References
- Ahmad, R. E., Eijaz, A., & Rahman, B. H. (2014). Political institutions, growth and development in Pakistan (2008–2013). Journal of Political Studies, 21(2), 257.
- Ahmed, M. A. (2017). Pakistan: State autonomy, extraction, and elite capture—A theoretical configuration. The Pakistan Development Review, 56(2), 127–21. https://doi.org/10.30541/v56i2pp.127-162
- Akhtar, A. S., Amirali, A., & Raza, M. A. (2006). Reading between the lines: The Mullah – Military alliance in Pakistan. Contemporary South Asia, 15(4), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930701329982
- Al Jazeera. 2019. Pakistan tycoon hands over $248 million to settle UK corruption probe. Al Jazeera News, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-tycoon-hands-244m-settle-uk-corruption-probe-191204065641192.html.
- Arzaghi, M., & Vernon Henderson, J. (2005). Why countries are fiscally decentralizing. Journal of Public Economics, 89(7), 1157–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.10.009
- Bahl, R. (1999). Implementation rules for fiscal decentralization. International Studies Program, school of public studies, Georgia university Atlanta, Working Paper 99-1.
- Baker, A. 2008. Landowner power in Pakistan election. Published in Daily Times, 2008. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1712917,00.html.
- BBC. 2013. “Media action policy briefing #9.” BBC.
- Brancati, D. (2006). Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism? International Organization, 60(3), 651-685. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830606019X
- Brennan, G., & Buchanan, J. M. (1980). The power to tax: Analytic foundations of a fiscal constitution. Cambridge University Press.
- Bryce, J. 1901. Studies in history and jurisprudence, vol. 1 - online library of liberty. 1901. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/bryce-studies-in-history-and-jurisprudence-vol-1.
- Callard, K. (1957). Pakistan: A poltical study. In Pakistan - A political study. Government: George Allen and Unwin, London. (pp. 350–355).
- Cevik, S. (2016). Unlocking Pakistan’s revenue potential. 22. IMF WP/16/182
- Chari, R., Hogan, J., & Murphy, G. (2010). Regulating lobbying: A global comparison. Manchester University Press.
- Cheema, A., Khwaja, A. I., & Qadir, A. (2005). Decentralization in Pakistan: Context, content and causes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.739712
- Collins, R. (2011). International organisations and the idea of autonomy: Institutional independence in the international legal order. In R. Collins & N. D. White (Eds.), Modernist-positivism and the problem of institutional autonomy in international law. 40-65. Routledge.
- Corry, J. A. (1941). The federal dilemma. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue Canadienne d’Economique Et De Science Politique, 7(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/137114
- CpiTI CPI. 2018. Corruption perception index 2018. Transparency international. https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018.
- Cyan, M., & Bahl, R. (2011). Tax assignment: Does the practice match the theory? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2011, 29, 264280.
- Dardanelli, P., Kincaid, J., Fenna, A., Kaiser, A., Lecours, A., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Conceptualizing, measuring, and theorizing dynamic de/centralization in federations. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy036
- Dardanelli, P., Kincaid, J., Fenna, A., Kaiser, A., Lecours, A., Singh, A. K., Mueller, S., & Vogel, S. (2019). Dynamic de/centralization in federations: Comparative conclusions. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 194–219. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy037
- Dardanelli, P., & Mueller, S. (2019). Dynamic d(e/centralization in Switzerland, 1848–2010. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 138–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx056
- Dawn. 2006. Governance is weakest link. DAWN.COM. Dawn Newspaper. January 30, 2006. http://www.dawn.com/news/176449.
- Dawn. 2009. Revamping the police structure. Dawn New Paper, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/841196.
- Dawn. 2014. Feudals unite in Sindh. DAWN.COM. Dawn Newspaper. January 7, 2014. http://www.dawn.com/news/1078818.
- Dawn. 2017. Jahangir Tareen one of the Pakistan’s healthiest lawmaker; Published in Dawn Newspaper, Dec 15th, 2017. Dawn New Paper, December 15, 2017.
- Dür, A., & De Bièvre, D. (2007). The question of interest group influence. Journal of Public Policy, 27(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000591
- Ebel, R. D., & Yilmaz, S. 2002. On the measurement and impact of fiscal decentralization. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2809.
- Falleti, T. G. (2005). A sequential theory of decentralization: Latin American cases in comparative perspective. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051695
- Fisher, M. H. (2000). Pakistan: A modern history. By Ian Talbot. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Xvi, 432 Pp. $35.00 (Cloth). The Journal of Asian Studies, 59(3), 787–788. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659005
- Fox, J., & Aranda, J. (1996). Decentralization and rural development in Mexico Community Participation in Oaxaca’s municipal funds program. Center for US-Mexican Studies. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.5160.0960
- Garrett, G., & Rodden, J. (2000, April) Globalization and decentralization. Annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.
- GCR. 2018. The global competitiveness report 201718; (GSR). World Economic Forum. http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-index-2017-2018/.
- Guibert, G., & Lanvin, B. (1984). Decentralization in government: The United States and France compared. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 3(2), 289. https://doi.org/10.2307/3323940
- Haider, M. 2019. IMF wants abolition of Rs 700 Bn tax exemptions. The News International, July 5, 2019.
- Hertz, R., & Imber, J. B. (1995). Studying elites using qualitative methods. Sage Publications.
- ICS. 2017. Bureau of economics and business affairs; investment climate statement for 2017. Investment climate statement US Department of State. USA Government. https://www.state.gov
- Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia (Vol. 50). Cambridge University Press 1995.
- Jordan, G., Halpin, D., & Maloney, W. (2004). Defining interests: Disambiguation and the need for new distinctions? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00134.x
- Kaiser, A., & Vogel, S. (2019). Dynamic de/centralization in Germany, 1949–2010. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 84–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx054
- Kalia, S. (2013). Bureaucratic policy making in Pakistan. 8(2), 156-170.
- Kardar, S. 2014. Elite living on borrowed time; former governor State Bank of Pakistan. Dawn New Paper, December 23, 2014.
- Kee, J. E. (2003). Fiscal decentralization: Theory as reform. 34. The George Washington University.
- Kennedy, C. H. (1988). Bureaucracy in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
- Khan, S. (2006). Public administration with special reference to Pakistan. Lahore.
- Khan, S. 2018. Government cuts development spending, increases taxes on country’s Elite. Dawn New Paper, September 18, 2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1433668.
- Khurshid, K. (2011). A treatise on the civil service of Pakistan: The structural-functional history, 1601–2011. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
- Kincaid, J. (2019). Dynamic de/centralization in the United States, 1790–2010. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy032
- Klimovski, S., Karakamisheva-Jovanovska, T., & Spasenovski, D. A. (2016). Political parties and interest groups. In Konrad-adenauer stiftung in the republic of Macedonia “Iustinianus Primus” faculty of law in Skopje (pp. 636).
- LaPorte, R. (1975). Power and privilege: Influence and decision-making in Pakistan. University of California Press.
- Leacock, S. (1908). The limitations of federal government. In Proceedings of the American political science association (Vol. 5, pp. 37–52). JSTOR.
- Lecours, A. (2019). Dynamic de/centralization in Canada, 1867–2010. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 49(1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx046
- Levi, M., & Suddle, M. (1989). White-collar crime, shamelessness, and disintegration: The control of tax evasion in Pakistan. Journal of Law and Society, 16(4), 489. https://doi.org/10.2307/1410334
- Lyon, S. M. (2021). Power and patronage in Pakistan. Thesis, Durham University Library. 262.
- Malik, A. 2018. How not taxing the rich got Pakistan into another fiscal crisis. Al Jazeera News, October.
- Morozov, B. (2016). Decentralization: Operationalization and measurement model. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 19(3), 275–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-19-03-2016-B001
- Musgrave, R. A., & Peacock, A. T. (1958). Classics in the theory of public finance. London: MacMillan.
- Naseer, S. (2010). Regulation of electronic media and democracy in Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 2(17), 27–45.
- NIPA. 2006. Workshop on public policy analysis. Panel discussion presentation presented at the National Institute of Public Administration, Karachi, Pakistan. https://fp.brecorder.com/2006/02/20060227392030/.
- NRB. (2001). The SBNP local government ordinance 2001. National Reconstruction Bureau.
- Oates, W. E. (1972). Fiscal federalism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
- Oates, W. E. (2005). Toward a second-generation theory of fiscal federalism. International Tax and Public Finance, 12(4), 349–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-005-1619-9
- OECD. 2001. Fiscal design across levels of government year 2000 surveys. Survey. Directorate for Financial, Fiscal and Enterprise Affairs Fiscal Affairs. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- OECD. 2002. Fiscal decentralisation in EU applicant states and selected EU member states. Report prepared for the workshop on “decentralisation: trends, perspective and issues at the threshold of EU enlargement.” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- Olson, E. C. (1968). Dialectics in evolutionary studies. Evolution, 22(2), 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb05911.x
- Rana, M. A. 2015. “Madressah factor Https://Www.Dawn.Com/News/1165095.” Dawn New Paper, February 22, 2015. https://www.dawn.com/news/1165095.
- Rana, S. 2019. “PTI govt issues ordinance to waive over Rs300b GIDC dues.” The Express Tribune, August 30, 2019.
- Rehman, A. (2019). Real estate tax shelter. The Express Tribune. January 30, 2019.
- Reingewertz, Y. (2014). Fiscal decentralization - A survey of the empirical literature. SSRN Electronic Journal, MPRA Paper No. 59889. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2523335
- Richard, M., Musgrave, A., & Richard, A. (1959). The theory of public finance. In The theory of public finance (pp. XVII–628). McGraw-Hill Book Co.
- Rizvi, F. (2018). Circulation of elites in Pakistan’s politics. Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 160–174.
- Rodden, J. (2003). Reviving leviathan: Fiscal federalism and the growth of government. International Organization, 57(4), 695–729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574021
- Rodden, J. (2004). Comparative federalism and decentralization: On meaning and measurement. Comparative Politics, 36(4), 481–500. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150172
- Rondinelli, D. A. (1983). Implementing decentralization programmes in Asia: A comparative analysis. Public Administration and Development, 3(3), 181–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230030302
- Rondinelli, D. A., & Nellis, J. R. (1986). Assessing decentralization policies in developing Countries: The case for cautious optimism. Development Policy Review, 4(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1986.tb00494.x
- Saeed, A., et. al. (2014). Political connections and leverage: Firmlevel evidence from Pakistan. Managerial and Decision Economics, 36(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2674.
- Saleem, S. 2010. “Military elites in Pakistan.” The Express Tribune, August 5th, 2010.
- Schneider, A. (2003a). Decentralization: Conceptualization and measurement. Studies in Comparative International Development, 38(3), 32–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686198
- Searle, B., & Ahmad, E. (2005). On the implementation of transfers to subnational governments. IMF Working Papers, 05(130), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451861495.001
- Shabbir, S. (2013). Does external debt affect economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. State Bank of Pakistan, Working Paper Series No: 63, 1-26.
- Shoukat, A., Gomez, E. T., & Cheong, K.-C. (2017). Power elites in Pakistan: Creation, contestations, continuity. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 54(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.22452/MJES.vol54no2.4
- Siddiqa, A. (2007). Military Inc: Inside Pakistan’s military economy. Ameena Saiyid Oxford University Press.
- Stegarescu, D. (2005). Public sector decentralisation: Measurement concepts and recent international trends*. Fiscal Studies, 26(3), 301–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2005.00014.x
- TIP. 2018. “Annual report on corruption awareness.” Karachi, Pakistan: Transparency international Pakistan. http://www.transparency.org.pk/documents/an2018.pdf.
- Treisman, D. (2002). Defining and measuring decentralization: A global perspective. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1 (1).
- Tribune. 2018. “Evolution of electables: How real estate developers replaced educated candidates.” The Express Tribune, July 23, 2018.
- Tunio, F. H., et al. (2020). Financial distress prediction using adaboost and bagging. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB), 8(1), 665–673. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.665
- Umer, ca.2011. “Representation without Taxation.” 1. Center for Peace and Development Initiative Center for Investigative reporting in Pakistan.
- Useem, M. (1980). Corporations and the Corporate Elite. Annual Review of Sociology, 6(1), 41–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.000353
- Waqar, S. Q. (2012, 8July 8). Military bureaucratic elite’s target, weak political institution in Pakistan. Madrid. 9.
- Wilder, A. 2010. The politics of civil service reform in Pakistan | JIA SIPA. Journal of International Affairs.https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/politics-civil-service-reform-pakistan.
- World Bank. 2003. “Devolution plan: Pakistan PDR devolution.” World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/pdf-Files-in-Events/IRISD/Devolution.pdf.
- Xu, C. (2011). The fundamental institutions of China’s reforms and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(4), 1076–1151. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.1076