Control over the utilization of the loan and the pattern of the gendered division of labor in the loan-funded activity: A case of Duterimbere MFI in Rwanda

References

• Ackerly, B. A. (1995). Testing the tools of development: Credit programmes, loan involvement, and women's empowerment. IDS Bulletin, 26(3), 56–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akotey, J. O., & Adjasi, C. K. (2016). Does microcredit increase household welfare in the absence of microinsurance? World Development, 77, 380–394.10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhassan, A.-R., & Akudugu, M. A. (2012). Impact of microcredit on income generation capacity of women in the Tamale metropolitan area of Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(5), 41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, A. (2011). Feminist perspectives on power. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/feminist-power/
   Google Scholar
• Amin, M. E. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology and analysis. Kampala: Makerere University.
   Google Scholar
• Angko, W. (2013). Microfinance and poverty reduction nexus among rural women in selected districts in the Upper west region of Ghana. Developing Country Studies, 3(9), 128–141.
   Google Scholar
• Arestoff, F., & Djemai, E. (2016). Women’s empowerment across the life cycle and generations: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 87, 70–87.10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, K. D. (1987). Methods of social research (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan. London: Collier Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bamwesigye, J. (2008). Banking the unbankables: Microfinance and poverty reduction in Rwanda: A case study of Urwego opportunity microfinance bank. Retrieved from Erasmus University https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/7054/Bamwesigye%20PPSD%202007-08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bayisenge, J. (2010). Access to Paid Work and Women’s Empowerment in Rwanda. Rwanda Journal, 19(1), 84–106.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices. Textbooks collection. Book 3.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. (2008). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheston, S., & Kuhn, L. (2002). Empowering women through microfinance (Draft). Chicago, IL: Opportunity International.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, T. A., & Mukhopadhaya, P. (2014). Are women less efficient in converting microcredit into functionings? Evidence from Bangladesh. The European Journal of Development Research, 26(5), 725–742.10.1057/ejdr.2013.57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ganle, J. K., Afriyie, K., & Segbefia, A. Y. (2015). Microcredit: Empowerment and Disempowerment of rural Women in Ghana. World Development, 66, 335–345.10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobezie, G. (2010). Empowerment of women in rural Ethiopia: A review of two microfinance models. PRAXIS: The Fletcher Journal of Human Security, XXV, 23–37.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, A. M., & Gupta, R. S. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), 45–63.10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, A., & Safavian, M. (2013). Are Pakistan’s women entrepreneurs being served by the microfinance sector?: Are they being served by the microfinance sector? Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Heyzer, N. (1994). Increasing women’s access to credit in Asia, achievements and limitations. In N. Heyzer & G. Sen (Eds.), Gender, economic growth and poverty: Market growth and state planning in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 280–297). New Delhi: Kali for Women and International Books, Netherlands in collaboration with Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Kuala Lumpur.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, J., & Kasynathan, N. (2002). Reflections on microfinance and women’s empowerment. Development Bulletin, 57, 71–75.
   Google Scholar
• Idris, A. J., & Agbim, K. C. (2015). Micro-credit as a strategy for poverty alleviation among women entrepreneurs in Nasarawa State. Nigeria. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 6(3), 122–143.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, T. (2012). Microcredit and poverty alleviation. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. (1998). ‘Money can’t buy me love’? Re-evaluating gender, credit and empowerment in rural Bangladesh (Discussion Paper). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464.10.1111/dech.1999.30.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. (2001). Conflicts over credit: Re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in Rural Bangladesh. World Development, 29(1), 63–84.10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00081-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karl, M. (2009). Inseparable: The crucial role of women in food security revisited. Women in action, 1(1), 8–19.
   Google Scholar
• Kessey, K. D. (2014). Micro credit and promotion of small and medium enterprises in informal sector of Ghana: Lessons from experience. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(6), 768–780.
   Google Scholar
• Lakwo, A. (2006). Microfinance, rural livelihoods, and women’s empowerment in Uganda. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved December 21, 2012, from www.ascleiden.nl
   Google Scholar
• Longwe, S. (1991). Gender awareness: The missing element in the third world development project. In T. Wallace & C. March (Eds.), Changing perceptions: Writings on gender and development (pp. 149–157). Oxford: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Lyby, E. (2006). Microfinance and gender roles in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• March, C., Smyth, I. A., & Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999). A guide to gender-analysis frameworks. Oxford: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Mayoux, L. (1999). Questioning virtuous spirals: Micro-finance and women’s empowerment in Africa. Journal of International Development, 11(7), 957–984.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1328
   Google Scholar
• Meier-Pesti, K., & Goetze, E. (2005). Masculinity and femininity as predictors of financial risk-taking: Evidence from a priming study on gender salience. E-European Advances in Consumer Research, 7, 45–46.
   Google Scholar
• Melnichuk, V.. (2015). Special of the month: Gender and development: Men are important. Issue No.5, January.
   Google Scholar
• Muraleedharan, D. K. (2005). Empowering Women: Inter-State Comparison of Indian Experiments. Research Project report submitted to Indian Council of Social Science Research, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, New Delhi (Unpublished report). Retrieved from www.eldis.orgfulltextempoweringwomen.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Statistics in Rwanda. (2012). Fourth population and housing census. Rwanda: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, I., Lim, J., & Pineda, F. (2013). Content validity using a mixed methods approach its application and development through the use of a table of specifications methodology. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 7(3), 243–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo, T. M. P., & Wahhaj, Z. (2012). Microfinance and gender empowerment. Journal of Development Economics, 99(1), 1–12.10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (version 12). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Panigrahy, R. L. (2006). Women empowerment. New Delhi: DiscoveryPublishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Peege, F. C. (2010). Study on supply of training in the financial sector of Rwanda, especially the microfinance sector. Retrieved from www.sparkassenstiftung.de
   Google Scholar
• Rani, D. L., & Yadeta, D. B. (2016). Empowerment of rural women through cooperative: A case of saving and credit cooperative society of Dendi district, Oromia regional state. Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(8), 367–373.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland-Serdar, B., & Schwartz-Shea, P. (1991). Empowering women: Self, autonomy, and responsibility. The Western Political Quarterly, 44(3), 605–624.
   Google Scholar
• Salem, R., Cheong, Y. F., VanderEnde, K., & Yount, K. M. (2015, June). Is women’s work a pathway to their agency in rural Egypt? (Working Papers No. 922). Dokki: Economic Research Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Sardenberg, C. M. B. (2008). Liberal vs liberating empowerment: A Latin American feminist perspective on conceptualising women’s empowerment. IDS Bulletin, 39(6), 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simojoki, H. (2003). Empowering credit-more than just money: The socio-economic impact of micro-finance on women in Nairobi (Unpublished thesis).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. M. (1972). Interviewing in market and social research. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stromquist, N. P. (1988). Women’s education in development: From welfare to empowerment. Convergence, 21(4), 5–17.
   Google Scholar
• Umashankar, D. (2006). Women’s empowerment: Effect of participation in self-help groups (Unpublished dissertation). Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2009). Rwanda: Investing in the empowerment of women in business, report reproduced for BizCLIR project. Retrieved from http://www.bizclir.com/galleries/country-assessments/Rwanda_GenderCLIR.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Relief Rwanda. (1999). Impact assessment of TF UK clients in the world relief Rwanda URWEGO program.
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. (1992). Household Resource Management. In L. Ostergaard (Ed.), Gender and Development: A Practical Guide (pp. 135–164). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar