Examining the psychometric properties of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory and Brief Cope in the firefighter population

References

• Alghamdi, M., Hunt, N., & Thomas, S. (2017). Prevalence rate of PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms among Saudi firefighters. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders and Treatment, 05(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8947.1000164
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, M., Grobbelaar, H. W., & Potgieter, J. C. (2007). Sport psychological skill levels and related psychosocial factors that distinguish between rugby union players of different participation levels. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i1.25951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avraham, N., Goldblatt, H., & Yafe, E. (2014). Paramedics’ experiences and coping strategies when encountering critical incidents. Qualitative Health Research, 24(2), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313519867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, M. J., Williams, B., Bibby, C., Morton, A., & Huggins, C. (2010). The first 7 years of the metropolitan fire brigade emergency responder program – An overview of incidents attended. Open Access Emergency Medicine : OAEM, 2,(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S12541
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 99–136). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S. (2011). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G. S. J., Carpenter, T. P., Kimbrel, N. A., Flynn, E. J., Pennington, M. L., Cammarata, C., Zimering, R. T., Kamholz, B. W., & Gulliver, S. B. (2015). Social support, stress, and suicidal ideation in professional firefighters. American Journal of Health Behavior, 39(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.39.2.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlin, M. J. A., & Green, H. J. (2010). Stress and coping strategies among firefighters and recruits. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 15(6), 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S., Niles, J. K., Webber, M. P., Zeig-Owens, R., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Rizzotto, L., Kelly, K. J., Cohen, H. W., & Prezant, D. J. (2011). Evaluating risk factors and possible mediation effects in posttraumatic depression and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Public Health Reports, 126(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, B., MacPhee, R., Socha, D., & Fischer, S. L. (2016). A physical demands description of paramedic work in Canada. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 53(1), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2016.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, B., & Mitchell, W. (2013). Occupational health effects for firefighters: The extent and implications of physical and psychological injuries. Centre of full employment and equity, Melbourne (pp. 1–71).
   Google Scholar
• Dean, P. G., Gow, K. M., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2014). Counting the cost: Psychological distress in career and auxiliary firefighters. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2003(1). Retrieved from http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2003-1/dean.htm
   Google Scholar
• Decoster, J. (2005). Scale construction notes. Retrieved from www.stat-help.com/notes.html
   Google Scholar
• Difede, J., Malta, L. S., Best, S., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T., Bryant, R., & Marmar, C. (2007). A randomized controlled clinical treatment trial for world trade center attack-related PTSD in disaster workers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(10), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. A. (2014). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Evarts, B., & Molis, J. L. (2018). United States firefighter injuries in 2017. https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/Emergency-responders/osffinjuries.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Evarts, B., & Stein, G. (2019, March). U.S. Fire Department Profile 2017. National Fire Protection Association. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/Emergency-responders/osfdprofile.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fahy, R. F., & Molis, J. L. (2018). Firefighter Fatalities in the US - 2018. National fire protection association (pp. 1–26).
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, S. L., Sinden, K. E., & MacPhee, R. S. (2017). Identifying the critical physical demanding tasks of paramedic work: Towards the development of a physical employment standard. Applied Ergonomics, 65(1), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1370–1376. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, N., Baker, J., & Hagelgans, D. (2016). The private traumas of first responders. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 72(3), 168–185. https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2016.0015
   Google Scholar
• Gnacinski, S. L., Ebersole, K. T., Cornell, D. J., Mims, J., & Meyer, B. B. (2015). The psychology of firefighting: An examination of psychological skills use among firefighters. Journal of Performance Psychology, 9, 1–24. Retrieved from https://www.nu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/The-Journal-of-Performance-Psychology-Issue-Nine.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gnacinski, S. L., Meyer, B. B., Cornell, D. J., Zalewski, K. R., & Ebersole, K. T. (2015). Tactical athletes: An integrated approach to understanding and enhancing the health and performance of firefighters-in-training. International Journal of Exercise Science, 8(7), 341–357. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1721&context=ijes
   Google Scholar
• Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, D., Weiss, M., & Weinberg, R. (1981). Psychological characteristics of successful and nonsuccessful Big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 3(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.3.1.69
   Google Scholar
• Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Poston, W. S. C., Jitnarin, N., Kaipust, C. M., Tuley, B., & Hyder, M. L. (2012). Alcohol use among firefighters in the Central United States. Occupational Medicine, 62(8), 661–664. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, C., & Mallon, K. (2003). A preliminary investigation of post-traumatic stress symptoms among firefighters. Work and Stress, 17(3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370310001625649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffer, T., Willoughby, T., & McDonald, S. (2017). A count of coping strategies: A longitudinal study investigating an alternative method to understanding coping and adjustment. PloS One, 12(10), e0186057. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokanson, M., & Wirth, B. (2000). The critical incident stress debriefing process for the Los Angeles county fire department: Automatic and effective. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2(4), 249–258. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a089/25f512182faf5dd8a5ef51e072d6f1bd00af.pdf
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmér, I., & Gavhed, D. (2007). Classification of metabolic and respiratory demands in fire fighting activity with extreme workloads. Applied Ergonomics, 38(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2006.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S. A., Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., & Murphy, B. (2016). Firefighting and mental health: Experiences of repeated exposure to trauma. Work, 53(4), 737–744. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan, J. B., Bergman, A. L., Christopher, M., Bowen, S., & Hunsinger, M. (2017). Role of resilience in mindfulness training for first responders. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0713-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrough, S., DeBolt, L., & Balkin, R. S. (2007). Use of the athletic coping skills inventory for prediction of performance in collegiate baseball. The Sport Journal, 10(1). Retrieved from https://ida.lib.uidaho.edu:7215/apps/doc/A170372868/HRCA?u=mosc00780&sid=HRCA&xid=dae0cf15
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kunadharaju, K., Smith, T. D., & DeJoy, D. M. (2011). Line-of-duty deaths among U.S. firefighters: An analysis of fatality investigations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, J. E., Benight, C. C., Harrison, E., & Cieslak, R. (2012). The firefighter coping self-efficacy scale: Measure development and validation. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 25(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.567328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, M. J., Rush, S., Weingart, S. D., Brooks, J., & Gallo, I. A. (2016). Potential role for psychological skills training in emergency medicine. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 28(5), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., Morgan, G. A., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2014). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics (5th ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lorello, G. R., Hicks, C. M., Ahmed, S.-A., Unger, Z., Chandra, D., & Hayter, M. A. (2016). Mental practice: A simple tool to enhance team-based trauma resuscitation. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(2), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2015.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison, R., & Prapavessis, H. (2005). A psychological approach to the prediction and prevention of athletic injury. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(3), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.3.289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, N., Krämer, L., & Schürmann, V. (2019). Mental preparation strategies and firefighter’s performance under stress. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 9(4), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V9-N4-332-343
   Google Scholar
• Martin, C. E., Tran, J. K., & Buser, S. J. (2017). Correlates of suicidality in firefighter/EMS personnel. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208(1), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitani, S., Fujita, M., Sakamoto, S., & Shirakawa, T. (2006). Effect of autogenic training on cardiac autonomic nervous activity in high-risk fire service workers for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(5), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwood, P. J., & Newman, J. (2014). Train like the tactical athlete you are! V. 12(167). Retrieved from https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-167/issue-12/features/train-like-the-tactical-athlete-you-are.html
   Google Scholar
• Nydegger, R., Nydegger, L., & Basile, F. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping among career professional firefighters. American Journal of Health Sciences, 2(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajhs.v2i1.4365
   Google Scholar
• Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2015). Relation between resiliency and post-traumatic growth in a group of paramedics: The mediating role of coping strategies. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 28(4), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Husin, F., Raman, A., & Amzat, I. H. (2014). Towards understanding the coping strategy among student-athletes. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 4(7), 53–63. Retrieved from http://repo.uum.edu.my/13696/1/6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ozcan, V., & Gunay, M. (2017). The Turkish adaptation of athletic coping skills inventory-28 (ACSI-28): The validity and reliability study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 19(1), 130–136. Retrieved from https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/athletic-coping-skills-inventory-28-acsi-28-toad.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2010). The relation of perceived and received social support to mental health among first responders: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regehr, C., Hill, J., Knott, T., & Sault, B. (2003). Social support, self-efficacy and trauma in new recruits and experienced firefighters. Stress and Health, 19(4), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, J. A. (2001). General fire fighter job functions job analysis. www.iaff.org/HS/wfiresource/Seattle/Misc/FireFighterJobAnalysesSeattle.doc
   Google Scholar
• Roszkowski, M. J., & Soven, M. (2010). Shifting gears: Consequences of including two negatively worded items in the middle of a positively worded questionnaire. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930802618344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salma, C. L., & Meyers, M. C. (2019). Athletic and pain coping skills of competitive female equestrian athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 42(1), 91–108. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Meyers3/publication/340247605_Athletic_and_Pain_Coping_Skills_of_Competitive_Female_Equestrian_Athletes/links/5e7edf64458515efa0b11306/Athletic-and-Pain-Coping-Skills-of-Competitive-Female-Equestrian-Athletes.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sliter, M., Kale, A., & Yuan, Z. (2014). Is humor the best medicine? The buffering effect of coping humor on traumatic stressors in firefighters. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L. J., Bartlett, B. A., Tran, J. K., Gallagher, M. W., Alfano, C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019). Sleep disturbance among firefighters: Understanding associations with alcohol use and distress tolerance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9955-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. E., Schutz, R. W., Smoll, F. L., & Ptacek, J. T. (1995). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: The athletic coping skills inventory-28. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(4), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.4.379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spieler, M., Czech, D. R., Joyner, A. B., Munkasy, B., Gentner, N., & Long, J. (2007). Predicting athletic success: Factors contributing to the success of NCAA division I AA collegiate football players. Athletic Insight, 9(2), 22–33. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62ac/a088530753d444faac231f2c20cd7b71499d.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics. Clinical Psychology Review, 44(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tait, A. R., & Voepel-Lewis, T. (2015). Survey research: It’s just a few questions, right? Pediatric Anesthesia, 25(7), 656–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.12680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiesman, H. M., Konda, S., Hartley, D., Menéndez, C. C., Ridenour, M., & Hendricks, S. (2015). Suicide in U.S. Workplaces, 2003–2010. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(6), 674–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaka, J., Magoc, D., Morales-Monks, S. M., & Reyes, A. C. (2017). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol-related outcomes among municipal firefighters: Posttraumatic stress and alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Sonderen, E., Sanderman, R., Coyne, J. C., & Baradaran, H. R. (2013). Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PloS One, 8(7), e68967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J., Jr, Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220‒233. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans, C., Comyns, T. M., Cahalan, R., Hayes, K., Costello, V., Warrington, G. D., Harrison, A. J., Lyons, M., Campbell, M. J., Glynn, L. G., & Kenny, I. C. (2019). The relationship between physical and wellness measures and injury in amateur rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 40(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip, J., Zeig-Owens, R., Webber, M. P., Kablanian, A., Hall, C. B., Vossbrinck, M., Liu, X., Weakley, J., Schwartz, T., Kelly, K. J., & Prezant, D. J. (2016). World Trade Center-related physical and mental health burden among New York city fire department emergency medical service workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 73(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, P. R., & Knight, E. L. (2014). Use of psychological skills by risk sport athletes. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 11(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1061
   Google Scholar