Southern Flounder: Major Milestones and Remaining Knowledge Gaps in Their Biology, Ecology, and Fishery Management

References

• Allen RL, Baltz DM. 1997. Distribution and microhabitat use by flatfishes in a Louisiana estuary. Environ Biol Fishes. 50(1):85–103. doi: 10.1023/A:1007398517163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JD, Karel WJ. 2012. Population genetics of southern flounder with implications for management. N Am J Fish Manag. 32(4):656–662. doi: 10.1080/02755947.2012.686957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JD, Karel WJ, Mione ACS. 2012. Population structure and evolutionary history of southern flounder in the Gulf of Mexico and Western Atlantic Ocean. Trans Am Fish Soc. 141(1):46–55. doi: 10.1080/00028487.2011.651070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson J, Steffen C, Fisher M. 2023. Long-term climate impacts on the phenology of southern flounder spawning migrations. Estuar Coasts. doi: 10.1007/s12237-023-01317-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold CR, Bailey WH, Williams TD, Johnson A, Lasswell JL. 1977. Laboratory spawning and larval rearing of red drum and southern flounder. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 31:437–440.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold ELJ, Wheeler RS, Baxter KN. 1960. Observations on fishes and other biota of East lagoon, Galveston Island. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report on Fish No. 344.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson AN, Secor DH. 2017. Influence of winter conditions on the age, hatch dates, and growth of juvenile Atlantic Menhaden in the Choptank River, Maryland. Trans Am Fish Soc. 146(6):1126–1136. doi: 10.1080/00028487.2017.1348985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacheler NM, Buckel JA, Paramore LM, Rochet M-J. 2012. Density-dependent habitat use and growth of an estuarine fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 69(11):1734–1747. doi: 10.1139/f2012-098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltz DM, Rakocinski C, Fleeger JW. 1993. Microhabitat use by marsh-edge fishes in a Louisiana estuary. Environ Biol Fish. 36(2):109–126. doi: 10.1007/BF00002790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeken NS, Anderson J, Fisher M. 2023. Determining spatiotemporal trends in hatch and metamorphosis timing of young-of-year southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in Texas bays. Fish Res. 265:106722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetti DD, Grabe SW, Feeley MW, Stevens OM, Powell TM, Leingang AJ, Main KL. 2001. Development of aquaculture methods for southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. J Appl Aquac. 11(1–2):113–133. doi: 10.1300/J028v11n01_09.
   Google Scholar
• Benson NG, editor 1982. Life history requirements of selected finfish and shellfish in Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas. Vol. FWS/OBS-81/51. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington (DC). p. 97.
   Google Scholar
• Blandon LR, Ward R, King TL, Karel WJ, Monaghan JP. 2001. Preliminary genetic population structure of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, along the Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico. Fish Bull 99(4):671–678.
   Google Scholar
• Blankenship HL, Leber KM. 1995. A responsible approach to marine stock enhancement. Bethesda (MD): American Fisheries Society Symposium.
   Google Scholar
• Brown-Peterson NJ, Wyanski DM, Saborido-Rey F, Macewicz BJ, Lowerre-Barbieri SK. 2011. A standardized terminology for describing reproductive development in fishes. Mar Coast Fish. 3(1):52–70. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2011.555724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke JS, Miller JM, Hoss DE. 1991. Immigration and settlement pattern of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma in an estuarine nursery ground, North Carolina, U.S.A. Neth J Sea Res. 27(3–4):393–405. doi: 10.1016/0077-7579(91)90041-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns CM, Fuiman LA. 2020. Determining the position of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma on the reproductive energy allocation spectrum using an essential fatty acid as a maternal dietary biomarker. Environ Biol Fish. 103(9):1137–1148. doi: 10.1007/s10641-020-01013-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chagaris D, Mahmoudi B, Murphey D, Guenther C. 2012. Status of flounder fishery resources in Florida. Florida: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Chrisp JK, Nelson TR, Sackett DK, Farmer TM. 2023. Southern flounder life history diversity and contributions to fisheries from differing estuarine salinity zones. Mar Coast Fish. 15(3):e10243. doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins M. 2023. Evaluating winter migration patterns of Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) with mrPAT Satellite Tags. [MS thesis]. University of North Carolina Wilmington
   Google Scholar
• Corey MM, Leaf RT, Brown-Peterson NJ, Peterson MS, Clardy SD, Dippold DA. 2017. Growth and spawning dynamics of southern flounder in the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Mar Coast Fish. 9(1):231–243. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2017.1290722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig JK, Smith WE, Scharf FS, Monaghan JP. 2015. Estuarine residency and migration of southern flounder inferred from conventional tag returns at multiple spatial scales. Mar Coast Fish. 7(1):450–463. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2015.1079578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran MC, Wiggins JJ, Wilber DH. 2021. Flatfish habitat use of a small southeastern US tidal creek: long- and short-term occupancy patterns. Estuar Coasts. 44(6):1547–1556. doi: 10.1007/s12237-021-00903-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dance MA, Rooker JR. 2015. Habitat- and bay-scale connectivity of sympatric fishes in an estuarine nursery. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 167:447–457. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2015.10.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels HV, Berlinsky DL, Hodson RG, Sullivan CV. 1996. Effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae. J World Aquac Soc. 27(2):153–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00264.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels HV, Borski RJ. 1999. Effects of low salinity on growth and survival of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae and juveniles. Durham (NH): New Hampshire Sea Grant.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels HV, Watanabe WO. 2002. A practical hatchery manual: production of southern flounder fingerlings. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina Sea Grant.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels HV, Watanabe WO, Murashige R, Losardo T, Dumas C. 2010. Chapter 5, Culture of southern flounder In: Daniels HV, Watanabe WO, editors. Practical flatfish culture and stock enhancement. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell. p. 82–100.
   Google Scholar
• de Buron I, France SG, Connors VA, Roumillat WA, Tsoi LC. 2011. Philometrids of the southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: a multidimensional approach to determine their diversity. J Parasitol. 97(3):466–475. doi: 10.1645/GE-2564.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Buron I, Roumillat WA. 2010. Histopathology of two philometrid parasites of the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. J Wildl Dis. 46(1):277–282. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Toro-Silva FM, Miller JM, Taylor JC, Ellis TA. 2008. Influence of oxygen and temperature on growth and metabolic performance of Paralichthys lethostigma (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 358(2):113–123. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries D. 1980. Stock Assessment of adult fishes in the Core Sound, N.C. area. Morehead City, NC: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development; Division of Marine Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Enge KM, Mulholland R. 1985. Habitat suitability index models: southern and gulf flounders. 82(10.92). U.S. Washington (DC): Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson KA, West J, Dance MA, Farmer TM, Ballenger JC, Midway SR. 2021. Changing climate associated with the range-wide decline of an estuarine finfish. Glob Chang Biol. 27(11):2520–2536. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer TM, DeVries DR, Wright RA, Gagnon JE. 2013. Using seasonal variation in otolith microchemical composition to indicate largemouth bass and southern flounder residency patterns across an estuarine salinity gradient. Trans Am Fish Soc. 142(5):1415–1429. doi: 10.1080/00028487.2013.806348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandino JI, Hattori RS, Kishii A, Strüssmann CA, Somoza GM. 2012. The cortisol and androgen pathways cross talk in high temperature-induced masculinization: the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a key enzyme. Endocrinology 153(12):6003–6011. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer AJ. 1999. The life history of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in Louisiana waters [M.S. thesis]. Baton Rouge ( L A) : Louisiana State University.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer AJ, Thompson BA. 2004. The age and growth of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, from Louisiana estuarine and offshore waters. Bull Mar Sci. 75(1):63–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisheries Integrated Toolbox. 2014. NOAA Fisheries Integrated Toolbox. https://noaa-fisheries-integrated-toolbox.github.io/
   Google Scholar
• Fitzhugh GR, Crowder LB, Monaghan JP. 1996. Mechanisms contributing to variable growth in juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 53(9):1964–1973. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-53-9-1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers AM, Allen SD, Markwith AL, Lee LM. 2019. Stock assessment of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the South Atlantic, 1989–2017 Joint report of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Coastal Resources Division, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and Louisiana State University.
   Google Scholar
• Froeschke JT, Froeschke BF. 2016. Two-stage boosted regression tree model to characterize southern flounder distribution in Texas estuaries at varying population sizes. Mar Coast Fish. 8(1):222–231. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2015.1079577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeschke BF, Sterba-Boatwright B, Stunz GW. 2011. Assessing southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) long-term population trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico using time series analyses. Fish Res. 108(2–3):291–298. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2010.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeschke BF, Stunz GW, Robillard MMR, Williams J, Froeschke JT. 2013. A modeling and field approach to identify essential fish habitat for juvenile bay whiff (Citharichthys spilopterus) and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) within the Aransas Bay Complex, TX. Estuar Coast. 36(5):881–892. doi: 10.1007/s12237-013-9600-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeschke BF, Tissot P, Stunz GW, Froeschke JT. 2013. Spatiotemporal predictive models for juvenile southern flounder in Texas estuaries. N Am J Fish Manag. 33(4):817–828. doi: 10.1080/02755947.2013.811129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furey NB, Dance MA, Rooker JR. 2013. Fine-scale movements and habitat use of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in an estuarine seascape. J Fish Biol. 82(5):1469–1483. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner ST, Valenza AN, Scharf FS. 2023. Ecological mechanisms generating variable first-year growth in Paralichthys lethostigma, a coastal flatfish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 707:77–97. doi: 10.3354/meps14255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert CR. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Florida): southern, gulf, and summer flounders. 82(11.54). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 27.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg I. 1952. Flounders of the genus Paralichthys and related genera in American waters. Fish Bull 52:267–351.
   Google Scholar
• Glass LA, Rooker JR, Kraus RT, Holt GJ. 2008. Distribution, condition, and growth of newly settled southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the Galveston Bay Estuary, TX. J Sea Res. 59(4):259–268. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2008.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goethel DR, Quinn TJ, Cadrin SX. 2011. Incorporating spatial structure in stock assessment: movement modeling in marine fish population dynamics. Rev Fish Sci. 19(2):119–136. doi: 10.1080/10641262.2011.557451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieshaber CA, Midway SR, Scharf FS, Koopman H, Luckenbach JA, Middleton MA. 2016. Seasonal physiological dynamics of maturing female southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Conserv Physiol. 4(1):cow043. doi: 10.1093/conphys/cow043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guindon KY, Miller JM. 1995. Growth potential of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in low salinity nursery areas of Pamlico sound, North Carolina, USA. Neth J Sea Res. 34(1–3):89–100. doi: 10.1016/0077-7579(95)90017-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter G. 1945. Studies on the marine fishes of Texas. Austin (TX): University of Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Hall QA, Coffey DM, Streich MK, Fisher MR, Stunz GW. 2022. Social media shines light on the “hidden” impact of nighttime guided-gigging charters on Texas’ Southern Flounder fishery: a stab in the dark. PLoS One. 17(6):e0269397. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart M. 2018. Acoustic tracking of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) released in the Charleston Harbor estuarine system, South Carolina. Charleston (SC): College of Charleston.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez FJ, Powers SP, Graham WM. 2011. Detailed examination of ichthyoplankton seasonality from a high-resolution time series in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 2004–2006. Trans Am Fish Soc. 139(5):1511–1525. doi: 10.1577/T10-001.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollensead LD. 2018. Multi-scale examination of habitat use and migration dynamics of southern flounder in North Carolina estuary using acoustic telemetry techniques [PhD thesis]. University of North Carolina Wilmington.
   Google Scholar
• Honeycutt JL, Deck CA, Miller SC, Severance ME, Atkins EB, Luckenbach JA, Buckel JA, Daniels HV, Rice JA, Borski RJ, et al. 2019. Warmer waters masculinize wild populations of a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination. Sci Rep. 9(1):6527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howson UA, Targett TE. 2019. Comparison of thermohaline optima for juveniles of two sympatric paralichthyid flounders: ecophysiological evaluation of estuarine nursery quality. Estuar Coast. 43(1):135–150. doi: 10.1007/s12237-019-00658-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins WE, Smith TIJ. 1999. Pond nursery production of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and weaning to commercial diets. Aquaculture 176(1–2):173–180. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00059-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joh M, Wada A. 2018. Inter-annual and spatial difference in hatch date and settlement date distribution and planktonic larval duration in yellow striped flounder Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini. J Sea Res. 137:26–34. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2018.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kells VA, Carpenter KE. 2011. A field guide to coastal fishes: from Maine to Texas. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kenchington TJ. 2014. Natural mortality estimators for information-limited fisheries. Fish Fish. 15(4):533–562. doi: 10.1111/faf.12027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King BD. 1971. Study of migratory patterns of fish and shellfish through a natural pass. Texas Parks and Wildlife Deptartment, Technical Series No. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Kitano T, Takamune K, Nagahama Y, Abe S-I. 2000. Aromatase inhibitor and 17alpha-methyltestosterone cause sex-reversal from genetical females to phenotypic males and suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Mol Reprod Dev. 56(1):1–5. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(200005)56:1<1::AID-MRD1>3.0.CO;2-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapolla A, Buckley LJ. 2005. Hatch date distributions of young-of-year haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region: implications for recruitment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 290:239–249. doi: 10.3354/meps290239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee LM, Allen SD, Flowers AM, Li Y. 2018. Stock assessment of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the South Atlantic, 1989–2015 Joint report of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Coastal Resources Division, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and Louisiana State University.
   Google Scholar
• Loher T. 2011. Analysis of match–mismatch between commercial fishing periods and spawning ecology of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), based on winter surveys and behavioural data from electronic archival tags. ICES J Mar Sci. 68(10):2240–2251. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen K, Leber KM, Blankenship HL. 2010. Responsible approach to marine stock enhancement: an update. Rev Fish Sci. 18(2):189–210. doi: 10.1080/10641262.2010.491564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe MR, DeVries DR, Wright RA, Ludsin SA, Fryer BJ. 2010. Otolith microchemistry reveals substantial use of freshwater by southern flounder in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuar Coast. 34(3):630–639. doi: 10.1007/s12237-010-9335-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckenbach JA, Borski RJ, Daniels HV, Godwin J. 2009. Sex determination in flatfishes: mechanisms and environmental influences. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 20(3):256–263. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckenbach JA, Early LW, Rowe AH, Borski RJ, Daniels HV, Godwin J. 2005. Aromatase cytochrome P450: cloning, intron variation, and ontogeny of gene expression in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol. 303(8):643–656. doi: 10.1002/jez.a.198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luckenbach JA, Godwin J, Daniels HV, Borski RJ. 2003. Gonadal differentiation and effects of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Aquaculture 216(1–4):315–327. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00407-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckenbach JA, Murashige R, Daniels HV, Godwin J, Borski RJ. 2007. Temperature affects insulin-like growth factor I and growth of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 146(1):95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankiewicz JL, Godwin J, Holler BL, Turner PM, Murashige R, Shamey R, Daniels HV, Borski RJ. 2013. Masculinizing effect of background color and cortisol in a flatfish with environmental sex-determination. Integr Comp Biol. 53(4):755–765. doi: 10.1093/icb/ict093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Andrade F. 2018. Trends in relative abundance and size of selected finfishes and shellfishes along the Texas coast: November 1975–December 2016. Austin (TX): Texas Parks & Wildlife Department.
   Google Scholar
• McBride RS, Somarakis S, Fitzhugh GR, Albert A, Yaragina NA, Wuenschel MJ, Alonso-Fernández A, Basilone G. 2013. Energy acquisition and allocation to egg production in relation to fish reproductive strategies. Fish Fish. 16(1):23–57. doi: 10.1111/faf.12043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald DL, Bonner TH, Cason PD, Bumguardner BW, Bonnot S. 2016. Effects of three cold weather event simulations on early life stages of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). J Appl Aquac. 28(1):26–34. doi: 10.1080/10454438.2015.1120530.
   Google Scholar
• Midway SR, Cadrin SX, Scharf FS. 2014. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) stock structure inferred from otolith shape analysis. Fish Bull. 112(4):326–338. doi: 10.7755/FB.112.4.9.
   Google Scholar
• Midway SR, Scharf FS. 2012. Histological analysis reveals larger size at maturity for southern flounder with implications for biological reference points. Mar Coast Fish. 4(1):628–638. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2012.717524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midway SR, Wagner T, Arnott SA, Biondo P, Martinez-Andrade F, Wadsworth TF. 2015. Spatial and temporal variability in growth of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Fish Res. 167:323–332. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2015.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midway SR, White JW, Roumillat W, Batsavage C, Scharf FS. 2013. Improving macroscopic maturity determination in a pre-spawning flatfish through predictive modeling and whole mount methods. Fish Res. 147:359–369. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2013.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midway SR, White JW, Scharf FS. 2018. The potential for cryptic population structure to sustain a heavily exploited marine flatfish stock. Mar Coast Fish. 10(4):411–423. doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan JP. 1992. Tagging studies of Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and Gulf Flounder (Paralichthys albigutta) in North Carolina. Morehead City (NC): North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Montalvo AJ, Faulk CK, Holt GJ. 2012. Sex determination in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, from the Texas Gulf Coast. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 432-433:186–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2012.07.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais P. 2012. Comments on Lowe et al. “Otolith microchemistry reveals substantial use of freshwater by southern flounder in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuar Coast. 35(3):904–906. doi: 10.1007/s12237-011-9469-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakas CT, Watanabe WO, Copeland KA. 2004. Combined effects of photoperiod and salinity on growth, survival, and osmoregulatory ability of larval southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Aquaculture 229(1–4):159–179. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00366-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murua H, Saborido-Rey F. 2003. Female reproductive strategies of marine fish species of the North Atlantic. J Northw Atl Fish Sci. 33:23–31. doi: 10.2960/J.v33.a2.
   Google Scholar
• Music JLJ, Pafford JM. 1984. Population dynamics and life history aspects of major marine sportfishes in Georgia’s coastal waters. Brunswick (GA): Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Resources Division.
   Google Scholar
• Nall LE. 1979. Age and growth of the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in the Northern Gulf of Mexico with Notes on Paralichthys albigutta. Tallahassee (FL): Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• Nañez-James SE, Stunz GW, Holt SA. 2008. Habitat use patterns of newly settled southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in Aransas–Copano Bay, Texas. Estuar Coast. 32(2):350–359. doi: 10.1007/s12237-008-9107-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCDMF N. 2022. North Carolina southern flounder fishery managment plan amendment 3. Morehead City (NC): North Carolina Deparment of Environmental Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Nims MK, Walther BD. 2014. Contingents of southern flounder from subtropical estuaries revealed by otolith chemistry. Trans Am Fish Soc. 143(3):721–731. doi: 10.1080/00028487.2014.892535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary SJ, Hollenbeck CM, Vega RR, Portnoy DS. 2021. Disentangling complex genomic signals to understand population structure of an exploited, estuarine-dependent flatfish. Ecol Evol. 11(19):13415–13429. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell AB, Robbins RE. 1994. Abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton along an inshore-offshore transect in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 120.
   Google Scholar
• Powell AB, Schwartz F. 1977. Distribution of paralichthid flounders (Bothidae: Paralichthys) in North Carolina estuaries. Chesapeake Sci 18(4):334–339.
   Google Scholar
• Powers SP, Albins M, Mareska J. 2018. An assessment of Southern Flounder in Alabama coastal waters. Joint Report of Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, and Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division.
   Google Scholar
• Powles H, Stender BW. 1978. Taxonomic data on the early life history stages of Sciaenidae of the South Atlantic Bight of the United States. S.C. Mar. Res. Center, Tech. Rept. 31, p. 64.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice JA. 1989. Low-temperature tolerance of southern flounder in Texas. T Am Fish Soc. 118(1):30–35. doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0030:LTOSFI>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin TL, Sponaugle S. 2014. Characteristics of settling coral reef fish are related to recruitment timing and success. PLoS One. 9(9):e108871. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reagan RE, Wingo WM. 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico): Southern Flounder. 82(11.30). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Reichert MJM, van der Veer HW. 1991. Settlement, abundance, growth and mortality of juvenile flatfish in a subtropical tidal estuary (Georgia, U.S.A.). Neth J Sea Res. 27(3-4):375–391. doi: 10.1016/0077-7579(91)90040-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SG, Targett TE, Van Sant SB. 1984. Fish-nursery use in Georgia salt-marsh estuaries: the influence of springtime freshwater conditions. Trans Am Fish Soc. 113(5):595–606. doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113<595:FUIGSE>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffel TK, Hightower JE, Buckel JA, Krause JR, Scharf FS. 2020. Coupling acoustic tracking with conventional tag returns to estimate mortality for a coastal flatfish with high rates of emigration. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 77(1):1–22. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2018-0174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secor DH. 2015. Migration ecology of marine fishes. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shackell NL, Fisher JAD, den Heyer CE, Hennen DR, Seitz AC, Le Bris A, Robert D, Kersula ME, Cadrin SX, McBride RS, et al. 2021. Spatial ecology of Atlantic halibut across the northwest Atlantic: a recovering species in an era of climate change. Rev Fish Sci Aquac. 30(3):281–305. doi: 10.1080/23308249.2021.1948502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DR, Dance MA, West J, Midway SR. 2021. Spatiotemporal variability of fishery-dependent indices for the declining Louisiana southern flounder fishery. N Am J Fish Manag. 41(6):1826–1837. doi: 10.1002/nafm.10701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TIJ, Denson MR, Heyward LD, Jenkins WE, Carter LM. 1999. Salinity effects on early life stages of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. J World Aquac Soc. 30(2):236–244. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00870.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DR, Midway SR, Caffey RH, Penn JM. 2022. Economic values of potential regulation changes for the southern flounder fishery in Louisiana. Mar Coast Fish. 14(2):e10195. doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WE, Scharf FS, Hightower JE. 2009. Fishing mortality in North Carolina’s southern flounder fishery: direct estimates of instantaneous fishing mortality from a tag return experiment. Mar Coast Fish. 1(1):283–299. doi: 10.1577/C09-009.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WG, Sibunka JD, Wells A. 1975. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965–1966. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-691.
   Google Scholar
• Sogard SM, Able KW, Hagan SM. 2001. Long-term assessment of settlement and growth of juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in New Jersey estuaries. J Sea Res. 45(3-4):189–204. doi: 10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00048-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen C. 2019. Spatial and temporal variability in the egress of southern flounder in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. College Station (TX): Texas A&M University.
   Google Scholar
• Steffen C, Stephens S, Dance MA, Lippi DL, Jensen CC, Wells RJD, Rooker JR. 2023. Estuarine-coastal connectivity and partial migration of southern flounder in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuar Coast Shelf S. 294:108545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes GM. 1977. Life history studies of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and Gulf flounder (P. albigutta) in the Aransas Bay area of Texas. Austin (TX): Texas Parks and Wildlife Deptartment.
   Google Scholar
• Stunz GW, Linton TL, Colura RL. 2000. Age and growth of southern flounder in Texas waters, with emphasis on Matagorda Bay. Trans Am Fish Soc. 129(1):119–125. doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0119:AAGOSF>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata K. 1991. Induction of gynogenetic diploid males and presumption of sex determination in the hirame Paralichthys olivaceus. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 57(5):845–850. doi: 10.2331/suisan.57.845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takade-Heumacher H, Batsavage C. 2009. Stock status of North Carolina southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Morehead City (NC): North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor JC, Miller JM. 2001. Physiological performance of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan and Gilbert, 1884), in chronic and episodic hypoxia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 258(2):195–214. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0981(01)00215-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JC, Miller JM, Pietrafesa LJ, Dickey DA, Ross SW. 2010. Winter winds and river discharge determine juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) recruitment and distribution in North Carolina estuaries. J Sea Res. 64(1-2):15–25. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2009.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor WE, Tomasso JR, Kempton CJ, Smith TIJ. 2000. Low-temperature tolerance of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: effect of salinity. J World Aquaculture Soc. 31(1):69–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00699.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker CA. 2011. Reproductive analysis of southern and gulf flounders (Paralichthys lethostigma and P. albigutta) in South Carolina based on scuba surveys. Charleston (SC): College of Charleston.
   Google Scholar
• van Maaren CC, Daniels HV. 2000. A practical guide to the morphological development of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma from hatch through metamorphosis. J Appl Aquac. 10(2):1–9. doi: 10.1300/J028v10n02_01.
   Google Scholar
• van Maaren CC, Daniels HV. 2001. Effects of temperature on egg hatch, larval growth and metamorphosis for hatchery-cultured southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. J Appl Aquac. 11(1-2):21–33. doi: 10.1300/J028v11n01_03.
   Google Scholar
• VanderKooy S. 2015. Management profile for the Gulf and Southern Flounder fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Ocean Springs (MS): Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh HJ. 2007. Distribution of fall/winter-spawned larval fish in relation to hydrographic fronts on the North Carolina shelf: Implications for larval transport mechanisms. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina State University.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh HJ, Peters DS, Cyrus DP. 1999. Habitat utilization by small flatfishes in a North Carolina estuary. Estuaries 22(3):803–813. doi: 10.2307/1353113.
   Google Scholar
• Wang VH, McCartney MA, Scharf FS. 2015. Population genetic structure of southern flounder inferred from multilocus DNA profiles. Mar Coast Fish. 7(1):220–232. doi: 10.1080/19425120.2015.1037473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang VH, White JW, Arnott SA, Scharf FS. 2018. Population connectivity of southern flounder in the US South Atlantic revealed by otolith chemical analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 596:165–179. doi: 10.3354/meps12576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warlen SM, Burke JS. 1990. Immigration of larvae of fall/winter spawning marine fishes into a North Carolina estuary. Estuaries 13(4):453–461. doi: 10.2307/1351789.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe WO, Woolridge CA, Daniels HV. 2006. Progress toward year-round spawning of southern flounder broodstock by manipulation of photoperiod and temperature. J World Aquaculture Soc. 37(3):256–272. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00036.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watterson JC, Alexander JL. 2004. Southern flounder escapement in North Carolina, July 2001–June 2004. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Wenner CA, Archambault J. 2005. Southern Flounder: The natural history and fishing techniques in South Carolina. Charleston (SC): South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Wenner CA, Roumillat WA, Moran J, Maddox JE, Daniel MB, Lb III, Smith JW. 1990. Investigations of the life history and population dynamics of marine recreational fishes in South Carolina: Part 1. Charleston (SC): Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department.
   Google Scholar
• West J, Zhang X, Allgood T, Adriance J, Erickson KA, Midway SR. 2020. Assessment of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in Louisiana waters. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Wieland K, Jarre-Teichmann A, Horbowa K. 2000. Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment. ICES J Mar Sci. 57(2):452–464. doi: 10.1006/jmsc.1999.0522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff R. 1977. Preliminary stock assessment, North Carolina: Flounder (Paralichthys sp.). Morehead City (NC): North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development; Division of Marine Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi T, Yoshinaga N, Yazawa T, Gen K, Kitano T. 2010. Cortisol is involved in temperature-dependent sex determination in the Japanese flounder. Endocrinology 151(8):3900–3908. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto E. 1999. Studies on sex-manipulation and production of cloned populations in hirame, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture 173(1-4):235–246. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00448-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zastrow CE, Houde ED, Morin LG. 1991. Spawning, fecundity, hatch-date frequency and young-of-the-year growth of bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli in mid-Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 73:161–171. doi: 10.3354/meps073161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar