2,607
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ineffective Organizational Responses to Workers’ Secondary Traumatic Stress: A Case Study of the Effects of an Unhealthy Organizational Culture

ORCID Icon

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Bell, H., Kulkarni, S., & Dalton, L. (2003). Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Families in Society, 84, 463–470. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.131
  • Ben-Porat, A. (2015). Competence of trauma social workers: The relationship between field of practice and secondary traumatization, personal and environmental variables. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(8), 1291–1309. doi:10.1177/0886260515588536
  • Berceli, D., & Napoli, M. (2006). A proposal for a mindfulness-based trauma prevention program for social work professionals. Complementary Health Practice Review, 11(3), 153–165. doi:10.1177/1533210106297989
  • Bober, T., & Regehr, C. (2006). Strategies for reducing secondary or vicarious trauma: Do they work? Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 6(1), 1–9. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhj001
  • Brady, P. Q. (2017). Crimes against caring: Exploring the risk of secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among child exploitation investigators. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(4), 305–318. doi:10.1007/s11896-016-9223-8
  • Bride, B. E., Jones, J. L., & Macmaster, S. A. (2007). Correlates of secondary traumatic stress in child protective services workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 4(3–4), 69–80. doi:10.1300/J394v04n03_05
  • Bride, B. E., & Kintzle, S. (2011). Secondary traumatic stress, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment in substance abuse counselors. Traumatology: An International Journal, 17(1), 22–28. doi:10.1177/1534765610395617
  • Caringi, J. C., Hardiman, E. R., Weldon, P., Fletcher, S., Devlin, M., & Stanick, C. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and licensed clinical social workers. Traumatology: An International Journal, 23(2), 186–195. doi:10.1037/trm0000061
  • Choi, G.-Y. (2011). Organizational impacts on the secondary traumatic stress of social workers assisting family violence or sexual assault survivors. Administration in Social Work, 35(3), 225–242. doi:10.1080/03643107.2011.575333
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Dworkin, E. R., Sorell, N. R., & Allen, N. E. (2016). Individual- and setting-level correlates of secondary traumatic stress in rape crisis center staff. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(4), 743–752. doi:10.1177/0886260514556111
  • Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Esaki, N., Benamati, J., Yanosy, S., Middleton, J. S., Hopson, L. M., Hummer, V. L., & Bloom, S. L. (2013). The sanctuary model: Theoretical framework. Families in Society, 94(2), 87. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.4287
  • Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58, 1433–1441.
  • Findler, L., Wind, L. H., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2007). The challenge of workforce management in a global society: Modeling the relationship between diversity, inclusion, organizational culture, and employee well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Administration in Social Work, 31(3), 63–94. doi:10.1300/J147v31n03_05
  • Ford, M. T., Cerasoli, C. P., Higgins, J. A., & Decesare, A. L. (2011). Relationships between psychological, physical, and behavioural health and work performance: A review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 25(3), 185–204. doi:10.1080/02678373.2011.609035
  • Garner, B. R., Funk, R. R., & Hunter, B. D. (2013). The relationship between clinician turnover and adolescent treatment outcomes: An examination from the client perspective. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(4), 444–448. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.09.004
  • Glisson, C., & Williams, N. J. (2015). Assessing and changing organizational social contexts for effective mental health services. Annual Review of Public Health, 36(1), 507–523. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122435
  • Hall, S. F., & Jones, A. S. (2018). Implementation of intensive permanence services: A trauma-informed approach to preparing foster youth for supportive relationships. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 35(6), 587–598. doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0550-8
  • Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists: Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy, 46(2), 203–219. doi:10.1037/a0016081
  • Hemmelgarn, A. L., Glisson, C., & James, L. R. (2006). Organizational culture and climate: Implications for services and interventions research. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 13(1), 73–89.
  • Hensel, J. M., Ruiz, C., Finney, C., & Dewa, C. S. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 83–91. doi:10.1002/jts.21998
  • Hesse, A. R. (2002). Secondary trauma: How working with trauma survivors affects therapists. Clinical Social Work Journal, 30, 293–309. doi:10.1023/A:1016049632545
  • Ivicic, R., & Motta, R. (2017). Variables associated with secondary traumatic stress among mental health professionals. Traumatology: An International Journal, 23(2), 196–204. doi:10.1037/trm0000065
  • James, L. R., & Jones, A. P. (1976). Organizational structure: A review of structural dimensions and their conceptual relationships with individual attitudes and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 74–113. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90008-8
  • Jirek, S. L. (2015). Soul pain: The hidden toll of working with survivors of physical and sexual violence. SAGE Open, 5(3), 1–13. doi:10.1177/2158244015597905
  • Kangas, M., Muotka, J., Huhtala, M., Mäkikangas, A., & Feldt, T. (2017). Is the ethical culture of the organization associated with sickness absence? A multilevel analysis in a public sector organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(1), 131–145. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2644-y
  • Kulkarni, S., Bell, H., Hartman, J. L., & Herman-Smith, R. L. (2013). Exploring individual and organizational factors contributing to compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in domestic violence service providers. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(2), 114–130. doi:10.5243/jsswr.2013.8
  • Lee, J. J., Gottfried, R., & Bride, B. E. (2017). Exposure to client trauma, secondary traumatic stress, and the health of clinical social workers: A mediation analysis. Clinical Social Work Journal, 46(3), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10615-017-0638-1
  • Li, Y., & Jones, C. B. (2013). A literature review of nursing turnover costs. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), 405–418. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01411.x
  • Loomis, B., Epstein, K., Dauria, E. F., & Dolce, L. (2019). Implementing a trauma-informed public health system in San Francisco, California. Health Education and Behavior, 46(2), 251–259. doi:10.1177/1090198118806942
  • Mairean, C. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction in healthcare providers. The Journal of Psychology, 150(8), 961–975. doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1225659
  • Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in organizations: Three perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • McCann, L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131–149. doi:10.1007/BF00975140
  • Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Najjar, N., Davis, L. W., Beck-Coon, K., & Carney Doebbeling, C. (2009). Compassion fatigue: A review of the research to date and relevance to cancer-care providers. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 267–277. doi:10.1177/1359105308100211
  • Neumann, D. A., & Gamble, S. J. (1995). Issues in the professional development of psychotherapists: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in the new trauma therapist. Psychotherapy, 32, 341–347. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.32.2.341
  • Newell, J. M., Nelson-Gardell, D., & MacNeil, G. (2015). Clinician responses to client traumas: A chronological review of constructs and terminology. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(3), 306–313. doi:10.1177/1524838015584365
  • Paoline, E. A., & Sloan, J. J. (2003). Variability in the organizational structure of contemporary campus law enforcement agencies: A national-level analysis. Policing, 26(4), 612–639. doi:10.1108/13639510310503541
  • Pearlman, L. A., & MacIan, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology, 26, 558–565. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.26.6.558
  • Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.
  • Perez, L. M., Jones, J., Englert, D. R., & Sachau, D. (2010). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 25(2), 113–124. doi:10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
  • Pertusa-Ortega, E. M., Zaragoza-Sáez, P., & Claver-Cortés, E. (2010). Can formalization, complexity, and centralization influence knowledge performance? Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.03.015
  • Posluns, K., & Gall, T. L. (2019). Dear mental health practitioners, take care of yourselves: A literature review on self-care. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. doi:10.1007/s10447-019-09382-w
  • Ravasi, D., & Schultz, M. (2006). Responding to organizational identity threats: Exploring the role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 433–458. doi:10.5465/amj.2006.21794663
  • Regehr, C., LeBlanc, V., Shlonsky, A., & Bogo, M. (2010). The influence of clinicians’ previous trauma exposure on their assessment of child abuse risk. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(9), 614–618. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181ef349e
  • Safe Haven. (n.d.). Staff handbook. Anonymous City, MI: Safe Haven.
  • Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45(2), 109–119. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109
  • Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Schuler, B. R., Bessaha, M. L., & Moon, C. A. (2016). Addressing secondary traumatic stress in the human services: A comparison of public and private sectors. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 40(2), 94–106.
  • Slattery, S. M., & Goodman, L. A. (2009). Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: Workplace risk and protective factors. Violence Against Women, 15(11), 1358–1379. doi:10.1177/1077801209347469
  • Sprang, G., Craig, C., & Clark, J. (2011). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout in child welfare workers: A comparative analysis of occupational distress across professional groups. Child Welfare, 90(6), 149–168.
  • Sprang, G., Ross, L., Miller, B. C., Blackshear, K., & Ascienzo, S. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Secondary Traumatic Stress–Informed Organizational Assessment. Traumatology: An International Journal, 23(2), 165–171. doi:10.1037/trm0000108
  • Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In Y. S. Lincoln & N. K. Denzin (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 443–466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Stamm, B. H. (Ed.). (1995). Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Baltimore, MD: Sidran Press.
  • Storlie, C. A., & Baltrinic, E. R. (2015). Counseling children with cystic fibrosis: Recommendations for practice and counselor self-care. The Professional Counselor, 5(2), 293–303. doi:10.15241/cas.5.2.293
  • Tilden, V. P., Thompson, S. A., Gajewski, B. J., & Bott, M. J. (2012). End-of-life care in nursing homes: The high cost of staff turnover. Nursing Economics, 30(3), 163–166. (1021056825; 22849015).
  • Tolbert, P. S., & Hall, R. H. (2008). Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes (10th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Townsend, S. M., & Campbell, R. (2009). Organizational correlates of secondary traumatic stress and burnout among sexual assault nurse examiners. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 5, 97–106. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01040.x
  • Trippany, R. L., Kress, V. E. W., & Wilcoxon, S. A. (2004). Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 31–37. doi:10.1002/jcad.2004.82.issue-1
  • U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018). Occupational outlook handbook. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/home.htm
  • Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141–160. doi:10.1177/0149206306297582

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.