2,062
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Narrative of governance crisis in Nigeria: Allegory of resource curse and “Emergence” in Tunde Kelani’s Saworoide and Agogo-Èèwò

ORCID Icon | (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1809804 | Received 22 Aug 2019, Accepted 10 Aug 2020, Published online: 14 Sep 2020

References

  • Abioye, F. T. (2011). Constitution-making, legitimacy and the rule of law: A comparative analysis. The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 44 (1), 59–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23253114
  • Achebe, C. (1997). English and the African writer. Transition, 75/76, 342–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935429
  • Achinger, C. (2013). Allegories of destruction: “Woman” and “the Jew” in Otto Weininger’s sex and character. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory, 88(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00168890.2013.784120
  • Adebanwi, W. (2017). Africa’s ‘two publics’: Colonialism and governmentality. Theory, Culture & Society, 34(4), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416667197
  • Adejumo, A. (2007). From the eagle’s eyes: A reminiscence of the 18th century trans-Atlantic slave trade in the Yorùbá historical plays. Studies of Tribes Tribals, 5(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2007.11886552
  • Adeleke, D. A. (2004). Lessons from Yorùbá mythology. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 39(3), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909604049971
  • Ademoyega, A. (1981). Why we struck: The story of the first Nigerian coup. Evans.
  • Adeoti, G. (2009). Home video films and the democratic imperative in contemporary Nigeria’. Journal of African Cinemas, 1(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.1.1.35/1
  • Adeoti, G. (2014). Nigerian video films in Yoruba: Occasional Monograph No. 30 published by the Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation (CBAAC).
  • Adesokan, A. (2009). Practising ‘democracy’ in Nigerian films. African Affairs, 108(433), 599–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adp044
  • Agovi, K. E. (1990). The origin of literary theatre in colonial Ghana, 1920-1957. Research Review, 6(l), 1–22.
  • Akinyemi, A. (2007). Oral literature, aesthetic transfer, and social vision in two Yoruba video films. Research in African Literatures, 38(3), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2007.38.3.122
  • Akoma, C. (2007). Griot with attitude: Maryse Condé’s “The Last of the African Kings” and New World narrative order. Research in African Literatures, 38(3), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2007.38.3.112
  • Alawode, S. O., & Sunday, U. (2014). Home video films and grassroots’ relevance in Nigerian political process. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(1), 1–8.
  • Asay, T. M. (2013). Image and allegory: The simulacra logic of Piers’s Pardon. Exemplaria, 25(3), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1179/1041257313Z.00000000034
  • Askanius, T. (2012). Radical online video: YouTube, video activism and social movement media practices. A thesis presented to the Department of Communication and Media, Lund University.
  • Auty, R. (Ed.). (2001). Resource abundance and economic development. Oxford University Press.
  • Ayodabo, S. (2016). Exploration of proverb as a crucial device in Tunde Kelani’s Saworoide. An unpublished essay. Retrieved July 14, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304248517_Exploration_of_Proverb_as_a_Crucial_Device_in_Tunde_Kelani’s_Saworoide
  • Azikwe, N. (1937). Renascent Africa. The University of Virginia.
  • Balogun, L. (2018). Poetics of mnemonic strategy: The art of adaptation and the spirituality of being & things in Tunde Kelani’s Saworoide and The Narrow Path. Journal of African Films & Diaspora Studies, 1(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-2713/2018/v1n1a4
  • Bamgbose, G. (2019). Images of colonialism in the text of two female poets. In K. Kalu & T. Falola (Eds.), Exploitation and misrule in colonial and postcolonial Africa (pp. 77–100). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Banerji, A. (2012). Global and national leadership in good governance. UN Chronicle. 52(4). https://unchronicle.un.org/article/global-and-national-leadership-good-governance
  • Boadu, S. O. (1985). African Oral Artistry and the New Social Order. In M. K. Asante & K. W. Asante (Eds.), African Culture: The. Rhythms of Unity, (pp. 83-90). Greenwood Press
  • Boron, L. (2019). Ideology of the agrarian myth: Kurosawa’s Seven Samurai and Sturges’ The Magnificent Seven. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 36(4), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2019.1587339
  • Brljak, V. (2017). The age of allegory. Studies in Philology, 114(4), 697–719. https://doi.org/10.1353/sip.2017.0025
  • Brozgal, L. (2013). When good sentiments make for “bad” cinema: Reconsidering allegory in Un été à la goulette. Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, 13 13 17(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/17409292.2013.7422631
  • Brozgal, L. (2013). When good sentiments make for When good sentiments make for “bad” cinema: Reconsidering allegory in Un été à la goulette cinema: Reconsidering allegory in Un été à la goulette. Contemporary French and Francophone Studies,17(1), 28–37.
  • Caesar, T. D. (2010). The trickster, the griot, and the goddess: Optimal consciousness in the works of Ntozake Shange, Kara Walker and India. Arie. A Thesis Paper 193 submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky in partial fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts.
  • Chakraborty, A. (2014). ‘Nationalism, ethnicity and gender in Ngugi’s The Black Hermit. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 6(9), 162–174.
  • Charron, N., & Lapuente, V. (2009). Does democracy produce quality of government? QoG Working Paper Series 2009: 1of The Quality Of Government Institute. Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg.
  • Cheref, A. (2017). Films effecting/affecting politics: La Bataille d’Alger (1966) and Indigènes (2006). Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 34(5), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2016.1144040
  • Cichosz, M. (2017). Postmodern allegory and 1960s melancholy in Pynchon’s Inherent Vice, Critique. Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 58(5), 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/00111619.2017.1330249
  • Collier, P. (2008). The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford University Press.
  • Collier, P., Elliot, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap. Oxford University Press.
  • Dawson, J. (2016). Cultures of democracy in Serbia and Bulgaria: How ideas shape publics. Routledge Taylor & Francis.
  • Dimitriu, I. (2014). J. M. Coetzee’s The Childhood of Jesus: A postmodern allegory? Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 26(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/1013929X.2014.897819
  • Dovey, T. (1988). Allegory vs allegory: The divorce of different modes of allegorical perception in Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians.. Journal of Literary Studies, 4(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564718808529860
  • Drinot, P. (2011). The meaning of Alan Garcia: Sovereignty and governmentality in neoliberal Peru. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 20(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2011.588514
  • Egudu, R. (1975). African literature and social problems. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 9(3), 421–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/484133
  • Ekeh, P. P. (1975). Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(1), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500007659
  • Emenyeonu, B. N. (1997). Military intervention in Nigerian politics: What has the press got to do with it?’ A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester.
  • Franke, V., Hampel‐Milagrosa, A. Schure, J. (2007). In control of natural wealth? Governing the resource‐conflict dynamic. Research Paper, NR, BONN: BICC. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305143070_In_Control_of_Natural_Wealth_Governing_the_resource_conflict_dynamic
  • George, O. J., Amujo, O. C., & Cornelius, N. (2012). Military intervention in the Nigerian politics and its impact on the development of managerial Elite: 1966-1979. Canadian Social Science, 8(6), 45–53. DOI: 10.3968/j.css.1923669720120806.1560.
  • Gilfedder, D. (2016). The king’s speech: An allegory of imperial rapport. In M. Merck (Ed.), The British monarchy on screen (pp. 205–221). Manchester University Press.
  • Gjerløw, H., Knutsen, C. H., Wig, T., & Wilson, M. C. (2018). Stairways to Denmark: Does the sequence of state-building and democratization matter for economic development? Working Paper SERIES 2018: 72, The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg.
  • Hale, T. A. (1994). Griottes: Female voices from West Africa. Research in African Literatures, 25(3), 71–91 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819846?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
  • Hale, T. A. (1998). Griots and Griottes: Masters of words and music. Indiana UP.
  • Harris, R. A., & Tolmie, S. (2011). Cognitive allegory: An introduction. Metaphor and Symbol, 26(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2011.556486
  • Hayden, L. K. (1975). The man died, prison notes of Wole Soyinka: A recorder and visionary. CLA Journal, 18(4), 542–552.
  • Hayford, J. E. C. (1911). Ethiopia unbound: Studies in race emancipation. Cass.
  • Haynes, J. (2006). Political critique in Nigerian video films. African Affairs, 105(421), 511–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi125
  • Herbert, D. (2012). “It is what it is”: The Wire and the politics of anti-allegorical television drama. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 29(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509200903120047
  • Herhuth, E. (2014). Cooking like a rat: Sensation and politics in Disney-Pixar’s Ratatouille. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 31(5), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2012.679507
  • Hile, R. E. (2017). Spenser’s satire of indirection: Affiliation, allusion, allegory. In R. E. Hile (Ed.), Spenserian satire: A tradition of indirection (pp. 11-37). Manchester University Press.
  • Hodgson, G. (2000). The concept of emergence in social science: Its history and importance. Emergence, 2(4), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327000EM0204_08
  • Human Rights Watch. (2007). Criminal politics: Violence, “godfathers” and corruption in Nigeria. Human Right Reports, 19(16A), 31–35. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria1007webwcover_0.pdf
  • Hume, K. (2010). Politicizing lynch/lynching politics: Reification in Blue Velvet and Wild at Heart. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 27(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509200802350364
  • Humes, L. H. (2016). African American storytelling: A vehicle for providing culturally relevant education in urban public schools in the United States. Doctoral dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Ed.D. in Executive Leadership, Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. School of Education St. John Fisher College.
  • Isola, A. (1986). Features of the contemporary Yoruba novel. Présence Africaine, (139), nouvelle série, 57-73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24351124
  • Joseph, R. A. (1999). Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaarst-Brown, M. L. (2017). Once upon a time: Crafting allegories to analyze and share the cultural complexity of strategic alignment. European Journal of Information Systems, 26(3), 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41303-017-0042-5
  • Kalu, K., & Falola, T. (2019). Introduction: Exploitation, colonialism, and postcolonial misrule in Africa. In K. Kalu & T. Falola (Eds.), Exploitation and misrule in colonial and postcolonial Africa (pp. 1–24). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Karl, T. L. (1997). The paradox of plenty: Oil booms and petro states. University of California Press doi:10.1525/9780520918696
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. World Bank Policy Research Paper No. 5430.
  • Keller, H. (2009). Griot is the word: The dichotomous relationship between oral and written history in West Africa. Podcast Transcript Retrieved July 09, 2019, from https://www2.humboldt.edu/isjournal/sites/default/files/Griot-is-the-Word.pdf
  • Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money. An eBook. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from www.gutenberg.net
  • Khan, V. (2017). Allegory, poetic theology, and enlightenment aesthetics. In P. A. Kottman (Ed.), The insistence of art: Aesthetic philosophy after early modernity (pp. 31–54). Fordham University Press.
  • Knapp, E. (2014). Reading allegory in a secular age: Mid-century theology and the allegories of Frye and Jameson. Exemplaria, 26(2–3), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1179/1041257314Z.00000000048
  • Knapp, E. (2015). Towards a material allegory: Allegory and urban space in Hoccleve, Langland, and Gower. Exemplaria, 27(1–2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1179/1041257315Z.00000000066
  • Lash, D. (2019). “You can’t imagine how terrible it is to make the wrong choice”— Faith, agency and self-pity in Andrei Tarkovsky’s Stalker. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 36(4), 264–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2019.1589855
  • Lewis, C. S. (1958). The allegory of Love: A study in medieval tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Lincoln, S. L. (2010). “Rotten English”: Excremental politics and literary witnessing. In W. Adebanwi & E. Obadare (Eds.), Encountering the Nigerian State (pp. 1–28). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Maier, K. (2000). This house has fallen: Nigeria in crisis. Penguin Books.
  • Mainasara, A. M. (1982). The five majors: Why they struck. Hudahuda Publishing Company.
  • Mayne, J. (1976). The politics of ‘political film’. Quarterly Review of Film Studies, 1(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509207609360937
  • McCall, J. C. (2004). Juju and justice at the movies: Vigilantes in Nigerian popular videos. African Studies Review, 47(3), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002020600030444
  • Meyer, B. (2010). “There Is a Spirit in that Image”: Mass-Produced Jesus Pictures and Protestant-Pentecostal Animation in Ghana. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(1), 100–130. 1 doi:10.1017/S001041750999034X
  • Milford, M., & Rowland, R. C. (2012). Situated ideological allegory and Battlestar Galactica.. Western Journal of Communication, 76(5), 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2011.651254
  • Monelle, R. (1997). BWV 886 as allegory of listening. Contemporary Music Review, 16(4), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494469700640251
  • Moore, M. (2001). Political underdevelopment: What causes ‘bad governance’. Working Paper, The Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
  • Moosavinia, S. R., & Baji, M. (2018). “Tropological” possible worlds: Allegorical extratextual referentiality of postmodern space in Calvino’s Invisible Cities. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2018.1508808
  • Niño, H. P., & Le Billon, P. (2014). Foreign aid, resource rents, and state fragility in Mozambique and Angola. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 656(9), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214544458
  • Obadare, E., & Adebanwi, W. (2010). Introduction: Excess and abjection in the study of the African state. In W. Adebanwi & E. Obadare (Eds.), Encountering the Nigerian State (pp. 1–28). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Okoh, L. (2018). What is a griot and why are they important? https://theculturetrip.com/africa/mali/articles/what-is-a-griot-and-why-are-they-important/
  • Olaiya, T. A. (2011). Legal and governance issues in Nigerian state administration. Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
  • Olaiya, T. A. (2014). Youth and ethnic movements and their impacts on party politics in ECOWAS member states. Sage Open, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522072
  • Olaiya, T. A. (2015). Patrimonial politics as a functional threat to good governance and development in West Africa. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: F Political Science, 15(6), 10–26. https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume15/2-Patrimonial-Politics-as-a-Functional.pdf
  • Olaiya, T. A. (2016). Proto-nationalisms as sub-text for the crisis of governance in Nigeria. Sage Open, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016643139
  • Onikoyi, B. O. (2016). Irreducible Africanness and Auteur theory: Situating Tunde Kelani’s politically committed movies. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 9(10), 239–256.
  • Osaghae, E. E. (2000). Applying traditional methods to modern conflict; Possibility and limits. In W. I. Zartman (Ed.), Traditional cures for conflicts: African conflict medicine (pp. 167–168). Lynne Rienner Publisher Inc.
  • Oyefusi, A. (2007). Oil dependence and civil conflicts in Nigeria. CSAE Working Paper Series 2007-09, CSAE Nairobi.
  • Pepper, S. C. (1926). Emergence. Journal of Philosophy, 23(9), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.2307/2014779
  • Phair, K. L. (2010). The gospel according to: A theory of transformative discursive allegory. Communication Studies, 61(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903413330
  • Pius, T. K. (2014). Manu Joseph’s The Illicit Happiness of Other People: A critical analysis of the literary and the thematic features. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(10), 49–78. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/003b/0d714e0b1a75539e598ed9dba0d00ec144da.pdf
  • Pizzolato, G. (2014). From Casamance to Turin Lao Kouyate’s modern travelling “griot”: The creation of a space for discursive mobility. Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 54(213/214), 475–498. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.17732
  • Ptáček, L. (2019). ‘Calamity’: The small town and railway as allegory. Studies in Eastern European Cinema, 10(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/2040350X.2018.1469196
  • Reckord, B., Mphahlele, E., Moore, G., Soyinka, W., Williams, D., & Knappert, J. (1997). Polemics: The dead end of African literature. Transition, 75/76, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935428
  • Rolls, A., Vuaille-Barcan, M., & West-Sooby, J. (2016). Translating national allegories: The case of crime fiction. The Translator, 22(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2016.1205707
  • Rosenbrück, J. (2016). Intriguing ideas, plotting Bögen”: Thinking the limit of allegory in Walter Benjamin’s Trauerspielbuch. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory, 91(2), 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00168890.2016.1166831
  • Ross, M. L. (2001). Does oil hurt democracy? World Politics, 53(2), 56–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2001.0011
  • Rosser, A. (2006). The political economy of the resource curse: A literature survey. IDS Working Paper 268, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex Brighton, pp.1–34.
  • Rushton, R. (2011). The reality of film: Theories of filmic reality. Manchester University Press.
  • Saworoide. (1999). Directed by Tunde Kelani, Produced by Tunde Kelani, Scripted by Akinwumi Isola, 1999
  • Scalia, B. (2016). The mysterious stranger: A religious allegory for a post-Christian age. The Mark Twain Annual, 14(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.5325/marktwaij.14.1.0056
  • Sellars, W., & Meehl, P. E. (1956). The concept of emergence. In H. Feigl & M. Scriven (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science (Vol. l, pp. 239–252). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Shepperson, G. (1960). Notes on Negro American influences on the emergence of African nationalism. Journal of African History, 1(2), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001869
  • Shohat, E. (2006). Travelling ‘postcolonial’. Third Text, 20(3–4), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528820600855402
  • Smith, A. (1776). The wealth of nations. Introduction by A. Krueger (2003), with notes and marginal summary by Edwin Canaan. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Smith, R. C. (1949). A Philadelphia allegory. The Art Bulletin, 31(4), 323–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1949.11407890
  • Soyinka, W. (1996). The Open Sore of a Continent. Oxford University Press.
  • Soyinka, W. (1997). The writer in an African state. Transition, 75/76, 350–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935430
  • Stevens, P. (2003). Resource impact – Blessing or curse. A Literature Survey for IPIECA. Retrieved December, 2010, from http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol13/article13-14.pdf
  • Tang, P. (2012). Rappers as modern Griots. In E. Charry (Ed.), Hip Hop Africa: New African music in a globalizing world (pp. 79–91). Indiana University Press.
  • Taylor, J. (2009). Chaucer’s Tale of Melibee and the failure of allegory. Exemplaria, 21(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1179/175330709X372030
  • Tegel, S. (2006). Leni Riefenstahl: Art and politics. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 23(3), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/105092090503169
  • Totaro, D. (2003). Introduction to André Bazin, Part 1: Theory of film style in its historical context. Offline, 7(7). https://offscreen.com/view/bazin4
  • Ugonna, N. (1977). Caseley Hayford: The fictive dimension of African personality. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 7(2), 159–171. https://escholarship.org/content/qt19j2b8kx/qt19j2b8kx.pdf
  • Virtue, N. (2013). Jacques Demy’s Les Parapluies de Cherbourg: A national allegory of the French-Algerian war. Studies in French Cinema, 13(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1386/sfc.13.2.127_1
  • Wali, O. (1997). The dead end of African literature. Transition, 75/76, 330–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935427
  • Wang, E. H., & Xu, Y. (2018). Awakening Leviathan: The effect of democracy on state capacity. Research & Politics, 5(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018772398
  • Wästberg, P. (1968). Opening remarks. In P. Wästberg (Ed.), The writer in modern Africa (pp. 9–13). Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
  • Watts, M. (2003). Development and Governmentality. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 24(1), 6–34. doi:10.1111/1467-9493.00140
  • Wilson, P. (1997). All eyes on Montana: Television audiences, social activism, and native American cultural politics in the 1950s. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 16(3–4), 325–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509209709361469
  • Wilson, W. (1887). The study of administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2(2), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2139277
  • Wright, G. A. (2017). Hobbes, Locke, Darwin, and Zombies: The post-apocalyptic politics of survival in AMC’s The Walking Dead. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 34(2), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2016.1144129
  • Xu, H. (2018). Beyond national allegory. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, 30(1), 163–190. https://u.osu.edu/mclc/journal/abstracts/hangpingxu/
  • Zartman, I. W. (2000). Introduction: African Traditional Conflict ‘Medicine”. In W. I. Zartman (Ed.), Traditional cures for conflicts: African conflict ‘Medicine’ (pp. 1–12). Lynne Rienner Publisher Inc.