References
- Abou-Abbass, H., Bahmad, H., Ghandour, H., Fares, J., Wazzi-Mkahal, R., Yacoub, B., Darwish, H., Mondello, S., Harati, H., El Sayed, M. J., Tamim, H., & Kobeissy, F. (2016). Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of traumatic brain injury in Lebanon: A systematic review. Medicine, 95(47), e5342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005342
- Ahmed, S., Venigalla, H., Mekala, H. M., Dar, S., Hassan, M., & Ayub, S. (2017). Traumatic brain injury and neuropsychiatric complications. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.203129
- Andelic, N., Hammergren, N., Bautz-Holter, E., Sveen, U., Brunborg, C., & Røe, C. (2009). Functional outcome and health-related quality of life 10 years after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 120(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01116.x
- Arias-Verdu, M. D., Aguilar-Alonso, E., Jimenez-Perez, G., Curiel-Balsera, E., Delange-Van Der Kroff, M., Muñoz-López, A., Moran-Fernandez, E., Fernández-Ortega, J. F., Rivera-Fernandez, R., & Prieto-Palomino, M. A. (2015). Quality of life to four years in traumatic brain injury critical patients. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 3(S1), A375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-425X-3-S1-A375
- Azouvi, P., Ghout, I., Bayen, E., Darnoux, E., Azerad, S., Ruet, A., Vallat-Azouvi, C., Pradat-Diehl, P., Aegerter, P., Charanton, J., & Jourdan, C. (2016). Disability and health-related quality-of-life 4 years after a severe traumatic brain injury: A structural equation modelling analysis. Brain Injury, 30(13–14), 1665–1671. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2016.1201593
- Balsera, E. C., Palomino, M. P., Delange, M., Muñoz, A., Ortega, J. F. F., & García, G. Q. (2010). Functional status and quality of life in patients suffering severe cranioencephalic trauma at the time of discharge from the intensive care unit and 1 year after. Critical Care, 14(Suppl 1), P436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8668
- Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
- Boycott, N., Yeoman, P., & Vesey, P. (2013). Factors associated with strain in carers of people with traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e31823fe07e
- Cnossen, M. C., Scholten, A. C., Lingsma, H. F., Synnot, A., Haagsma, J., Steyerberg, P. E. W., & Polinder, S. (2017). Predictors of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 29(3), 206–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16090165
- Dahm, J., & Ponsford, J. (2015). Long-term employment outcomes following traumatic brain injury and orthopaedic trauma: A ten-year prospective study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 47(10), 932–940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2016
- Dainter, K. M., McKinlay, A., & Grace, R. C. (2019). Change in life roles and quality of life for older adults after traumatic brain injury. Work (Reading, Mass.), 62(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-192864
- de Guise, E., LeBlanc, J., Feyz, M., Lamoureux, J., & Greffou, S. (2017). Prediction of behavioural and cognitive deficits in patients with traumatic brain injury at an acute rehabilitation setting. Brain Injury, 31(8), 1061–1068. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1297485
- de Winter*, J. C. F., Dodou*, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902794206
- Eshel, I., Bowles, A. O., & Ray, M. R. (2019). Rehabilitation of cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 30(1), 189–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.08.005
- Fernandez, R. R., Cruz, J. J., & Mata, G. V. (1996). Validation of a quality of life questionnaire for critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 22(10), 1034–1042.
- Gardner, A. J., & Zafonte, R. (2016). Neuroepidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 138, 207–223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802973-2.00012-4
- Gorgoraptis, N., Zaw-Linn, J., Feeney, C., Tenorio-Jimenez, C., Niemi, M., Malik, A., Ham, T., Goldstone, A. P., & Sharp, D. J. (2019). Cognitive impairment and health-related quality of life following traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 44(3), 321–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-182618
- Grauwmeijer, E., Heijenbrok-Kal, M. H., Peppel, L. D., Hartjes, C. J., Haitsma, I. K., de Koning, I., & Ribbers, G. M. (2018). Cognition, health-related quality of life, and depression ten years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(13), 1543–1551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5404
- Haller, C. S. (2017). Twelve-month prospective cohort study of patients with severe traumatic brain injury and their relatives: Coping, satisfaction with life and neurological functioning. Brain Injury, 31(13–14), 1903–1909. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1346295
- Hu, X. B., Feng, Z., Fan, Y. C., Xiong, Z. Y., & Huang, Q. W. (2012). Health-related quality-of-life after traumatic brain injury: A 2-year follow-up study in Wuhan, China. Brain Injury, 26(2), 183–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2011.648707
- Khan, F., Amatya, B., Judson, R., Chung, P., Truesdale, M., Elmalik, A., & Galea, M. P. (2016). Factors associated with long-term functional and psychological outcomes in persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 48(5), 442–448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2084
- Lewis, F. D., & Horn, G. J. (2017). Depression following traumatic brain injury: Impact on post-hospital residential rehabilitation outcomes. NeuroRehabilitation, 40(3), 401–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-161427
- MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
- Maillard, J., De Pretto, M., Delhumeau, C., & Walder, B. (2020). Prediction of long-term quality of life after severe traumatic brain injury based on variables at hospital admission. Brain Injury, 34(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1683227
- Marsh, N. V., Ludbrook, M. R., & Gaffaney, L. C. (2016). Cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury: A five-year follow-up. NeuroRehabilitation, 38(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-151297
- McLafferty, F. S., Barmparas, G., Ortega, A., Roberts, P., Ko, A., Harada, M., Nuno, M., Black, K. L., & Ley, E. J. (2016). Predictors of improved functional outcome following inpatient rehabilitation for patients with traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 39(3), 423–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-161373
- Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., & Maas, A. I., (2010). Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637–1640. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.05.017
- Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: An international Delphi study. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 19(4), 539–549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9606-8
- Osborn, A. J., Mathias, J. L., Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., & Anstey, K. J. (2017). Anxiety and comorbid depression following traumatic brain injury in a community-based sample of young, middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 214–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.045
- Pervez, M., Kitagawa, R. S., & Chang, T. R. (2018). Definition of traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, trauma orthopedics, neuroimaging, psychology, and psychiatry in mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 28(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2017.09.010
- Polinder, S., Haagsma, J. A., van Klaveren, D., Steyerberg, E. W., & van Beeck, E. F. (2015). Health-related quality of life after TBI: A systematic review of study design, instruments, measurement properties, and outcome. Population Health Metrics, 13, 4–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-015-0037-1
- Ponsford, J., Cameron, P., Fitzgerald, M., Grant, M., & Mikocka-Walus, A. (2011). Long-term outcomes after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: A comparison with trauma controls. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(6), 937–946. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2010.1516
- Prieto-Palomino, M. A., Curiel-Balsera, E., Arias-Verdu, M. D., Der Kroft, M. D., Munoz-Lopez, A., Fernandez-Ortega, J. F., Quesada-Garcia, G., Sanchez-Cantalejo, E., & Rivera-Fernandez, R. (2016). Relationship between quality-of-life after 1-year follow-up and severity of traumatic brain injury assessed by computerized tomography. Brain Injury, 30(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2016.1141434
- Rigon, A., Voss, M. W., Turkstra, L. S., Mutlu, B., & Duff, M. C. (2016). Frontal and temporal structural connectivity is associated with social communication impairment following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22(7), 705–716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000539
- Roozenbeek, B., Maas, A. I., & Menon, D. K. (2013). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 9(4), 231–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.22
- Rosenbaum, A. M., Gordon, W. A., Joannou, A., & Berman, B. A. (2018). Functional outcomes following post-acute rehabilitation for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 32(7), 907–914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1469040
- Sabbah, I., Drouby, N., Sabbah, S., Retel-Rude, N., & Mercier, M. (2003). Quality of life in rural and urban populations in Lebanon using SF-36 health survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1, 30–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-30
- Sainson, C., Barat, M., & Aguert, M. (2014). Communication disorders and executive function impairment after severe traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study using the GALI (a grid for linguistic analysis of free conversational interchange). Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 57(9-10), 664–683. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.08.011
- Scholten, A. C., Haagsma, J. A., Andriessen, T. M., Vos, P. E., Steyerberg, E. W., van Beeck, E. F., & Polinder, S. (2015). Health-related quality of life after mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: Patterns and predictors of suboptimal functioning during the first year after injury. Injury, 46(4), 616–624. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.064
- Summaka, M., Zein, H., Elias, E., Naim, I., Fares, Y., & Nasser, Z. (2020). Prediction of quality of life by Helsinki computed tomography scoring system in patients with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 34(9), 1229–1228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1799435
- Summers, C. R., Ivins, B., & Schwab, K. A. (2009). Traumatic brain injury in the United States: An epidemiologic overview. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York, 76(2), 105–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20100
- Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C. A. C., Chiarotto, A., Westerman, M. J., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Bouter, L. M., de Vet, H. C. W., & Mokkink, L. B. (2018). COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: A Delphi study. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 27(5), 1159–1170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0
- The World Bank, A. w. (2019). https://data.worldbank.org/region/arab-world
- Tsyben, A., Guilfoyle, M., Timofeev, I., Anwar, F., Allanson, J., Outtrim, J., Menon, D., Hutchinson, P., & Helmy, A. (2018). Spectrum of outcomes following traumatic brain injury-relationship between functional impairment and health-related quality of life. Acta Neurochirurgica, 160(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-017-3334-6
- Ware, J. E. Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.
- Williams, J. R. (2008). The Declaration of Helsinki and public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(8), 650–652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.050955