22
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Attitudes Towards Menstrual Health by Female In-School Adolescents: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Southwest Nigeria

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 02 May 2022, Accepted 14 Nov 2023, Published online: 13 Dec 2023

References

  • Abramovsky, L., Augsburg, B., & Oteiza, F. (2019). Sustainable Total Sanitation in Nigeria, 1–149. https://ifs.org.uk/publications/14168
  • Aburshaid, F., Ahmad, S., Ashmauey, A., & Mohammad, H. (2017). Effect of planned health educational program on menstrual knowledge and practices among adolescent Saudi girls. Journal of Nursing and Health Studies, 2(3), 16, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21767/2574-2825.1000016
  • Adinma, E. D., & Adinma, J. I. (2008). Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 12(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/25470636
  • Aluko, O. O., Oloruntoba, E. O., Chukwunenye, U. A., Henry, E. U., & Ojogun, E. (2018). The dynamics and determinants of household shared sanitation cleanliness in a heterogeneous urban settlement in Southwest Nigeria. Public Health, 165, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.09.013
  • Aluko, O. O., Oluya, O. M., Olaleye, O. A., Olajuyin, A A., Olabintan, T. F., & Oloruntoba-Oju, O. I. (2014). Knowledge and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in senior secondary schools in Ile Ife, south-western Nigeria. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4(2), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.084
  • Aniebue, U., Aniebue, P., & Nwankwo, T. (2010). The impact of pre-menarcheal training on menstrual practices and hygiene of Nigerian school girls. Pan African Medical Journal, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4314/pamj.v2i1.51708
  • Baumann, S. E., Lhaki, P., & Burke, J. G. (2019). Assessing the role of caste/ethnicity in predicting menstrual knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Nepal. Global Public Health, 14(9), 1288–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1583267
  • Bhavna, L., Remia, M., Gupta, R. K., Rashmi, K., Rayaz, J., & Richa, M. (2015). Impact of menstrual awareness and knowledge among adolescents in a rural area. Indian Journal of Community Health, 27(4), 456–461. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=cagh&AN=20163215498
  • Bobel, C., Winkler, I. T., Fahs, B., Hasson, K. A., Kissling, E. A., & Roberts, T. (2020). The Palgrave handbook of critical menstruation studies. In C. Bobel, I. T. Winkler, B. Fahs, K. A. Hasson, E. A. Kissling, & T.-A. Roberts (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of critical menstruation studies. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7
  • Boyers, M., Garikipati, S., Biggane, A., Douglas, E., Hawkes, N., Kiely, C., Giddings, C., Kelly, J., Exley, D., Phillips-Howard, P. A., & Mason, L. (2022). Period poverty: The perceptions and experiences of impoverished women living in an inner-city area of Northwest England. PloS One, 17(7), e0269341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269341
  • Chebii, S. J. (2018). Menstrual issues: How adolescent schoolgirls in the Kibera slums of Kenya negotiate their experiences with menstruation. Women’s Reproductive Health, 5(3), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2018.1490534
  • Chinyama, J., Chipungu, J., Rudd, C., Mwale, M., Verstraete, L., Sikamo, C., Mutale, W., Chilengi, R., & Sharma, A. (2019). Menstrual hygiene management in rural schools of Zambia: A descriptive study of knowledge, experiences and challenges faced by schoolgirls. BMC Public Health, 19(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6360-2
  • Coast, E., Lattof, S. R., & Strong, J. (2019). Puberty and menstruation knowledge among young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. International Journal of Public Health, 64(2), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01209-0
  • Communities, B. (2020). Research and learning brief improving school attendance and positive feelings about menstruation for girls in Ghana through a holistic menstrual health and hygiene management approach key findings. https://www.unicef.org/wash/fi
  • Crankshaw, T. L., Strauss, M., & Gumede, B. (2020). Menstrual health management and schooling experience amongst female learners in Gauteng, South Africa: A mixed method study. Reproductive Health, 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12978-020-0896-1/TABLES/5
  • Cronin, A., Sebayang, S., Torlesse, H., & Nandy, R. (2016). Association of safe disposal of child feces and reported diarrhea in Indonesia: Need for stronger focus on a neglected risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030310
  • Davis, J., Macintyre, A., Odagiri, M., Suriastini, W., Cordova, A., Huggett, C., Agius, P. A., Faiqoh, F., Budiyani, A. E., Quillet, C., Cronin, A. A., Diah, N. M., Triwahyunto, A., Luchters, S., & Kennedy, E. (2018). Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among adolescent students in Indonesia: evidence from a cross-sectional school-based survey. Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 23(12), 1350–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13159
  • Dolan, C., Montgomery, P., Scott, L., Hennegan, J., Wu, M., & Steinfield, L. (2018). Keeping African Girls in School with Better Sanitary Care. www.theimpactinitiative.net
  • Edmonds, D. K. (2012). Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics & gynaecology. In Edmonds (Ed.), Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics & gynaecology (8th ed., pp. 26–32). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119979449.ch3
  • Eswi, A., Helal, H., & Elarousy, W. (2012). Menstrual attitude and knowledge among Egyptian female adolescents. Journal of American Science, 8(6), 555–565. http://www.americanscience.orghttp//[email protected]://www.americanscience.org.71
  • Fahs, B. (2020). There will be blood: Women’s positive and negative experiences with menstruation. Women’s Reproductive Health, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1690309
  • Fahs, B., & Swank, E. (2021). Menstrual knowledge and understandings of normal and extreme bleeding: College students’ overestimation of the typical amount of menstrual blood. Women’s Reproductive Health, 8(2), 115–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2021.1901520
  • Fatunmbi, O. J., Usman, S. O., Adesina, A., Sunday, O., Usman, I. N., Odesanmi, A. T., & Tshuma, N. (2017). Menstrual training and hygiene management among adolescents in South-Western Nigeria : A cross-sectional study. 2(1), 106–113.
  • Fehintola, F. O., Fehintola, A. O., Aremu, A. O., Idowu, A., Ogunlaja, O. A., & Ogunlaja, I. P. (2017). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about menstruation and menstrual hygiene among secondary high school girls in Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(5), 1726. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171932
  • Gharoro, L. A. (2013). Menstrual hygiene practices among junior secondary school students in Benin City. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(8), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n8p129
  • Ghiasi, A., Keramat, A., & Mollaahmadi, L. (2018). The relationship between attitudes toward menstruation and perimenstrual symptoms among female students of Shahroud University of medical sciences, northeast Iran. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(8) https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65714
  • Guterman, M. A., Mehta, P., & Gibbs, M. (2012). Menstrual taboos among major religions. The Internet Journal of World Health and Societal Politics, 5(2) https://doi.org/10.5580/1443
  • Harlow, S. D., & Campbell, B. (1996). Ethnic differences in the duration and amount of menstrual bleeding during the postmenarcheal period. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(10), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008868
  • Haymond, R. (2020). #PeriodsAreNotAnInsult: Hashtag activism meets menstruation. Women’s Reproductive Health, 7(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2020.1740483
  • Hennegan, J. M. (2017). Menstrual hygiene management and human rights: The case for an evidence-based approach. Women’s Reproductive Health, 4(3), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2017.1388720
  • Hennegan, J., & Montgomery, P. (2016). Do menstrual hygiene management interventions improve education and psychosocial outcomes for women and girls in low and middle income countries? A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0146985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146985
  • Hennegan, J., Dolan, C., Wu, M., Scott, L., & Montgomery, P. (2016). Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: A quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda. BMJ Open, 6(12), e012596. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012596
  • Hennegan, J., Nansubuga, A., Smith, C., Redshaw, M., Akullo, A., & Schwab, K. J. (2020). Measuring menstrual hygiene experience: Development and validation of the Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MPNS-36) in Soroti, Uganda. BMJ Open, 10(2), e034461. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034461
  • Hennegan, J., Winkler, I. T., Bobel, C., Keiser, D., Hampton, J., Larsson, G., Chandra-Mouli, V., Plesons, M., & Mahon, T. (2021). Menstrual health: A definition for policy, practice, and research. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29(1), 1911618–1911638. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.1911618
  • House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2012). Menstrual hygiene matters: A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 257–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(13)41712-3
  • Jatau, A. A. (2013). Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with waste management in Jos South Metropolis, Plateau State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(5), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n
  • Johnston-Robledo, I., & Stubbs, M. L. (2013). Positioning periods: Menstruation in social context: An introduction to a special issue. Sex Roles, 68(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0206-7
  • Kansiime, C., Hytti, L., Nalugya, R., Nakuya, K., Namirembe, P., Nakalema, S., Neema, S., Tanton, C., Alezuyo, C., Musoke, S. N., Torondel, B., Francis, S. C., Ross, D. A., Bonell, C., Seeley, J., & Weiss, H. A. (2020). Menstrual health intervention and school attendance in Uganda (MENISCUS-2): a pilot intervention study. BMJ Open, 10(2), e031182. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031182
  • Kapoor, G., & Kumar, D. (2017). Menstrual hygiene: knowledge and practice among adolescent school girls in rural settings. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(3), 959. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170564
  • Katsuno, C., Gregorio, E. R., Lomboy, M. F. T. C., Nonaka, D., Hernandez, P. M. R., Estrada, C. A. M., Pimentel, J. M. T., Bernadas, R. M. G. C., & Kobayashi, J. (2019). Quality of public school toilets and the frequency of changing sanitary napkins among students in public secondary schools in the City of Manila, Philippines. Tropical Medicine and Health, 47(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-018-0131-8
  • Kaur, R., Kaur, K., & Kaur, R. (2018). Menstrual hygiene, management, and waste disposal: Practices and challenges faced by girls/women of developing countries. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1730964
  • Koeske, R. D. (1983). Lifting the curse of menstruation. Women & Health, 8(2–3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v08n02_01
  • Krosnick, J., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and questionnaire design. In J. D. Wright & P. V. Marsden (Ed.), Handbook of survey research (2nd ed., pp. 263–314). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Kuhlmann, A. S., Henry, K., & Wall, L. L. (2017). Menstrual hygiene management in resource-poor countries. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 72(6), 356–376. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000443
  • Lawal, A. M., Idemudia, E. S., & Balogun, S. K. (2019). Menstrual attitude dimensions, Anxiety and Body Esteem in adolescent girls. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1640885
  • Mobolaji I., Cecilia C., Hina T., Grace L., Marni S. (2017). Early menarche : a systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and early menarche : A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 12(6), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178884
  • Mansfield, P. K., & Stubbs, M. L. (2007). The menstrual cycle: Feminist research from the society for menstrual cycle research. Women and Health, 46(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v46n01_01
  • Marván, M. L., & Alcalá-Herrera, V. (2014). Age at menarche, reactions to menarche and attitudes towards menstruation among Mexican adolescent girls. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 27(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.06.021
  • Marván, M. L., & Chrisler, J. C. (2018). Menarcheal timing, memories of menarche, and later attitudes toward menstruation. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1525840. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1525840
  • Marván, M. L., & Molina-Abolnik, M. (2012). Mexican adolescents’ experience of menarche and attitudes toward menstruation: role of communication between mothers and daughters. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25(6), 358–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.003
  • Massa, K., Kilamile, F., Safari, E., Seleman, A., Mwakitalima, A., Balengayabo, J. G., Kassile, T., Mangesho, P. E., & Mubyazi, G. M. (2017). Contributing to the debate on ccategorizing shared sanitation facilities as 'unimproved’: An account based on field researchers’ observations and householders’ opinions in three regions, Tanzania. PLoS One. 12(11), e0185875. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185875
  • McCammon, E., Bansal, S., Hebert, L. E., Yan, S., Menendez, A., & Gilliam, M. (2020). Exploring young women’s menstruation-related challenges in Uttar Pradesh, India, using the socio-ecological framework. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(1), 1749342. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1749342
  • McMahon, S. A., Winch, P. J., Caruso, B. A., Obure, A. F., Ogutu, E. A., Ochari, I. A., & Rheingans, R. D. (2011). The girl with her period is the one to hang her head” Reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-7
  • McPherson, M. E., & Korfine, L. (2004). Menstruation across time: Menarche, menstrual attitudes, experiences, and behaviors. Women’s Health Issues, 14(6), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2004.08.006
  • Morse, J. M., Kieren, D., & Bottorff, J. (1993). The adolescent menstrual attitude questionnaire, part I: Scale construction. Health Care for Women International, 14(1), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339309516025
  • National Population Commission. (2010). The Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2006 Population and Housing Census. Population distribution by age and sex, priority table volume IV. National Population Commission; NPC. www.population.gov.ng/images/priority table
  • Onyegegbu, N. (2015). Improvement of menstrual hygiene management among girls in schools and communities in Nigeria: A case for active contributions of various stakeholders. In 4th Annual Virtual Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Conference.
  • Onyilo, G., Ominyi, J., Ogunjobi, B., & Agberemi, B. (2008). Menstrual hygiene management in schools and communities in Nigeria. WHO.
  • Owonikoko, K., Okunlola, M., Ogunbode, O., Enabor, O., Oluwasola, T., & Arowojolu, A. (2009). Menstrual health of in-school adolescents in Ibadan: Knowledge, attitudes and consequences. Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 55(5), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.4314/nmp.v55i5.45437
  • Özdemir, F. N. S. (2013). Evaluation of menstrual attitude of collegiate athletes. Life Science Journal, 10(6s), 295–300.
  • Padmanabhanunni, A., & Fennie, T. (2017). The menstruation experience: Attitude dimensions among South African students. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2016.1250428
  • Phillips-Howard, P. A., Caruso, B., Torondel, B., Zulaika, G., Sahin, M., & Sommer, M. (2016). Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent schoolgirls in low- and middle-income countries: research priorities. Global Health Action, 9(1), 33032. https://doi.org/10.3402/GHA.V9.33032
  • Ramaiya, A., Malhotra, A., Cronin, C., Stevens, S., Kostizak, K., Sharma, A., Nagar, S., & Sood, S. (2019). How does a social and behavioral change communication intervention predict menstrual health and hygiene management: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7359-z
  • Roche, R., Bain, R., & Cumming, O. (2017). A long way to go - estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One. 12(2), e0171783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171783
  • Ryan, S., Ussher, J. M., & Perz, J. (2020). Women’s experiences of the premenstrual body: Negotiating body shame, self-objectification, and menstrual shame. Women’s Reproductive Health, 7(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2020.1740482
  • Salami, K. K., Mettu, J. C., & Azeez, A. (2019). Onset of menarche and adolescent menstrual hygiene practices in semi-urban Ibadan Community, Nigeria. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1601903
  • Sharma, N. (2019). Assessment of knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among school going adolescent girls of Jaipur city. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 7(7), 2808–2815. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i7.108
  • Singh, J. A., Siddiqi, M., Parameshwar, P., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2019). World Health Organization Guidance on ethical considerations in planning and reviewing research studies on sexual and reproductive health in adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 427. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2019.01.008
  • Sommer, M. (2013). Structural factors influencing menstruating school girls’ health and well-being in Tanzania. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(3), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2012.693280
  • Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Torondel, B., Warren, E. C., Yamakoshi, B., Haver, J., Long, J., Mahon, T., Nalinponguit, E., Okwaro, N., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2021). Menstrual hygiene management in schools: midway progress update on the “MHM in Ten” 2014–2024 global agenda. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00669-8
  • Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., & Pensulo, C. (2013). Girls’ and women’s unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): The interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(3), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101
  • Sommer, M., Torondel, B., Hennegan, J., Phillips-Howard, P. A., Mahon, T., Motivans, A., Zulaika, G., Gruer, C., Haver, J., & Caruso, B. A. (2021). How addressing menstrual health and hygiene may enable progress across the sustainable development goals. Global Health Action, 14(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1920315
  • Suryakantha, A. (2017). Adolescent health. In Community medicine with recent advances (pp. 784–784). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12912_32
  • Ten, V. (2007). Menstrual hygiene: A neglected condition for the achievement of several Millennium Development Goals. Europe External Policy Advisors, 1–22. http://ruby.because.dk/default.asp?page=tekst.asp&id=186&idsub=206
  • Tiwari, H., Oza, U. N., & Tiwari, R. (2006). Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about menarche of adolescent girls in Anand district, Gujarat. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 12(4), 428–433.
  • Ubochi, N. E., Chinweuba, U. A., Iheanacho, N. P., Osuchukwu, E. C., Nwodo, C. O., Nnamani, A. J., Ogbonnaya, N. P., & Ubochi, V. N. (2023). Menstruation behaviour influencer model: a grounded theory of menstrual experiences of shame, embarrassment, stigma and absenteeism among pubescent girls in semi-urban and rural secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 45(47) https://doi.org/10.11604/PAMJ.2023.45.47.39675
  • UN-HABITAT. (2014). Structure Plan for Ile-Ife and Environs (2014 – 2033): State of Osun Structure Plans Project. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/09/ile-ife_print_final.pdf
  • Van Eijk, A. M., Sivakami, M., Thakkar, M. B., Bauman, A., Laserson, K. F., Coates, S., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016). Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 6(3), e010290. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010290
  • van Lonkhuijzen, R. M., Garcia, F. K., & Wagemakers, A. (2022). The stigma surrounding menstruation: attitudes and practices regarding menstruation and sexual activity during menstruation. Women’s Reproductive Health, 10(3), 364–384. – https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2022.2124041
  • Wall, L., Teklay, K., Desta, A., & Belay, S. (2018). Tending the “monthly flower:” a qualitative study of menstrual beliefs in Tigray, Ethiopia. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0676-z
  • WHO. (2011). Young people: health risks and solutions. In WHO Media Centre (Issue May). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
  • WHO. (2022). WHO statement on menstrual health and rights. 50th Session of the Human Rights Council Panel Discussion on Menstrual Hygiene Management, Human Rights and Gender Equality. https://www.who.int/news/item/22-06-2022-who-statement-on-menstrual-health-and-rights
  • Wong, L. P. (2011). Attitudes toward menstruation, menstrual-related symptoms, and premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls: A rural school-based survey. Women and Health, 51(4), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2011.574792
  • Yadav, R. N., Joshi, S., Poudel, R., & Pandeya, P. (2018). Knowledge, attitude, and practice on menstrual hygiene management among school adolescents. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 15(3), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v15i3.18842

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.