Vita, A., Diana, S., Margiotta, R., Imbriano, L., Rendace, L., … Guariglia, C. (2019). Is losing one’s way a sign of cognitive decay? Topographical memory deficit as an early marker of pathological aging. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 68(2), 679–693. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180890
- Bopp, K. L., & Verhaeghen, P. (2005). Aging and verbal memory span: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(5), 223–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.5.P223
- Borella, E., Carretti, B., & De Beni, R. (2008). Working memory and inhibition across the adult life-span. Acta Psychologica, 128(1), 33–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.09.008
- Bowden, S. C., Petrauskas, V. M., Bardenhagen, F. J., Meade, C. E., & Simpson, L. C. (2013). Exloring the dimensionality of digit span. Assessment, 20(2), 188–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112457016
- Braver, T. S., & West, R. L. (2008). Working memory, executive control, and aging. In F. I. M. Craikand & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (3rd ed., pp. 311–372). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Cansino, S., Hernàndez-Ramos, E., Estrada-Manilla, C., Torres-Trejo, F., Martìnez-Galindo, J. G., Ayala-Hernàndez, M., … Rodrìguez-Ortiz, M. D. (2013). The decline of verbal and visuospatial working memory across the adult life span. Age, 35(6), 2283–2302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9531-1
- Cansino, S., Torres-Trejo, F., Estrada-Manilla, C., Martínez-Galindo, J. G., Hernández-Ramos, E., Ayala-Hernández, M., … Ruiz-Velasco, S. (2018). Factors that positively or negatively mediate the effects of age on working memory across the adult life span. GeroScience, 40(3), 293–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-018-0031-1
- Chai, W. J., Hamid, A. I. A., & Abdullah, J. M. (2018). Working memory from the psychological and neurosiences perspective: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 401. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00401
- Claessen, M. H. G., van der Ham, I. J. M., & van Zandvoort, M. J. E. (2015). Computerizzation of the standard Corsi block-tapping task affects its underlying cognitive concepts: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(3), 180–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2014.892488
- Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. (Doctoral dissertation, McGill University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 819–B.
- Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? Progress in Brain Research, 169, 323–338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9
- Cowan, N. (2014). Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educational Psychology Review, 26(2), 197–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9246-y
- Crook, T., Bartus, R. T., Ferris, S. H., Whitehouse, P., Cohen, G. D., & Gershon, S. (1986). Age-associated memory impairment: Proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health work group. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2(4), 261–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/87565648609540348
- D’Esposito, M., & Postle, B. (2015). The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 3(66), 115–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015031
- De Beni, R., & Palladino, P. (2004). Decline in working memory updating through ageing: Intrusion error analyses. Memory, 1(1), 75–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000568
- Donolato, E., Giofrè, D., & Mammarella, I. C. (2017). Differences in verbal and visuospatial forward and backward order recall: A review of the literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(8), 663. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00663
- Duff, S., & Hampson, E. (2001). A sex difference on a novel spatial working memory task in humans. Brain and Cognition, 47(3), 470–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1326.
- Emery, L., Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (2007). Age differences in item-manipulation span: The case of letter-number sequencing. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 75–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.75
- Fandakova, Y., Sander, M. C., Werkle-Bergner, M., & Lee Shing, Y. (2014). Age differences in short-term memory binding are related to working memory performance across the lifespan. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 140–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035347
- Farrell Pagulayan, K., Busch, R. M., Medina, K. L., Bartok, J. A., & Krikorian, R. (2006). Developmental normative data for the Corsi block-tapping task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(6), 1043–1052. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390500350977
- Fastenau, P. S., Denburg, N. L., & Abeles, N. (1996). Age differences in retrieval: Further support for the resource-reduction hypothesis. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 140–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.140
- Fiore, F., Borella, E., Mammarella, I. C., & De Beni, R. (2012). Age differences in verbal and visuo-spatial working memory updating: Evidence from analysis of serial position curves. Memory, 20(1), 14–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.628320
- Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-Mental State (a practical method for grading the state of patients for the clinician). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
- Grégoire, J., & Van der Linden, M. (1997). Effect of age on forward and backward digit spans. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4(2), 140–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13825589708256642
- Grossi, D., Becker, J. T., Smith, C., & Trojano, L. (1993). Memory for visuospatial patterns in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychological Medicine, 23(1), 65–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170003885X
- Guariglia, P., Giaimo, F., Palmiero, M., & Piccardi, L. (2019). Normative data and validation of the Italian translation of the Working Memory Questionnaire (WMQ). Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 13, 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1552147
- Hale, S., Rose, N. S., Myerson, J., Strube, M. J., Sommers, M., Tye-Murray, N., & Spehar, B. (2011). The structure of working memory abilities across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 92–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021483
- Hester, R. L., Kinsella, G. J., & Ong, B. (2004). Effect of age on forward and backward span tasks. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10 (4), 475–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704104037
- Iachini, T., Iavarone, A., Senese, V. P., Ruotolo, F., & Ruggiero, G. (2009). Visuospatial memory in healthy elderly, AD and MCI: A review. Current Aging Science, 2(1), 43–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609810902010043
- Jenkins, L., Myerson, J., Hale, S., & Fry, A. F. (1999). Individual and developmental differences in working memory across the life span. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6(1), 28–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210810
- Jenkins, L., Myerson, J., Joerding, J. A., & Hale, S. (2000). Converging evidence that visuospatial cognition is more age-sensitive than verbal cognition. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 157–175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.157
- Johnson, W., Logie, R. H., & Brockmole, J. R. (2010). Working memory tasks differ in fact or structure across age cohorts: Implications for dedifferentiation. Intelligence, 38(5), 513–528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.06.005.
- Kemps, E., & Newson, R. (2006). Comparison of adult age differences in verbal and visuo-spatial memory: The importance of “pure” parallel and validated measures. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(3), 341–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490918228
- Kennedy, K. M., & Raz, N. (2009). Aging white matter and cognition: Differential effects of regional variations in diffusion properties on memory, executive functions, and speed. Neuropsychologia, 47(3), 916–927. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.001
- Kirova, A. M., Bays, R. B., & Lagalwar, S. (2015). Working memory and executive function decline across normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Research International, 2015, 748212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/748212
- Kumar, N., & Priyadarshi, B. (2013). Differential effect of aging on verbal and visuo-spatial working memory. Aging and Disease, 4(4), 170–178.
- Lejbak, L., Crossley, M., & Vrbancic, M. (2011). A male advantage for spatial and object but not verbal working memory using the n-back task. Brain and Cognition, 76(1), 191–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.12.002.
- Lejbak, L., Vrbancic, M., & Crossley, M. (2009). The female advantage in object location memory is robust to verbalizability and mode of presentation of test stimuli. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 148–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.06.006.
- Logie, R. H., & Maylor, E. A. (2009). An internet study of prospective memory across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 767–774. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015479
- Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. (2008). Sex differences in mental arithmetic, digit span, and g defined as working memory capacity. Intelligence, 36(3), 226–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.002.
- Mammarella, I. C., Borella, E., Pastore, M., & Pazzaglia, F. (2013). The structure of visuo spatial memory in adulthood. Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 99–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.014
- Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribham, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Mitchell, K. J., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Mather, M., & D’Esposito, M. (2000). Aging and reflective processes of working memory: Binding and test load deficits. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 527–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.527
- Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanism of active maintenance and executive control. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Monaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2013). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: Standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. Neurological Sciences, 34(5), 749–754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1130-x
- Montembeault, M., Joubert, S., Doyon, J., Carrier, J., Gagnon, J. F., Monchi, O., … Brambati, S. M. (2012). The impact of aging on gray matter structural covariance networks. NeuroImage, 63(2), 754–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.052
- Morris, R. G., Gick, M. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (1988). Processing resources and age differences in working memory. Memory and Cognition, 16(4), 362–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197047.
- Myerson, J., Emery, L., White, D. A., & Hale, S. (2003). Effects of age, domain, and processing demands on memory span: Evidence for differential decline. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10(1), 20–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1076/anec.10.1.20.13454
- Myerson, J., Hale, S., Rhee, S. H., & Jenkins, L. (1999). Selective interference with verbal and spatial working memory in young and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(3), P161–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54B.3.P161
- Nelson, E. A., & Dannefer, D. (1992). Aged heterogeneity: Fact or fiction? The fate of diversity in gerontological research. The Gerontologist, 32(1), 17–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/32.1.17
- Orsini, A., Grossi, D., Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Papagno, C., & Vallar, G. (1987). Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: Normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 8(6), 539–548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02333660
- Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 299–320.
- Phillips, L. H., & Hamilton, C. (2001). The working memory model in adult aging research. In J. Andrade (Ed.), Working memory in perspective (pp. 101–125). Hove: Psychology Press.
- Piccardi, L., Berthoz, A., Baulac, M., Denos, M., Dupont, S., Samson, S., & Guariglia, C. (2010). Different spatial memory systems are involved in small and large-scale environments: Evidence from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Experimental Brain Research, 206 (2), 171–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2234-2
- Piccardi, L., Bianchini, F., Argento, O., De Nigris, A., Maialetti, A., Palermo, L., & Guariglia, C. (2013). The Walking Corsi Test (WalCT): Standardization of the topographical memory test in an Italian population. Neurological Sciences, 34(6), 971–978. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1175-x
- Piccardi, L., D’Antuono, G., Marin, D., Boccia, M., Ciurli, P., Incoccia, C., … Guariglia, C. (2019). New evidence for gender differences in performing the Corsi test but not the digit span: Data from 208 individuals. Psychological Studies, 64(4), 411–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019-00512-3
- Piccardi, L., Iaria, G., Bianchini, F., Zompanti, L., & Guariglia, C. (2011). Dissociated deficits of visuo-spatial memory in near space and navigational space: Evidences from brain-damaged patients and healthy older participants. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 18 (3), 362–384.
- Piccardi, L., Leonzi, M., D'Amico, S., Marano, A., & Guariglia, C. (2014). Developmental of navigational working memory: Evidence from 6- to 10- year-old children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 205–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12036.
- Piccardi, L., Matano, A., D’Antuono, G., Marin, D., Ciurli, P., Incoccia, C., … Guariglia, P. (2016). Persistence of gender related-effects on visuo-spatial and verbal working memory in right brain-damaged patients. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 28(10), 139.
- Piccardi, L., Verde, P., Bianchini, F., Morgagni, F., Guariglia, C., Strollo, F., & Tomao, E. (2014). Deficits in visuo-spatial but not in topographical memory during pregnancy and the postpartum state in an expert military pilot: A case report. BMC Research Notes, 7(1), 524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-524
- Rabitt, P., Ibrahim, S., Lunn, M., Scott, M., Thacker, N., Hutchinson, C., … Jackson, A. (2008). Age-associated losses of brain volume predict longitudinal cognitive declines over 8 to 20 years. Neuropsychology, 22(1), 3–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.3
- Raz, N., Gunning, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., McQuain, J., Briggs, S. D., … Acker, J. D. (1997). Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex, 7(3), 268–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.3.268
- Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., & Acker, J. D. (1998). Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 95–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.1.95
- Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Davatzikos, C. (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: A shrinking brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(8), 3295–3301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03295.2003
- Salthouse, T. A., & Mitchell, D. R. D. (1989). Structural and operational capacities in integrative spatial ability. Psychology and Aging, 4(1), 18–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.1.18
- Sander, M. C., Lindenberger, U., & Werkle-Bergner, M. (2012). Lifespan age differences in working memory: A two-component framework. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(9), 2007–2033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.004
- Speck, O., Ernst, T., Braun, J., Koch, C., Miller, E., & Chang, L. (2000). Gender differences in the functional organization of the brain for working memory. NeuroReport, 11(11), 2581–2585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200008030-00046
- Spinnler, H., & Tognoni, G. (1987). Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 6, 25–27.
- St. Claire-Thompson, H. L., & Allen, R. J. (2013). Are forwards and backwards digit recall the same? A dual task study of digit recall. Memory and Cognition, 41(4), 519–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0277-2
- Storey, J. D. (2002). A direct approach to false discovery rates. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 64(3), 479–498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00346.
- Vecchi, T., & Cornoldi, C. (1999). Passive storage and active manipulation in visuo-spatial working memory: Further evidence from the study of age differences. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 11(3), 391–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/713752324
- Vecchi, T., Richardson, J. T. E., & Cavallini, E. (2005). Passive storage versus active processing in working memory: Evidence from age-related variations in performance. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 17(4), 521–539. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440440000140
- Vecchi, T., Saveriano, V., & Paciaroni, L. (1998). Storage and processing working memory functions in Alzheimer-type dementia. Behavioural Neurology, 11(4), 227–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/1999/252389
- Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler adult intelligence scale – revides – manual. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
- Wild-Wall, N., Falkenstein, M., & Gajewski, D. (2011). Age-related differences in working memory performance in a 2-back task. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 186. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00186