Indoor environment quality and occupant productivity pre-applying COVID-19 measures

References

• Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M. (2020). Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. Jama, 323(15), 1439–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afful, A. E., Osei Assibey Antwi, A. D. D., Ayarkwa, J., & Acquah, G. K. K. (2022). Impact of improved indoor environment on recovery from COVID-19 infections: A review of literature. Facilities, 40(11/12), 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-02-2022-0021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, N., Meena, C. S., Raj, B. P., Saini, L., Kumar, A., Gopalakrishnan, N., Kumar, A., Balam, N. B., Alam, T., Kapoor, N. R., & Aggarwal, V. (2021). Indoor air quality improvement in COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Gomez, S., Dwyer, H., Zivin, J. S. G., & Neidell, M. J. (2022). This is air: The non-health. Effects of Air Pollution‏. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29848
   Google Scholar
• Alayis, M. M. H., Amin, A. Z., & Abdelmajeed, S. H. (2020). The Effect of Indoor Environment Quality on Customer Service Employees’ Creativity in Telecommunication Companies in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity & Change, 13(4), 1203–1222.
   Google Scholar
• Al Horr, Y., Arif, M., Kaushik, A., Mazroei, A., Katafygiotou, M., & Elsarrag, E. (2016). Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature. Building and Environment, 105, 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Misti, J. M., Kaggwa, M. M., & Mamun, M. A. (2021). Mental disorders of Bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 645–654. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S315961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almusaed, A., (Ed.). (2018). Landscape architecture: The sense of places, models and applications. BoD–Books on Demand. https://doi.org/10.5772/68006
   Google Scholar
• Amerio, A., Brambilla, A., Morganti, A., Aguglia, A., Bianchi, D., Santi, F., Odone, A., Costanza, A., Signorelli, C., Serafini, G., Amore, M., Capolongo, S., & Costantini, L. (2020). COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing Built Environment’s Effects on Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165973/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashrae guidline (Ed.). (2020). Iwrapper. Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ASHRAE_PREVIEW_ONLY_STANDARDS/GL_12_2020
   Google Scholar
• Azuma, K., Yanagi, U., Kagi, N., Kim, H., Ogata, M., & Hayashi, M. (2020). Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: Effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben David, T., Rackes, A., Lo, L. J., Wen, J., & Waring, M. S. (2019). Optimizing ventilation: Theoretical study on increasing rates in offices to maximize occupant productivity with constrained additional energy use. Building and Environment, 166, 106314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J., Essah, E., Blanusa, T., & Beaman, C. P. (2022). The appearance of indoor plants and their effect on people’s perceptions of indoor air quality and subjective well-being. Building and Environment, 219, 109151.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluyssen, P. M., Aries, M., & van Dommelen, P. (2011). Comfort of workers in office buildings: The European HOPE project. Building and Environment, 46(1), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordass, B., & Leaman, A. (2005). Making feedback and post-occupancy evaluation routine 3: Case studies of the use of techniques in the feedback portfolio. Building Research & Information, 33(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210500162032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordass, B., Leaman, A., & Ruyssevelt, P. (2001). Assessing building performance in use 5: Conclusions and implications. Building Research & Information, 29(2), 144–157.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210010008054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, P., Hunter, C., & Howlett, O. (2003). The benefits of daylight through windows. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, A., Chugh, J. S., & Kline, T. (2002). Traditional versus open office design: A longitudinal field study. Environment and Behavior, 34(3), 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, (20),30460–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling, 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-404-8_14
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera, B. (2018). How to Build a Thriving Workplace: A Leader’s Guide, the great courses, https://ia601704.us.archive.org/20/items/how-to-build-athriving-workplace-aleaders-guide/HowToBuildAThrivingWorkplaceALeadersGuide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Candido, C., Chakraborty, P., & Tjondronegoro, D. (2019). The rise of office design in high-performance, open-plan environments. Buildings, 9(4), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9040100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlopio, J. R. (1996). Construct validity of a physical work environment satisfaction questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(3), 330. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.1.3.330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrer, P., & Wolkoff, P. (2018). Assessment of indoor air quality problems in office-like environments: Role of occupational health services. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention. (2020). Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm
   Google Scholar
• Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P., Diaz Arroyo, E., Laborde Cárdenas, C. C., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements-Croome, D., (Ed.). (2018). Creating the productive workplace. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315658834
   Google Scholar
• Council, W. G. B. (2014). Health, wellbeing & productivity in offices. Retrieved May 2, 2016, from https://www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/compressed_WorldGBC_Health_Wellbeing__Productivity_Full_Report_Dbl_Med_Res_Feb_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cox, D. T., Shanahan, D. F., Hudson, H. L., Plummer, K. E., Siriwardena, G. M., Fuller, R. A., Anderson, K. J., Hancock, S., & Gaston, K. J. (2017). Doses of neighborhood nature: The benefits for mental health of living with nature. BioScience, 67(2), 147–155.‏. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson, C. B., Bodin, L., Wulff, C., & Theorell, T. (2015). The relation between office type and workplace conflict: A gender and noise perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L. (2015, April 7). Why your office needs more plants. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk
   Google Scholar
• Deng, X., & Gao, H. (2013). Nonmonetary benefits, quality of life, and executive compensation. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48(1), 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109013000033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Simone, M., & Fajilla, G. (2019). Gender-related differences in perceived productivity and indoor environmental quality acceptance. Results of a questionnaire survey in university workplaces. Journal of World Architecture, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v3i4.819
   Google Scholar
• DiBlasio, S., Shtrepi, L., Puglisi, G. E., & Astolfi, A. (2019). A cross-sectional survey on the impact of irrelevant speech noise on annoyance, mental health and well-being, performance and occupants’ behavior in shared and open-plan offices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, L., & Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1616–1618. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.202407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, F., Jaunzens, D., Laing, A., & Willis, S. (2003). New environments for working. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203223109
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, F., Laing, A., & Crisp, V. (1992). The responsible workplace. Facilities, 10(11), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002213
   Google Scholar
• Dykes, C., & Baird, G. (2013). A review of questionnaire-based methods used for assessing and benchmarking indoor environmental quality. Intelligent Buildings International, 5(3), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2013.783457
   Google Scholar
• El Asmar, M., Chokor, A., & Srour, I. (2014). Are building occupants satisfied with indoor environmental quality of higher education facilities? Energy Procedia, 50, 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.093
   Google Scholar
• Elzeyadi, I. (2011). Daylighting-bias and biophilia: Quantifying the impact of daylighting on occupants’ health. US Green Building Council. http://www.Usgbc.org/sites/default/files/OR10_Daylighting%20Bias%20and%20Biophilia.Pdf
   Google Scholar
• Epa, U. S. (2003). National primary drinking water standards. Office ofwater, US environmental protection agency. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations
   Google Scholar
• Favreau, M., Hillert, A., Osen, B., Gärtner, T., Hunatschek, S., Riese, M., Hewera, K., & Voderholzer, U. (2021). Psychological consequences and differential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with mental disorders. Psychiatry Research, 302, 114045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feige, A., Wallbaum, H., Janser, M., & Windlinger, L. (2013). Impact of sustainable office buildings on occupant’s comfort and productivity. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 15(1), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-01-2013-0004
   Google Scholar
• Figueiro, M. G., Rea, M. S., Rea, A. C., & Stevens, R. G. (2002). Daylight and productivity: A field study on energy efficiency in buildings. Proceedings of the ACEEE Summer Study, Washington, DC (United States) (pp. 69–78).
   Google Scholar
• Ford, K., Griffith, N., Hughes, K., & Bellis, M. (2022). A rapid review of the impact of office layout on employee health, productivity and sustainability.‏.
   Google Scholar
• Frontczak, M., Andersen, R. V., & Wargocki, P. (2012). Questionnaire survey on factors influencing comfort with indoor environmental quality in Danish housing. Building and Environment, 50, 56–64.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.012/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatchel, R. J., Baum, A., & Krantz, D. S. (1989). An introduction to health psychology. McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Gensler. (2005). These four walls: The real British office. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.012
   Google Scholar
• Gidlow, C. J., Jones, M. V., Hurst, G., Masterson, D., Clark-Carter, D., Tarvainen, M. P., Smith, G., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Where to put your best foot forward: Psycho-physiological responses to walking in natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456
   Google Scholar
• Gray, T., & Birrell, C. (2014). Are biophilic-designed site office buildings linked to health benefits and high performing occupants? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(12), 12204–12222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenleaf, R. K., Frick, D. M., & Spears, L. C. (1996). On becoming a servant-leader. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, C. (2004). An introduction to biophilia and the built environment. RMI Solutions Newsletter, 20(1), 7. http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/17468
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., O’Connor, R. C., Pirkis, J., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Caine, E. D., Chan, L. F., Chang, S.-S., Chen, Y.-Y., Christensen, H., Dandona, R., Eddleston, M., Erlangsen, A., Gunnell, D., & Vijayakumar, L.… Khan, M. (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 468–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30171-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X., Wu, H., Chen, Y., Chang, Y., & Ao, Y. (2022). Gauging the impact of personal lifestyle, indoor environmental quality and work-related factors on occupant productivity when working from home. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management‏. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-10-2021-0941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, R., Howard, A., & Zahiri, S. (2020). Defining the link between indoor environment and workplace productivity in a modern UK office building. Architectural Science Review, 63(3–4), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2019.1709788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider, M., Kerr, K., & Badami, M. (2013). Does commuting cause stress? The public health implications of traffic congestion. The Public Health Implications of Traffic Congestion. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2305010
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Pearson Education Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., De Vries, S., & Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, B. P. (2008a). The impact of office comfort on productivity”. Journal of Facilities Management, 6(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725960810847459
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, B. P. (2008b). The impact of office layout on productivity. Journal of Facilities Management, 6(3), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725960810885961
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, B., Suckley, L., & Nunnington, N. (2017). Workplace productivity and office type. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 19(2), 111–138. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-11-2016-0037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedge, A. (1982). The open-plan office: A systematic investigation of employee reactions to their work environment. Environment and Behavior, 14(5), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916582145002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoisington, A. J., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Schuldt, S. J., Beemer, C. J., Maestre, J. P., Kinney, K. A., Postolache, T. T., Lowry, C. A., & Brenner, L. A. (2019). Ten Questions concerning the built environment and mental health. Building and Environment, 155, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, R. J., & Shamir, B. (1993). Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 81–107). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• HRSD report, (2020). Saudi women’s participation in the workforce. Empowerment and promotion of their participation woman empowerment | Ministry of human resource and social development (hrsd.Gov.sa)
   Google Scholar
• Huang, L., Zhu, Y., Ouyang, Q., & Cao, B. (2012). A study on the effects of thermal, luminous, and acoustic environments on indoor environmental comfort in offices. Building and Environment, 49, 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. R., Gillespie, B. W., & Chen, S. Y. P. (2019). Urban nature experiences reduce stress in the context of daily life based on salivary biomarkers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T. G. K. (2009). The effects of indoor temperature and outdoor air supply rate on learning performance of late-teen students. ROOMVENT Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.3130/aije.75.767
   Google Scholar
• Jain, S., & Garg, V. (2018). A review of open loop control strategies for shades, blinds and integrated lighting by use of real-time daylight prediction methods. Building and Environment, 135, 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, N. L., & Reinhart, C. F. (2019). Effects of real-time simulation feedback on design for visual comfort. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 12(3), 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2018.1449889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakoulli, C., Kyriacou, A., & Michaelides, M. P. (2022). A review of field measurement studies on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and virus risk. Atmosphere, 13(2), 191‏. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S., Ou, D., & Mak, C. M. (2017). The impact of indoor environmental quality on work productivity in university open-plan research offices. Building and Environment, 124, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik, A., Mohammed, A., Tumula, P., & Ebohon, J. (2020). Effect of thermal comfort on occupant productivity in office buildings: Response surface analysis. Building & Environment, 180, 107021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayworth, T. R., & Leidner, D. E. (2002). Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(3), 7–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2002.11045697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R., & Wilson, E. O. (Eds.). (1993). The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S. A. R., Ponce, P., Tanveer, M., Aguirre-Padilla, N., Mahmood, H., & Shah, S. A. A. (2021). Technological innovation and circular economy practices: business strategies to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(15), 8479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S. A. R., Ponce, P., Thomas, G., Yu, Z., Al-Ahmadi, M. S., & Tanveer, M. (2021). Digital technologies, circular economy practices and environmental policies in the era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(22), 12790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., & Farooq, K. (2022). Green capabilities, green purchasing, and triple bottom line performance: Leading toward environmental sustainability. BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
   Google Scholar
• Khattabi, E. M., Zouini, M., & Jamil, M. O. (2020). The thermal constituting of the air provoking the spread of (COVID-19). Available at SSRN 3560374.
   Google Scholar
• Khoshbakht, M., Baird, G., & Rasheed, E. O. (2020). The influence of work group size and space sharing on the perceived productivity, overall comfort and health of occupants in commercial and academic buildings. Indoor and Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20912312
   Google Scholar
• Khovalyg, D., Kazanci, O. B., Halvorsen, H., Gundlach, I., Bahnfleth, W. P., Toftum, J., & Olesen, B. W. (2020). Critical review of standards for indoor thermal environment and air quality. Energy and Buildings, 213, 109819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Glaser, R., Shuttleworth, E. C., Dyer, C. S., Ogrocki, P., & Speicher, C. E. (1987). Chronic stress and immunity in family caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease victims. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49(5), 523–535.‏ https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198709000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Marucha, P. T., Mercado, A. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (1995). Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. The Lancet, 346(8984), 1194–1196‏. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-67369592899-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. K., Abdou, Y., Abdou, A., & Altan, H. (2022). Indoor environmental quality assessment and occupant satisfaction: A post-occupancy evaluation of a UAE university office building. Buildings, 12(7), 986.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemmer, E. T., & Snyder, F. W. (1972). Measurement of time spent communicating. Journal of Communication, 22(2), 142–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1972.tb00141.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2017). Principles of Marketing (16th Global ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KSA Vision. (2030). vision2030 Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://vision2030.gov.sa/en
   Google Scholar
• Lanham-New, S. A., Webb, A. R., Cashman, K. D., Buttriss, J. L., Fallowfield, J. L., Masud, T., Mathers, J. C., Kiely, M., Welch, A. A., Ward, K. A., Magee, P., Darling, A. L., Hill, T. R., Greig, C., Smith, C. P., Murphy, R., Leyland, S., Bouillon, R., Ray, S., & Ray, S.… Hewison, M. (2020). Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 disease. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 3(1), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leaman, A. (1995). Dissatisfaction and office productivity. Facilities, 13(2), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632779510078120
   Google Scholar
• Leaman, A., & Bordass, B. (1999). Productivity in buildings: The ‘killer ‘variables. Building Research & Information, 27(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/096132199369615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaman, A., & Bordass, B. (2001). Assessing building performance in use 4: The probe occupant surveys and their implications. Building Research & Information, 29(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210010008045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Aletta, F. (2019). Acoustical planning for workplace health and well-being: A case study in four open-plan offices. Building Acoustics, 26(3), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1351010X19868546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, N. N. R., de Souza, R. I., Feitosa, P. W. G., de Sousa Moreira, J. L., da Silva, C. G. L., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). People experiencing homelessness: Their potential exposure to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipczynska, A., Schiavon, S., & Graham, L. T. (2018). Thermal comfort and self-reported productivity in an office with ceiling fans in the tropics. Building and Environment, 135, 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Living, P. H., & Start, H. (2020, June 4). The Great Green Gathering. (Center for health and development ”CHAD”).
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, A. (Ed.). (1998). The environment and mental health: A guide for clinicians. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774755
   Google Scholar
• Lynn Shollen, S., & Cryss Brunner, C. (2016). Virtually anonymous: Does the absence of social cues alter perceptions of emergent leader behaviors? Leadership, 12(2), 198–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715014554320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markiewicz-Gospodarek, A., Górska, A., Markiewicz, R., Chilimoniuk, Z., Czeczelewski, M., Baj, J., Maciejewski, R., & Masiak, J. (2022). The relationship between mental disorders and the COVID-19 pandemic—course, risk factors, and potential consequences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan, E. A., & Estes, D. (2015). The effect of contact with natural environments on positive and negative affect: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.994224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmood, A., Siddique, H. M. A., & Ali, A. (2022). Impact of health on worker productivity: Evidence from South Asia. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 11(2), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Mohora, I. (2019). Importance of biophilic attributes in european coworking spaces. Proceedings of INTCESS, 979–988. http://www.ocerints.org/intcess19_e-publication/papers/109.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Monfared, I. G., & Sharples, S. (2011). Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: A longitudinal case study. Architectural Science Review, 54(4), 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2011.613636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujan, I., Anđelković, A. S., Munćan, V., Kljajić, M., & Ružić, D. (2019). Influence of indoor environmental quality on human health and productivity-A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 646–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaou-Smokoviti, L. (2004). Business leaders’ work environment and leadership styles. Current Sociology, 52(3), 407–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392104043085
   Google Scholar
• Núñez-González, S., Delgado-Ron, J. A., Gault, C., Lara-Vinueza, A., Calle-Celi, D., Porreca, R., & Simancas-Racines, D. (2020). Overview of “Systematic Reviews” of the built environment’s effects on mental health. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020). Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. Jama, 323(16), 1610–1612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paevere, P. J. (2008). Impact of indoor environment quality on occupant productivity and well-being in office buildings. Environment Design Guide, 1–9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26151865
   Google Scholar
• Paevere, P., & Brown, S. (2009). The impact of indoor environment quality on occupant health, wellbeing and productivity in a sustainable office building. In Healthy Buildings: Proceedings of the 9th International Healthy Buildings Conference and Exhibition. Eds. S. Santanam, E. Bogucz, C. Peters, & T. Benson, Healthy Buildings. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/110592?index=1.
   Google Scholar
• Paunović, K., Stansfeld, S., Clark, C., & Belojević, G. (2011). Epidemiological studies on noise and blood pressure in children: Observations and suggestions. Environment International, 37(5), 1030–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti, C., & Schiavon, S. (2011). Indoor environmental quality surveys. A brief literature review. Center for the Built Environment. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wb1v0ss
   Google Scholar
• Prata, D. N., Rodrigues, W., & Bermejo, P. H. (2020). Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub) tropical cities of Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 138862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiser, W. (2002). Learning from our buildings: A state-of-the-practice summary of post-occupancy evaluation. Federal Facilities Council, National Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Qabbal, L., Younsi, Z., & Naji, H. (2022). An indoor air quality and thermal comfort appraisal in a retrofitted university building via low-cost smart sensor. Indoor and Built Environment, 31(3), 586–606.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x211015717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed, E. O., & Byrd, H. (2017). Can self-evaluation measure the effect of IEQ on productivity? A review of literature. Facilities, 35(11/12), 601–621. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-08-2016-0087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed, E. O., Khoshbakht, M., & Baird, G. (2019). Does the number of occupants in an office influence individual perceptions of comfort and productivity? —New evidence from 5000 office workers. Buildings, 9(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9030073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid, M., & Zimring, C. (2008). A review of the empirical literature on the relationships between indoor environment and stress in health care and office settings: Problems and prospects of sharing evidence. Environment and Behavior, 40(2), 151–190.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasila, H., & Jylhä, T. (2015). The many faces of office noise–case contact center. Facilities, 33(7/8), 454–464. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-11-2013-0085
   Google Scholar
• Roskams, M., Haynes, B., Lee, P. J., & Park, S. H. (2019). Acoustic comfort in open-plan offices: The role of employee characteristics. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 21(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-02-2019-0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakellaris, I. A., Saraga, D. E., Mandin, C., Roda, C., Fossati, S., De Kluizenaar, Y., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Mihucz, V., Szigeti, T., Hänninen, O., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Bartzis, J., Bluyssen, P., & Carrer, P. (2016). Perceived indoor environment and occupants’ comfort in European “modern” office buildings: The OFFICAIR study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama, A. M. (2020). Coronavirus questions that will not go away: Interrogating urban and socio-spatial implications of COVID-19 measures (Vol. 2). Emerald Open Research. https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13561.1
   Google Scholar
• Samargandi, N., Al Mamun, M., Sohag, K., & Alandejani, M. (2019). Women at work in Saudi Arabia: Impact of ICT diffusion and financial development. Technology in Society, 59, 101187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, J. A., Ikaga, T., & Sanchez, S. V. (2018). Quantitative improvement in workplace performance through biophilic design: A pilot experiment case study. Energy and Buildings, 177, 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandura, T. A., & Gower, K. (2019). Management today: Best practices for the modern workplace. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Seddigh, A., Berntson, E., Danielson, C. B., & Westerlund, H. (2014). Concentration requirements modify the effect of office type on indicators of health and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A., Syal, M., Grady, S. C., & Korkmaz, S. (2010). Effects of green buildings on employee health and productivity. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1665–1668. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista, Telecommunication sector in Saudi Arabia - statistics & facts. (2023). Statista. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/topics/10372/telecommunication-sector-in-saudi-arabia/#topicOverview/en
   Google Scholar
• Stokols, D., & Scharf, T. (1990). Developing standardized tools for assessing employees’ ratings of facility performance. In Performance of buildings and serviceability of facilities. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP18913S
   Google Scholar
• Sundstrom, E., Burt, R. E., & Kamp, D. (1980). Privacy at work: Architectural correlates of job satisfaction and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.2307/255498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Li, H. X., & Tsangrassoulis, A. (2020). A review of automatic control strategies based on simulations for adaptive facades. Building and Environment, 175, 106801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangen, S. (2002, December). Understanding the concept of productivity. Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference, Taipei Tech, Taiwan (pp. 18–20). Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Toe, D. H. C., & Kubota, T. (2013). Development of an adaptive thermal comfort equation for naturally ventilated buildings in hot–humid climates using ASHRAE RP-884 database. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(3), 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda, M., Yokota, Y., Barnes, M., & Kaneko, M. (2020). Potential of a small indoor plant on the desk for reducing office workers’ stress. HortTechnology, 30(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04427-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In Behavior and the natural environment (pp. 85–125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3539-9_4
   Google Scholar
• Umishio, W., Kagi, N., Asaoka, R., Hayashi, M., Sawachi, T., & Ueno, T. (2022). Work productivity in the office and at home during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional analysis of office workers in Japan. Indoor Air, 32(1), e12913.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Epa’s Report on the Environment. 2008 https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_32156
   Google Scholar
• Veitch, J. A., Charles, K. E., Farley, K. M., & Newsham, G. R. (2007). A model of satisfaction with open-plan office conditions: COPE field findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vischer, J. C. (2008). Towards an environmental psychology of workspace: How people are affected by environments for work. Architectural Science Review, 51(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2008.5114
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargocki, P., Frontczak, M., Schiavon, S., Goins, J., Arens, E., & Zhang, H. (2012). Satisfaction and self-estimated performance in relation to indoor environmental parameters and building features. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/451326fk
   Google Scholar
• Wargocki, P., Wyon, D. P., Sundell, J., Clausen, G., & Fanger, P. O. (2000). The effects of outdoor air supply rate in an office on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms and productivity. Indoor Air, 10(4), 222–236. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004222.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, A. R. (2006). Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light. Energy and Buildings, 38(7), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, G., & Almeida, A. (2006). These Four Walls: The Real British Office. iN Creating the Productive Workplace (pp. 357–377). 9780203696880.
   Google Scholar
• White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiik, R. (2011). Indoor productivity measured by common response patterns to physical and psychosocial stimuli. Indoor Air, 21(4), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00708.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020a) Coronavirus definition. Retrieved December 2, 2020, fromhttps://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report. 72. Retrieved on second of December, 2020 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200401-sitrep-72-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=3dd8971b_2
   Google Scholar
• Wyon, D. P. (2004). The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor Air, 14, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00278.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15(2), 251–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeisel, J. (2006). Inquiry by design: Environment/behavior/neuroscience in architecture, interiors, landscape, and planning. W.W. Norton Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., & Rehman Khan, S. A. (2022). Evolutionary game analysis of green agricultural product supply chain financing system: COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Logistics: Research & Applications, 25(7), 1115–1135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2021.1879752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar