Understanding the role of structural factors and realities in normalizing child labour in urban slums of Bangladesh

References

• Abebe, T., & Bessell, S. (2011). Dominant discourses, debates and silences on child labour in Africa and Asia. Third World Quarterly, 32(4), 765–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.567007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Admassie, A. (2002). Explaining the high Incidence of child labour in Sub–Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 14(2), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.00054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahad, M. A., Chowdhury, M., Parry, Y. K., & Willis, E. (2021). Urban child labor in Bangladesh: Determinants and its possible impacts on health and education. Social Sciences, 10(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030107
   Google Scholar
• Akabayashi, H., & Psacharopoulos, G. (1999). The trade‐off between child labour and human capital formation: A Tanzanian case study. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(5), 120–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389908422594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, A., & Hoque, M. M. (2022). Local level collaborative governance for pandemic responses: Unpacking a case in Bangladesh. Policy & Governance Review, 6(3), 207. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v6i3.589
   Google Scholar
• Alam, M., Hossain, M. S., Islam, N., Murad, M. W., & Khan, N. A. (2021). Impacts of health and economic costs on street children working as waste collectors in Dhaka city. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 20(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2021.112666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, Z., & Mamun, A. A. (2022). Dynamics of internal migration in Bangladesh: Trends, patterns, determinants, and causes. PLoS ONE, 17(2), e0263878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M. (2021). The forbidden terrain of the worst forms of child labour: A critical look at the implications of legal tools and definitions used by national surveys in Bangladesh, pp. 16) [ Compendium Paper]. UNICEF. https://www.unicef-irc.org/files/documents/d-4169-Child_Labour_Compendium_UNICEF_Innocenti-Ali_Masud.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson-Sheppard, S. (2016). The gangs of Bangladesh: Exploring organized crime, street gangs and ‘illicit child labourers’ in Dhaka. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 16(2), 233–249. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815616445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aufseeser, D., Bourdillon, M., Carothers, R., & Lecoufle, O. (2017). Children’s work and children’s well-being: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 36. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakth, N., & Hasanuzzaman, S. (2022). Temporary environmental migration and child truancy: An investigation among hard-to-reach families in Bangladesh. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 25(1), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-022-00209-w
   Google Scholar
• Banu, N., Bhuiyan, S., & Sabhlok, S. (1998). Child labour in Bangladesh. International Journal of Technical Cooperation, 4(1), 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Barrientos, A., & DeJong, J. (2006). Reducing child poverty with cash transfers: A sure thing? Development Policy Review, 24(5), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00346.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basnet, S., & Hoque, M. M. (2023). Critical analysis of the implementation of Clean India Mission in the rural areas: A gender perspective. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 44(3), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2022.2115281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, K., & Van, P. H. (1998). The Economics of child labor. The American Economic Review, 88(3), 412–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBS Census . (2015). Census of slum areas and floating population 2014. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Bhukuth, A. (2008). Defining child labour: A controversial debate. Development in Practice, 18(3), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802030466
   Google Scholar
• Bicchieri, C. (2016). Why do people do What they do? A social norms Manual for Viet Nam, Indonesia and the Philippines. The Multi Country Study on theDrivers of Violence Affecting Children. https://repository.upenn.edu/pennsong/12
   Google Scholar
• BILS. (2021). Assessment of the implementation status of the domestic workers Protection and Welfare policy and way forward. (Study Report). Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies. http://bilsbd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Assessment-of-the-implementation-status-of-the-Domestic-Workers-Protection-and-Welfare-Policy-and-way-forward.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, S., & Rahman, T. (2013). The effect of working place on Worker’s health in a tannery in Bangladesh. Advances in Anthropology, 3(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2013.31007
   Google Scholar
• Boseley, S. (2017). Child labourers exposed to toxic chemicals dying before 50, WHO says [News Editorial]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/plight-of-child-workers-facing-cocktail-of-toxic-chemicals-exposed-by-report-bangladesh-tanneries
   Google Scholar
• Bourdillon, M., & Carothers, R. (2019). Policy on children’s work and labour. Children & Society, 33(4), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brando, N. (2020). What (if anything) is wrong with child labour? [philosophy in public affairs]. Justice Everywhere. http://justice-everywhere.org/general/child-labour/
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1993). The ecology of cognitive development: Research models and fugitive findings. In Wozniak, R. H., & Fischer, K. W. (Eds.), Development in context: Acting and thinking in specific environments (pp. 3–44). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education, 3(2), 37–43.
   Google Scholar
• Caperon, L., Saville, F., Ahern, S., & Ali, G. (2022). Developing a socio-ecological model for community engagement in a health programme in an underserved urban area. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0275092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delap, E. (2000). Child housework in urban Bangladesh: An exploration of intra-household labour deployment. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 12(5), 723–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1328(200007)12:5<723:AID-JID705>3.0.CO;2-K
   Google Scholar
• Delap, E. (2001). Economic and cultural forces in the child labour debate: Evidence from urban Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 37(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derksen, T. (2010). The influence of ecological theory in child and Youth care: A review of the literature. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 1(3/4), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs13/420102091
   Google Scholar
• Dessy, S. E., & Pallage, S. (2005). A theory of the worst forms of child labour. The Economic Journal, 115(500), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00960.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessy, S., & Pallage, S. (2001). Why banning the worst forms of child labour would hurt poor countries. In Cahiers de recherche CREFE/CREFE Working Papers (135; Cahiers de Recherche CREFE/CREFE Working Papers). CREFE, Université du Québec à Montréal. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cre/crefwp/135.html
   Google Scholar
• Doran, K. B. (2013). How does child labor affect the demand for adult labor? Evidence from rural Mexico. The Journal of Human Resources, 48(3), 702–735. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.48.3.702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds, E. V., & International Labour Office, & ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. (2008). Defining child labour: A review of the definitions of child labour in policy research. ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Ensing, A. (2009). Hazardous child labour in the leather sector of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Foundation for International Research on Working Children (IREWOC). https://archive.crin.org/en/docs/Ensing_Leather_Bangladesh_2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ensing, A (2010). Young, Poor and Female: a Triple Burden for Working Girls in the Homes and Streets of Dhaka. In Lieten, K. (Ed.), The Worst Forms of Child Labour in Asia: Main Findings from Bangladesh and Nepal, International Research on Working Children (pp. 27–36). 978-90-79078-24-0. https://www.shram.org/uploadFiles/20180328120521.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Erdem Türkelli, G. (2019). Eradicating child labor: Ending economic Exploitation of children as an objective of Sustainable Development. In M. E. Taylor eds., Partial differential equations I (pp. 1–13). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_3-2
   Google Scholar
• Finigan-Carr, N. M., Johnson, M. H., Pullmann, M. D., Stewart, C. J., & Fromknecht, A. E. (2019). A Traumagenic social ecological framework for understanding and intervening with sex trafficked children and Youth. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 36(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0588-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fors, H. C. (2012). CHILD LABOUR: A REVIEW of RECENT THEORY and EVIDENCE with POLICY IMPLICATIONS: CHILD LABOUR. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(4), 570–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00663.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli, R. (2001). The Economic Impact of Child Labour. International Institute for Labour Studies. https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_429_engl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• García Andrés, A., Caamal Olvera, C. G., Olivera Martínez, G., García Andrés, A., Caamal Olvera, C. G., & Olivera Martínez, G. (2022). Child labour in the context of domestic migration: Evidence from immigrant children in Mexico. Revista de Economía, 39(99), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.33937/reveco.2022.272
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, L. P., & Galvão, T. F. (2021). 2021: International year for the Elimination of child labour. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 30. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-49742021000300001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, A. (1997). Focus groups. Social Resarch Update, 19(8), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• GoB. (2003). Bangladesh national child labour survey 2002-2003. Government of Bangladesh. http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_746/lang–en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• GoB. (2023). Provisional report: National child labour survey 2022 (NCLS, p. 78) Survey Report). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and International Labour Organization. https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-07-23-04-09-45cae43abbc0bb7f6d57cb2eb7e94857.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. (2021). Exposing the worst forms of child labour in Bangladesh’s leather sector. Institute of Development Studies (IDS). https://doi.org/10.19088/CLARISSA.2021.001
   Google Scholar
• Gourlay, A., Mshana, G., Birdthistle, I., Bulugu, G., Zaba, B., & Urassa, M. (2014). Using vignettes in qualitative research to explore barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in rural Tanzania: A critical analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haque, M., Mostofa, R., Md, G., Mondal, M., & I, N. (2015). Determinants and Effects of child labor in agriculture sector of Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. The Oriental Anthropologist, 15(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972558X1501500106
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, A. H. R. (2019). Internal migration and employment in Bangladesh: An economic evaluation of Rickshaw pulling in Dhaka city. In K. Jayanthakumaran, R. Verma, G. Wan, & E. Wilson (Eds.), Internal migration, urbanization and poverty in Asia: Dynamics and interrelationships (pp. 339–359). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1537-4_12
   Google Scholar
• Hashim, I. (2007). Independent child migration and education in Ghana. Development and Change, 38(5), 911–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00439.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, D., & Baffour, T. (2015). Applying a socio-ecological framework to Thematic analysis Using a Statewide Assessment of Disproportionate Minority Contact in the United States. The Qualitative Report.
   Google Scholar
• Herath, G., & Sharma, K. (2007). Child labour in South Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. M. (2020). Covid-19 and Child Labour in Dhaka: Call for reviewed policy actions. Accessed 10 September 2023 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/323989505.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. M. (2021a). Forced Labour and access to Education of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh: Beyond a Humanitarian Crisis. Journal of Modern Slavery, 6(3), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.22150/jms/PPJY4309
   Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. M. (2021b). Reviewing child labour and its worst forms: Contemporary theoretical and policy agenda. Journal of Modern Slavery, 6(4), 32–51. https://doi.org/10.22150/jms/PAZE6574
   Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. M. (2022). Hazardous child labor in Bangladesh: A critical evaluation of the legal and policy framework vis a vis practical challenges. Proceedings of the World Conference on Children and Youth, 34–55. https://doi.org/10.17501/26731037.2022.3103
   Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. M., & Tama, R. A. (2021). Implementation of tobacco control policies in Bangladesh: A political economy analysis. Public Administration Research, 10(2), 36 https://doi.org/10.5539/par.v10n2p36
   Google Scholar
• Howard, N. (2014, November 6). On Bolivia’s new child labour law. Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/on-bolivias-new-child-labour-law/
   Google Scholar
• Idris, I. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on child labour in South Asia. (eK4D Helpdesk Report, 22).
   Google Scholar
• Idris, I., Oosterhoff, P., & Pocock, N. (2020). Child labour in South Asia: Assessing the effectiveness of interventions: Rapid evidence Assessment (p. 46) [Rapid Evidence Assessment]. Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/child-labour-in-south-asia-assessing-the-effectiveness-of-interventions-rapid-evidence-assessment
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2017). Global Estimates of child labour: Results and trends, 2012-2016 [Report]. International Labour Organziation. http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575499/lang–en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2018). Towards the urgent elimination of hazardous child labour. International Labour Organization. LO_REF]. https://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do?type=document&id=30315
   Google Scholar
• ILO, & UNICEF. (2021). Child labour: Global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward. International Labour Office and United Nations Children’s Fund. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Islam, R., & Hoque, M. M. (2022). Trade-off between schooling and labour for children: Understanding the determinative factors among rural households in Bangladesh. Frontiers in Sociology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.839231
   Google Scholar
• Jahan, N. (2020, February 5). Stories of street children in Dhaka | the daily Star. The Daily Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/city/stories-of-street-children-in-dhaka-1863751
   Google Scholar
• Jakowan, M., & Afrah, S. (2019). Causes of child labor in Bangladesh: A case study in the city of Dhaka. 8(7), 1–14. . https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/43233/44547
   Google Scholar
• Jasim, M. M. (2022, April 18). Rising out-of-pocket education expenses leaving parents helpless. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/rising-out-pocket-education-expenses-leaving-parents-helpless-404986
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N., Nambissan, G., & Subrahmanian, R. (2003). Child labour and the right to education in South Asia: Needs versus rights?. SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Kamruzzaman, M., & Hakim, A. M. (2018). A review on child labour criticism in Bangladesh: An analysis. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20180301.11
   Google Scholar
• Karikari, I. (2016). Child Labor: A Critical Discourse Analysis [ Doctoral]. Indiana University.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. G. (1966). Ecological constraints on mental health services. American Psychologist, 21(6), 535–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanam, R. (2006). Child labour in Bangladesh: Trends, patterns and policy options. Asian Profile, 34(6), 593–608. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8008/1/MPRA_paper_8008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Khanam, R. (2008). Child labour and school attendance: Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(1–2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810843855
   Google Scholar
• Khandker, S. R., Samad, H. A., Fuwa, N., & Hayashi, R. (2021). The Female secondary Stipend and Assistance Program in Bangladesh: What did it accomplish?. Asian Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS210021-2
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A., & Sultana, S. (2017). Spatial analysis of industrialization in Dhaka metropolitan planning area. The Jahangirnagar Review, XLI(Part–II), 293–307.
   Google Scholar
• Kilanowski, J. F. (2017). Breadth of the socio-ecological model. Journal of Agromedicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Park, S. (2021). Understanding of physical activity in social ecological perspective: Application of multilevel model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 622929. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.622929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, M., & Sung Hong, J. (2011). Child labor in the people’s Republic of China: An ecological systems analysis. International Social Work, 54(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872810382804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst, R. (2003). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key Methods in Geography, 3(2), 143–156.
   Google Scholar
• Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 4825–4830). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_857
   Google Scholar
• Mahat-Shamir, M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Pitcho-Prelorentzos, S. (2021). Designing in-depth semi-structured interviews for revealing meaning reconstruction after loss. Death Studies, 45(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1617388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumder, S. C., & Rahman, H. (2022). Rural–urban migration and its impact on environment and health: Evidence from Cumilla city Corporation, Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 88(3), 3419–3437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10816-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksud, A. K. M., Reaz Hossain, K., & Arulanantham, A. (2022). Mapping of slums and Identifying children engaged in worst forms of child labour living in slums and working in neighbourhood areas. Institute of Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.19088/CLARISSA.2022.002
   Google Scholar
• Mamun, M. A., & Hoque, M. M. (2022). The impact of paid employment on women's empowerment: A case study of female garment workers in Bangladesh. World Development Sustainability, 1, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100026
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, M., & Islam, J. (2018, July 5). Toxic tanneries forced to move pollute new Bangladesh site. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/apxtoxic-tanneries-forced-to-move-pollute-new-bangladesh-site/
   Google Scholar
• MoLE. (2020). [Draft] national plan of action to Eliminate child labour (2021-2025). (Draft Policy Paper). Government of Bangladesh. https://mole.gov.bd/site/project/2d595381-24de-45f8-94c6-2df0279da5b4/Child-Labour
   Google Scholar
• Mollah, S., & Jahan, N. (2023, February 13). Students in slums: Putting up a brave fight for a future. The Daily Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/students-slums-putting-brave-fight-future-3246111
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, V., & Boyden, J. (2018). Responding to children’s work: Evidence from the Young lives study in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. (Young Lives, p. 48) [Research Report]. Oxford Department of International Development. https://www.cocoainitiative.org/sites/default/files/resources/YL-RespondingToChildrensWork-A4-Jan18_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moshiri, N. (2012). Bangladesh Child Labour Remains Social Norm. aljazeera.com. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/8/6/bangladesh-child-labour-remains-social-norm
   Google Scholar
• Myers, W. E. (1999). Considering child labour: Changing terms, issues and actors at the International level. Childhood, 6(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568299006001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, W., & Boyden, J. (1998). Child labour: Promoting the best interests of working children (2nd ed.). Save the Children. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430712.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nath, S. R., & Hadi, A. (2000). Role of education in reducing child labour: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 32(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000003011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norpoth, J., Groß, L., & Aktar, R. (2014). Child labour in Bangladesh—an analysis of gaps and weaknesses of the existing legal framework. University Institute für Entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik.
   Google Scholar
• Odonkor, A. A. (2020, October 2). Understanding the complexities of child labor in South Asia. China Global Television Network. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-02/Understanding-the-complexities-of-child-labor-in-South-Asia-Ug6mSR9QDS/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Panday, P. (2020). Urbanization and urban poverty in Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3332-7_3
   Google Scholar
• Pandit, H. (2022, March 31). Child labour increasing due to Covid-19. Prothomalo. https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/child-labour-increasing-due-to-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Perez, M. S. B. (2021). Agricultural child labor: An approach from the ecological model of human development. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 9(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2021.09.00338
   Google Scholar
• Quattri, M., & Watkins, K. (2016, December 7). Child labourers working over 60 hours a week in the slums of Bangladesh – new report. ODI: Think Change. https://odi.org/en/press/child-labourers-working-over-60-hours-a-week-in-the-slums-of-bangladesh-new-report/
   Google Scholar
• Quattri, M., & Watkins, K. (2019). Child labour and education – a survey of slum settlements in Dhaka (Bangladesh). World Development Perspectives, 13, 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Radfar, A., Asgharzadeh, S. A., Quesada, F., & Filip, I. (2018). Challenges and perspectives of child labor. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_105_14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman, M. M. (2013). Female Secondary Stipend Program in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Its Cost Effectiveness. https://www.grin.com/document/210422
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R., & Absar, N. U. (1999). Child labor in Bangladesh: A critical appraisal of Harkin’s Bill and the MOU-type schooling program. Journal of Economic Issues, 33(4), 985–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1999.11506225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reja, S. (2017). Elimination of Child Labor in the Garment Industry Bangladesh: Failure or a Contingent Success? [ Master Thesis], University of Oslo]. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/57331/FINAL-THESIS.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. A., & Swinnerton, K. A. (2002). A theory of exploitative child labor (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 419464). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.419464
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, C. (2005). Child labor in Bangladesh are children the last economic resource of the household? Journal of Developing Societies, 21(1–2), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X05053066
   Google Scholar
• Sarker, M. S. I., & Islam, M. M. (2019). Child labour and schooling of children in rural Bangladesh: A multinomial logit model on determinants. IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(4). Article 4. https://doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v4i4.2773.
   Google Scholar
• Sarker, S. A., Wang, S., Adnan, K. M., Anser, M. K., Ayoub, Z., Ho, T. H., Tama, R. A., Trunina, A., & Hoque, M. M. (2020). Economic viability and socio-environmental impacts of solar home systems for off-grid rural electrification in Bangladesh. Energies, 13(3), 679 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Save the Children. (2012). City kids [Discussion Paper]. Child Protection Initiative. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/city-kids-urbanisation-and-its-consequences-childrens-right-be-protected-abuse-neglect
   Google Scholar
• Sharmin, S., & Disha, A. (2021). Process of criminalizing street children in Bangladesh: An empirical study in the city of Dhaka. Asian Journal of Sociological Research, 4(1), 359–368. https://globalpresshub.com/index.php/AJSR/article/view/1389/1160
   Google Scholar
• Sohel, M. S. (2017). Rural Urban migration and Urban transition in Bangladesh: A case study of Dhaka city (SSRN Scholarly Paper 4050485). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4050485
   Google Scholar
• Stadum, B. (1995). The dilemma in saving children from child labor: Reform and casework at odds with families’ needs (1900-1938). Child Welfare, 74(1), 33–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subrahmanian, R., & Groppo, V. (2020, June 11). Ending Child Labour in South Asia Through Access to Quality Education. Evidence for Action. https://blogs.unicef.org/evidence-for-action/ending-child-labour-in-south-asia-through-access-to-quality-education/
   Google Scholar
• Takyi, E. (2014). Child labour in Ghana: Ecological perspective. Developing Country Studies, 4(10), 35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tama, R. A., Ying, L., Happy, F. A., & Hoque, M. M. (2019). An Empirical Study on Socio-economic status of women labor in rice husking mill of Bangladesh. SAJSSESouth Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2018/v2i225835
   Google Scholar
• Tama, R. A., Ying, L., Yu, M., Hoque, M. M., Adnan, K. M., & Sarker, S. A. (2021). Assessing farmers’ intention towards conservation agriculture by using the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariquzzaman, S., & Hossain, N. (2009). The boys left behind: Where public policy has failed to prevent child labour in Bangladesh. IDS Bulletin, 40(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2009.00005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thi, A. M., Zimmerman, C., & Ranganathan, M. (2023). Hazardous child labour, psychosocial functioning, and school dropouts among children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional analysis of UNICEF’s multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS). Children, 10(6), 1021. Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Titumir, R. A. M. (2021). Numbers and narratives in Bangladesh’s economic Development. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0658-8
   Google Scholar
• Touhid, F. B. (2021). Current situation of NGO-run underprivileged primary schools on ‘Continuity of education’ during COVID-19 outbreak [ MA Dissertation, Brac University]. https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/15633/18357052_BIED.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• UCW. (2011). Understanding children‟s work (UCW) Programme (p. 102) (Country Report). Understanding Children‟s Work (UCW) Programme. http://www.ucw-project.org/attachment/Bangladesh_child_labour_report20111125_094656.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2018). Children in Cities: Bangladesh Among 10 Nations That Top the List for Rapid Urbanisation. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/children-cities%C2%A0
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF, & BBS. (2019). Progotir Pathey Bangladesh: Multiple indicator cluster survey 2019 (p. 564) (Survey Report). Government of Bangladesh and UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/topics/multiple-indicator-cluster-survey
   Google Scholar
• Van De Glind, H. (2010). Migration and child labour: Exploring child migrant vulnerabilities and those of children left behind [Working paper]. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_145643/lang–en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Vostanis, P., Hey, J. V., Ur-Rashid, M., Villena, C. R., Panagi, M., Haffejee, S., & Jahan, F. (2021). Barriers to child wellbeing in Dhaka settlements: Stakeholder perspectives and geospatial analysis. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2, 100043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2021.100043
   Google Scholar
• White, B. (1996). Globalization and the child labor problem. Journal of International Development, 8(6), 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199611)8:6<829:AID-JID404>3.0.CO;2-Z
   Google Scholar
• Winstanley, D., Clark, J., & Leeson, H. (2002). Approaches to child labour in the supply chain. Business Ethics: A European Review, 11(3), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00279
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead, M. (1999). Combatting child labour: Listen to what the children say. Childhood, 6(1), 27–49. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568299006001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Vision. (2014). Rapid Urbanisation, Economic Growth and the Well-Being of Children. Centre of Expertise for Urban Programming. https://www.prismaweb.org/nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Rapid-urbanisation-economic-growth-and-the-well-being-of-children%E2%94%82World-Vision%E2%94%822014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yunus, R. M. (2020). Addressing informal labour intermediaries in the context of child labour: Evidence review across Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Institute of Development Studies. Emerging Evidence 3. https://clarissa.global/resource/addressing-informal-labour-intermediaries-in-the-context-of-child-labour-evidence-review-across-nepal-bangladesh-and-myanmar/
   Google Scholar
• Zaman, T. (2021, January 26). We Dry the Cowhide While Our Skin Dries in the Sun. CLARISSA. https://clarissa.global/we-dry-the-cowhide-while-our-skin-dries-in-the-sun/
   Google Scholar
• Zaman, M., Matiur, M. B., Rahman, A., Ahmed, A., & Reza, A. (2020). Putting an end to child labour in South Asia. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/putting-end-child-labour-south-asia-161653
   Google Scholar
• Žukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J., & Andriukaitienė, R. (2018). Philosophy and paradigm of scientific research. In Management culture and corporate social responsibility. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70628
   Google Scholar