The Relationship of Self-Objectification and Body Shame to Attitudes Toward and Willingness to Use Reusable Menstrual Products

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustus-Horvath, C. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2009). A test and extension of objectification theory as it predicts disordered eating: Does women’s age matter? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 253–265. doi:10.1037/a0014637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averbach, S., Sahin-Hodoglugil, N., Musara, P., Chipato, T., & van der Straten, A. (2009). Duet® for menstrual protection: A feasibility study in Zimbabwe. Contraception, 79, 463–468. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beksinska, M. E., Smit, J., Greener, R., Todd, C. S., Lee, M. T., Maphumulo, V., & Hoffmann, V. (2015). Acceptability and performance of the menstrual cup in South Africa: A randomized crossover trial comparing the menstrual cup to tampons or sanitary pads. Journal of Women’s Health, 24, 151–158. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjet, C., & Hernandez-Guzman, L. (2001). Gender differences in psychological well-being of Mexican early adolescents. Adolescence, 36, 47–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calogero, R. M., & Pina, A. (2011). Body guilt: Preliminary evidence for a further subjective experience of self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 428–440. doi:10.1177/0361684311408564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, E. R., & Szymanski, D. M. (2011). Sexual objectification and substance abuse in young adult women. Counseling Psychologist, 39, 39–66. doi:10.1177/0011000010378449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, M., Kung, R., Hannah, M., Wilansky, D., & Shime, J. (1995). Menses cup evaluation study. Fertility & Sterility, 64, 661–663. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57812-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisler, J. C., Marván, M. L., Gorman, J. A., & Rossini, M. (2015). Body appreciation and attitudes toward menstruation. Body Image, 12, 78–81. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts, L. B., & Berg, D. H. (1993). The portrayal of the menstruating woman in menstrual product advertisements. Health Care for Women International, 14, 179–191. doi:10.1080/07399339309516039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das, P., Baker, K. K., Dutta, A., Swain, T., Sahoo, S., Das, B. A., … Torondel, B. (2015). Menstrual hygiene practices, WASH access, and the risk of urogenital infection in women from Odisha, India. PLoS One, 10, e0130777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubenmier, J. J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 207–219. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 257–265. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, J., Lupton, M. J., & Toth, E. (1988). The curse: A cultural history of menstruation. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dongmei, H., & Huang, H. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes, and willingness toward organ donation among health professionals in China. Transplantation, 99, 1379–1385. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000000798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, D. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: Measuring endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm – a revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425–442. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, P. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., Dunn, S. M., & Houssami, N. (2001). Randomized clinical trials in oncology: Understanding and attitudes predict willingness to participate. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3554–3561. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.15.3554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erchull, M. J. (2013). Distancing through objectification? Depictions of women’s bodies in menstrual product advertisements. Sex Roles, 68(1–2), 32–40. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0004-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiissel, D. L., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2006). Weight control motives for cigarette smoking: Further consequences of the sexual objectification of women? Feminism & Psychology, 16, 327–344. doi:10.1177/0959353506067850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, J. W., & von Eye, A. (1990). Sanitary product use by White, Black, and Mexican American women. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 105, 491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. (1991). Regression diagnostics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T.-A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75, 269–284. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GladRags. (2017). GladRags Cleaning and Care. Retrieved from http://gladrags.com/learn/7078/Cleaning-%26-Care.html.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, J. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (2004). The beast within the beauty: An existential perspective on the objectification and condemnation of women. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 71–85). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles, 52, 51–62. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grose, R. G., & Grabe, S. (2014). Sociocultural attitudes surrounding menstruation and alternative menstrual products: The explanatory role of self-objectification. Health Care for Women International, 35, 677–694. doi:10.1080/07399332.2014.888721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58(9–10), 649–657. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9379-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund, T. (2011). The impact of values, environmental concern, and willingness to accept economic sacrifices to protect the environment on tourists’ intentions to buy ecologically sustainable tourism alternatives. Tourism & Hospitality Research, 11, 278–288. doi:10.1177/1467358411423330
   Google Scholar
• Hennegan, J., Dolan, C., Wu, M., Scott, L., & Montgomery, P. (2016a). Schoolgirls’ experience and appraisal of menstrual absorbents in rural Uganda: A cross-sectional evaluation of reusable sanitary pads. Reproductive Health, 13, 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0260-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennegan, J., Dolan, C., Wu, M., Scott, L., & Montgomery, P. (2016). Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: A quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda. BMJ Open, 6, e012596. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, R. L., & Horton, P. J. (1991). A model of willingness to become a potential organ donor. Social Science & Medicine, 33, 1037–1051. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90009-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, C., Rose, C. L., Trouton, K., Stamm, H., Marentette, D., Kirkpatrick, N., … Paget, J. (2011). FLOW (finding lasting options for women): Multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups. Canadian Family Physician, 57, 208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, T. E., & Falmagne, R. J. (2013). Women wearing white: Discourses of menstruation and the experience of menarche. Feminism & Psychology, 23, 379–398. doi:10.1177/0959353512473812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston-Robledo, I., & Chrisler, J. C. (2013). The menstrual mark: Menstruation as social stigma. Sex Roles, 68(1–2), 9–18. DOI doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0052-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston-Robledo, I., Ball, M., Lauta, K., & Zekoll, A. (2003). To bleed or not to bleed: Young women’s attitudes toward menstrual suppression. Women & Health, 38, 59–75. doi:10.1300/J013v38n03_05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston-Robledo, I., Sheffield, K., Voigt, J., & Wilcox-Constantine, J. (2007). Reproductive shame: Self-objectification and young women’s attitudes toward their reproductive functioning. Women & Health, 46, 25–39. doi:10.1300/J013v46n01_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, R., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2004). Self-enhancing effects of exposure to thin-ideal body images. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 333–341. doi:10.1002/eat.10253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juma, J., Nyothach, E., Laserson, K. F., Oduor, C., Arita, L., Ouma, C., … Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2017). Examining the safety of menstrual cups among rural primary school girls in western Kenya: Observational studies nested in a randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Open, 7, e015429. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?. Environmental Education Research, 8, 239–260. doi:10.1080/13504620220145401
   Google Scholar
• Kozee, H. B., & Tylka, T. L. (2006). A test of objectification theory with lesbian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 348–357. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00310.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, J. M. (2015). Trait body shame predicts health outcomes in college women: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 998–1008. doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9659-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madziyire, M. G., Magure, T. M., & Madziwa, C. F. (2018). Menstrual cups as a menstrual management method for low socioeconomic status women and girls in Zimbabwe: A pilot study. Women’s Reproductive Health, 5, 59–65. doi:10.1080/23293691.2018.1429371
   Google Scholar
• Marván, M. L., & Lama, C. (2009). Attitudes toward menstrual suppression and conformity to feminine norms in young and middle-aged Mexican women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30, 147–155. doi:10.1080/01674820903049843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M. E., & Korfine, L. (2004). Menarche, menstrual attitudes, experiences, and behaviors. Women’s Health Issues, 14, 193–200. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2004.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercurio, A. E., & Landry, L. J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being: The impact of self-objectification on women’s overall sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Sex Roles, 58(7–8), 458–466. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9357-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milfont, T. A. (2009). The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour. The Environmentalist, 29, 263–269. doi:10.1007/s10669-008-9192-2
   Google Scholar
• Mills, J. S., Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). Effects of exposure to thin media images: Evidence of self-enhancement amongst restrained eaters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1687–1699. doi:10.1177/014616702237650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, K. L., Goldenberg, J. L., & Heflick, N. A. (2014). Trio of terror (pregnancy, menstruation, and breastfeeding): An existential function of literal self-objectification among women. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 107, 181–198. doi:10.1037/a0036493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafa, M. M. (2007). A hierarchical analysis of the green consciousness of the Egyptian consumer. Psychology and Marketing, 24, 445–473. doi:10.1002/mar.20168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, C. R., McDermid, A., Tekpetey, F., & Tummon, I. S. (2003). Embryo donation: Attitudes toward donation procedures and factors predicting willingness to donate. Human Reproduction, 18, 878–884. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, H., Saphores, J.-D. M., Ogunseitan, O. A., & Shapiro, A. A. (2008). Understanding preferences for recycling electronic waste in California: The influence of environmental attitudes and beliefs on willingness to pay. Environment & Behavior, 41, 101–124. doi:10.1177/0013916507310053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623–636. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonfoux, L., Chiaruzzi, M., Badiou, C., Baude, J., Tristan, A., Thioulouse, J., … Lina, G. (2018). Impact of currently marketed tampons and menstrual cups on Staphylococcus aureus growth and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production in vitro. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 84, 1–12. doi:10.1128/AEM.00351-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, B. B., & Oldham, M. J. (2011). Preclinical, clinical, and over-the-counter postmarketing experience with a new vaginal cup: Menstrual collection. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 303–311. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocean Conservancy. (2010). Trash travels: From our hands to the sea, around the globe, and through time. Retrieved from: http://oceanconservancy.org.
   Google Scholar
• Omar, H. A., Aggarwal, S., & Perkins, K. C. (1998). Tampon use in young women. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 11, 143–146. doi:10.1016/S1083-3188(98)70134-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oster, E., & Thornton, R. (2012). Determinants of technology adoption: Peer effects in menstrual cup take-up. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10, 1263–1293. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips-Howard, P. A., Nyothach, E., ter Kuile, F. O., Omoto, J., Wang, D., Zeh, C., … Laserson, K. F. (2016). Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school attrition, and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections: A cluster randomised controlled feasibility study in rural Western Kenya. BMJ Open, 6, e013229. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T.-A., & Waters, P. L. (2004). Self-objectification and that ‘not so fresh feeling’: Feminist therapeutic interventions for healthy female embodiment. Women & Therapy, 27, 5–21. doi:10.1300/J015v27n03_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T.-A. (2004). Female trouble: The menstrual self-evaluation scale and women’s self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 22–26. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00119.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T.-A., Goldenberg, J. L., Power, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). ‘Feminine protection’: The effects of menstruation on attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 131–139. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1984). Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 267–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romo, L. F., & Berenson, A. B. (2012). Tampon use in adolescence: Differences among European American, African American and Latina women in practices, concerns, and barriers. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 25, 328–333. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, M., Miedzybrodzka, Z., Fraser, L., & Hall, M. (2003). Genetic information but not termination: Pregnant women’s attitudes and willingness to pay for carrier screening for deafness genes. Journal of Medical Genetics, 40, 80–85. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.6.e80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. S. (2005). Cycles of shame: Menstrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision-making. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 324–334. doi:10.1080/00224490509552288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simes, M. R., & Berg, D. H. (2001). Surreptitious learning: Menarche and menstrual product advertisements. Health Care for Women International, 22, 455–469. doi:10.1080/07399330131709428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer, M., Hirsch, J. S., Nathanson, C., & Parker, R. G. (2015). Comfortably, safely, and without shame: Defining menstrual hygiene management as a public health issue. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 1302–1311. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, E., & Kim, S. (2011). Flow: The cultural history of menstruation. New York: St. Martins.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, K., Greer, R., & Powell, M. (2010). Women’s experience of using the Mooncup. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 30, 285–287. doi:10.3109/01443610903572117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, M. L. (2008). Cultural perceptions and practices around menarche and adolescent menstruation in the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1135, 58–66. doi:10.1196/annals.1429.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveinsdóttir, H. (2017). The role of menstruation in women’s objectification: A questionnaire study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73, 1390–1402. doi:10.1111/jan.13220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Keeper. (2014). Using your cups. Retrieved from http://keeper.com/learn-more/usage-care/.
   Google Scholar
• Tikka, P. M., Kuitunen, M. T., & Tynys, S. M. (2000). Effects of educational background on students’ attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment. Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 12–19. doi:10.1080/00958960009598640
   Google Scholar
• Trauth, J. M., Musa, D., Siminoff, L., Jewell, I. K., & Ricci, E. (2000). Public attitudes regarding willingness to participate in medical research studies. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 12, 23–43. doi:10.1300/J045v12n02_02.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsen, C.-H., Phang, G., Hasan, H., & Buncha, M. R. (2006). Going green: A study of consumers’ willingness to pay for green products in Kota Kinabalu. International Journal of Business & Society, 7, 40–54. doi:10.23956/ijermt.v6i10.63.
   Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., & Hill, M. S. (2004). Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex Roles, 51(11–12), 719–730. doi:10.1007/s11199-004-0721-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan-Turnbull, C., & Lewis, V. (2015). Body image, objectification, and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 20, 179–196. doi:10.1111/jabr.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar